اتفاقية حقوق الملكية الفكرية ذات العلاقة بالتجارة الدولية و إشكالية نقل التكنولوجيا الى الدول

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(1)‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﳋﻀﺮ‪ -‬ﺑـﺎﺗﻨﺔ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‬. ‫ﺇﻋـﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻠﻰ ﺷﻴﺨﺔ‬. ‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺷﻬﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﲣﺼﺺ‪ :‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺩﻭﱄ‬ ‫ﲢﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ‬. ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺻﺎﱀ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻓﻼﺣﻲ‬. ‫ﳉﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳـﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﻘﺐ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬. ‫ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌـــﺔ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔـﺔ‬. ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺻﺎﱀ ﺻﺎﳊﻲ‬. ‫ﺃﺳﺘـﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴـﻢ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱄ‬. ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺳﻄﻴﻒ‬. ‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ‬. ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺻﺎﱀ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻓﻼﺣﻲ‬. ‫ﺃﺳﺘـﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴـﻢ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱄ‬. ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﻨـﺔ‬. ‫ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍ‬. ‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﳘﺎﻝ‬. ‫ﺃﺳﺘـﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴـﻢ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱄ‬. ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﻨـﺔ‬. ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎ‬. ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺯﺍﻳﺮﻱ‬. ‫ﺃﺳﺘــــﺎﺫ ﳏﺎﺿــﺮ‬. ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌـﺔ ﻭﻫﺮﺍﻥ‬. ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪2007-2006‬‬.

(2)

(3) ‫ﺍﳊﻤـــــــﺪ ﷲ ﻣﻞﺀ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﺍﺕ‬. ‫ﺍﳊﻤــــــــﺪ ﷲ ﻣﻞﺀ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬. ‫ﺍﳊﻤـــــــﺪ ﷲ ﻣﻞﺀ ﻣـﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬. ‫ﺍﳊﻤــــــﺪ ﷲ ﻣﻞﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺀ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‬.

(4) ‫ﺇﱃ ﻫﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ‪..................‬ﺃﻣﻲ ﻭﺃﰊ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺲ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺎﻥ‪.........‬ﺇﺧﻮﰐ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﻗﺮﺓ ﻋﻴﲏ‪....................‬ﳏﻤﺪ ﻧﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﻮﱐ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‪....‬ﺯﻣﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺒﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﻭﱐ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺪﻱ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬.

(5) ‫ﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻛﻠﻪ ﷲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﻦّ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﻨﻌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺧﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻳﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫﻱ ﻭﻣﺸﺮﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﺻﺎﱀ ﻋﻤﺮ ﻓﻼﺣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﺒﻨﺎﱐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ﻭﱂ ﻳﺒﺨﻞ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﻧﺼﺎﺋﺤﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﻟﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﷲ؛ ﺃﺷﻜﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺗﺬﰐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺳﺎﳘﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﲏ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺷﻜﺮ ﺟﺪ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻲ ﳘﺎﻝ‪.‬‬.

(6) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬.

(7) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬. ‫ﺃ‬. ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ…………………………………………………………………‪..‬‬ ‫ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ……………………………………………………………‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ………………………………………‪…………………...‬‬ ‫ﻣﱪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪………………...………………………………………….‬‬ ‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪..…………………………………………………………….‬‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ…………‪……..…………………………………………..‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪…………………………………………………………….‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ………‪………………...…………………………………...‬‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪……………………..…………………………………….‬‬. ‫‪001‬‬ ‫‪002‬‬ ‫‪002‬‬ ‫‪003‬‬ ‫‪003‬‬ ‫‪004‬‬ ‫‪004‬‬ ‫‪004‬‬ ‫‪008‬‬. ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬. ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‪….………………………………………………..‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪……………………………………..….‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ…………‪…………………………………….‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ‪…………………………………………………………..‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ…………………………………………‪……………….‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ…………………‪……………………………….‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺍﳌﺆﺷﺮ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ‪…………………………………………………………..‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ( ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪……………………….………………….‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ…………………………………………………………‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻜﻠﻮﺭ‪…………………………………...…………….‬‬ ‫‪ .8‬ﺣﻖ ﺍﳌﺆﻟﻒ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻭﺭﺓ…………………………………………‪……...‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪………….………….………….‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺕ ‪……………………………….94‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ…………………………………………‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪…………………………………..‬‬. ‫‪009‬‬ ‫‪009‬‬ ‫‪010‬‬ ‫‪010‬‬ ‫‪010‬‬ ‫‪011‬‬ ‫‪011‬‬ ‫‪012‬‬ ‫‪012‬‬ ‫‪013‬‬ ‫‪014‬‬ ‫‪015‬‬ ‫‪016‬‬ ‫‪016‬‬ ‫‪018‬‬.

(8) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬. ‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ )‪…..………………………………..(1883‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﲑﻥ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ )‪……………………….…………….(1886‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺒﻮ( ‪………...…….…………………….1970‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﳌﺔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ………………………………………‪…………...‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ………………………………………‪….‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﻱﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﻜﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ…………………………………‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ…………………‪..........................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺒﺪﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ‪……..…….‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳉﺰﺋﻲ……………………‪………………………….‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻗﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻠﲔ ﻭﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ……………‪……….‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﲤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ…………‪…………………………...‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻭﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ…‪……………….‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﻓﺘﺢ ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﺮﻗﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‪.........................‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪………………………………..……………….‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪.........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﺔ‪………………...……………..‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻷﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻐﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪…………………………...……………..‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﺿﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪………………………….‬‬. ‫ﺏ‬. ‫‪019‬‬ ‫‪020‬‬ ‫‪021‬‬ ‫‪023‬‬ ‫‪027‬‬ ‫‪027‬‬ ‫‪030‬‬ ‫‪032‬‬ ‫‪032‬‬ ‫‪033‬‬ ‫‪033‬‬ ‫‪034‬‬ ‫‪035‬‬ ‫‪038‬‬ ‫‪039‬‬ ‫‪041‬‬ ‫‪041‬‬ ‫‪042‬‬ ‫‪044‬‬. ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬. ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ……………………………………‪……………...‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ……………………………‪…………………..‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ……………………‪………………………..‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪……………………………………….…..‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻳﺮ)ﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ(…‪…………….. ……………………………….‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺡ‪……………………………………………………….‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ…………………………………‪………………………...‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪…………………………….…………………………….‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ……………………………………………………………‪..‬‬. ‫‪047‬‬ ‫‪048‬‬ ‫‪051‬‬ ‫‪052‬‬ ‫‪053‬‬ ‫‪054‬‬ ‫‪054‬‬ ‫‪055‬‬ ‫‪055‬‬.

(9) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬. ‫‪ .6‬ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪...................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪......…………………...……………………….‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ………‪……………..‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﻋﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ‪…………...‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﻨﺸﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪……………..……………….‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ .‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ‪……….…………….‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪……………………………….‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪………………............‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪………...………………..1911‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻱ )‪.………..………..…(1949 -1911‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ .‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻬﺪ ﻣﺎﻭ‪……………………(1976 -1949) Mao -‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻬﺪ ‪) Deng‬ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ‪………….. ……….…(1976‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ…‪….‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ .‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ‪...............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪......................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ .‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪......…………….…………………………..‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻟﻴﻒ‪................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ‪ .‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ :‬ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻌﻴﻞ…‪.....……….….‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪.......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ‪.....................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻲ‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ‪....................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪......................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪.……..‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‪.......................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻋﻦ‬. ‫ﺝ‬. ‫‪056‬‬ ‫‪056‬‬ ‫‪057‬‬ ‫‪058‬‬ ‫‪062‬‬ ‫‪071‬‬ ‫‪075‬‬. ‫‪080‬‬ ‫‪080‬‬ ‫‪081‬‬ ‫‪083‬‬ ‫‪084‬‬ ‫‪085‬‬ ‫‪086‬‬ ‫‪086‬‬ ‫‪087‬‬ ‫‪087‬‬ ‫‪088‬‬ ‫‪089‬‬ ‫‪091‬‬ ‫‪091‬‬ ‫‪091‬‬ ‫‪092‬‬ ‫‪092‬‬ ‫‪095‬‬ ‫‪098‬‬ ‫‪098‬‬.

(10) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬. ‫ﺩ‬. ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ………‪.............................…………..‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ…………………………… ‪103‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺍﶈﻘﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪106 ...................................................‬‬ ‫‪101‬‬. ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‪110 ............‬‬. ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪………………………….‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪….‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻭﺍﻹﺗﺎﻭﺍﺕ……………‬ ‫ﺧﺎﲤﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ…………………………‪………………………………..‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ………………………………………‪…………………………..‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻖ……………………………………………‪.............................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪:01‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ‪ 1883‬ﻭ‪.................................2002‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :02‬ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪....‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪:03‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :01‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪...............2006-1985‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :02‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪................2006-1985‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :04‬ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪...................2005-1983‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :05‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪SITC‬‬ ‫‪ Revision 3‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪................................................2005-1992‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :06‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪ ،2005-1992‬ﻣﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪SITC‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................Revision 3‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :07‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﺼﻨﻔﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ‪.............SITC Revision 3‬‬. ‫‪116‬‬ ‫‪119‬‬ ‫‪122‬‬ ‫‪128‬‬ ‫‪131‬‬ ‫‪140‬‬ ‫‪140‬‬ ‫‪143‬‬. ‫‪144‬‬ ‫‪144‬‬ ‫‪145‬‬ ‫‪146‬‬. ‫‪147‬‬ ‫‪148‬‬. ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :08‬ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪.............................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :09‬ﻧﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪150 ......2005-1985‬‬ ‫‪149‬‬.

(11) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬. ‫ﻩ‬. ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺍﳉﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :01‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪......................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :02‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‪...................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :03‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺿﻌﻒ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1991‬ﰲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ(‪......................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :04‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺿﻌﻒ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺗـﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺘـﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺸـﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﳏﻠﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻴﻨـﺔ ﳐﺘـﺎﺭﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴـﺔ ﺳـﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪....................................................................................1991‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :05‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪..........‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :06‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻌﻴﺔ‪.............................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :07‬ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺿﻌﻒ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﺾ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﻛﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﰲ ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﳐﺘﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪...........1991‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :08‬ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﻷﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻋﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪.......................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :09‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪.......................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :10‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪............................................................................2005-1996‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :11‬ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﺄﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪......2002‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :12‬ﻧﺴﺐ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﶈﻘﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫‪...............................................................................2005-1986‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :13‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪......2002‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :14‬ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻟﻠﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻭﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪...........2006‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :15‬ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪.....2003 -1998‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :16‬ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻠﻚ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪............................................................2002-1994‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :17‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪-2000‬‬ ‫‪.......................................................................................2004‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :18‬ﺍﻹﺗﺎﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪.....2007-1997‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :19‬ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪………2003-1992‬‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪063‬‬ ‫‪064‬‬ ‫‪066‬‬. ‫‪068‬‬ ‫‪070‬‬ ‫‪071‬‬ ‫‪077‬‬ ‫‪090‬‬ ‫‪093‬‬ ‫‪096‬‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫‪109‬‬ ‫‪119‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪121‬‬ ‫‪122‬‬ ‫‪123‬‬ ‫‪125‬‬.

(12) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﺮﺳﺖ‬. ‫ﻭ‬. ‫ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :01‬ﺍﳍﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.........................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :02‬ﺃﺛﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﻪ‪ -‬ﺩﻭﻝ )‪ (Bayh-Dole‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 1980‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪..................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :03‬ﳐﻄﻂ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻲ ﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪.............................................‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :04‬ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺗﺎﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪............2003-1980‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :05‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻬﻜﺔ ﺍﶈﻘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﲨﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ‪..2005-1996‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :06‬ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪...........................2005-1983‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :07‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪........2005-1983‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :08‬ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪....................2005-1986‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :09‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﳎﺎﻣﻴﻊ ‪ SITC Revision 3‬ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪.........................................................................2001-1992‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :10‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪2005-1992‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :11‬ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪..................2005-1992‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :12‬ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪...................2007‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :13‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺑﲔ ‪ 1985‬ﻭ‪......................2005‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :14‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻱ ﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻤﻨﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻐﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﻭﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪.............................................................2006-1991‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :15‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻺﺗﺎﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﲔ ‪ 2000‬ﻭ‪....2004‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ :16‬ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺧﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪..........2002-1994‬‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪026‬‬ ‫‪042‬‬ ‫‪051‬‬ ‫‪069‬‬ ‫‪097‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪103‬‬ ‫‪108‬‬ ‫‪112‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬ ‫‪114‬‬ ‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪117‬‬ ‫‪117‬‬ ‫‪124‬‬ ‫‪126‬‬.

(13) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣـﻘـﺎﺭﺑـﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴــﺔ‬.

(14) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬. ‫‪1‬‬. ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬. ‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺟﺬﺑﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻭﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﳌﲑﻛﺎﻧﺘﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﻛﻼﺳﻴﻜﻴﲔ ﻟﺘﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻭﺗﲑﺓ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﻐﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﻮﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺒﻌﺚ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺪﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﻋﱪ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﺍﲣﺬﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺜﺎﺭ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﲢﺮﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﺼﻠﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻷﺭﺑﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲢﺮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺳﺎﳘﺖ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻋﻘﺒﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﻓﺮﺯﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺗﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻱ ﻭﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺘﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺣﺮﺹ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻳﻔﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﺮﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻓﻌﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﲢﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﳏﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﻘﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺋﻼ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺫﺭﺍﺋﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻋﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﳋﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺿﺎﻟﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ‪ ،TRIPS -‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﺮﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻀﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺒﻮﺃﺕ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺮﻣﻮﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﱂ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻟﺰﺍﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺑﻞ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻜﻔﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺸﻒ ﺃﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺛﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺣﻔﻴﻈﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﱂ ﺗﺪﺧﺮ ﺟﻬﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺒﺪﻫﺎ ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﻭﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﰲ ﳎﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﰲ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺗﻌﱪ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺤﺎﻕ ﺑﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲣﻠﻔﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻭﻗﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻼﻝ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﱰﺍﻑ ﺛﺮﻭﺍ‪‬ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﻴﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻼﻗﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﻗﻠﻘﺖ ﻣﻀﺎﺟﻊ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺟﻌﻠﺘﻬﻢ ﻳﻘﻔﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺘﻮﰲ ﺍﻷﻳﺪﻱ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺇﺻﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻀﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.2001‬‬.

(15) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬. ‫‪2‬‬. ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳊﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﺴﺠﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻀﺖ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺪﻣﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ TRIPS‬ﳏﻂ ﺃﻧﻈﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳍﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﱀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻨﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻌﺪﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲟﻘﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﺰﺍﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬. ‫ﺇﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬. ‫ﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﳍﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻳﻘﻨﺖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺐ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﺎﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﺯﺍﺓ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﲑﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﲡﻬﺖ ﺃﻧﻈﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﲟﻨﺢ ﲢﻔﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﻧﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸﺘﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻠﻴﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ .TRIPS‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻄﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﲔ ﺍﳉﻴﺪﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﺘﺰﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻟﻼﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻻ ﺗﻠﻤﺲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺭﻛﺰﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﰲ ﺛﻮﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1979‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻮﻁ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻔﻴﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻇﻬﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﲬﺲ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﻭﱂ ﺗﻌﺪ ﳏﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﲔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ؟‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ TRIPS‬ﰲ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﶈﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ؟‬. ‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬. ‫ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰲ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺍﶈﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ TRIPS‬ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﶈﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬.

(16) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬. ‫‪3‬‬. ‫ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﶈﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺑﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ TRIPS‬ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﱯ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺑﺒﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ TRIPS‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪.‬‬‫‪TRIPS‬‬. ‫ﺇﱃ ﺭﻓﻊ ﺣﺠﻢ‬. ‫ﻣﱪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬. ‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺳﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺧﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺻﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﺃﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ TRIPS‬ﺑﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺡ ﺃﻣﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻀﻮ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻛﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻹﲢﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﺮﻗﺐ ﺑﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﰲ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ؛‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻮ‪‬ﺎ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ( ﺗﺸﻬﺪ ‪‬ﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﺓ ﻭﲤﻠﻚ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻭﳍﺎ ﺳﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﻋﺪﺓ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﻐﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ‪.‬‬. ‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬. ‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﺪﻝ ﰲ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺮ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﳏﻼ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺣﻈﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺼﻮﻝ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻐﺮﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺭﺑﻄﻪ ﲟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﻳﺒﺲ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﺸﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺢ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﻹﳒﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻻﺣﻈﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ TRIPS‬ﺗﻄﺮﻗﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺻﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻜﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﻃﻠﻌﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺘﺔ‪.‬‬.

(17) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬. ‫‪4‬‬. ‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬. ‫ﰎ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺭﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﳊﺪﺍﺛﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺘﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ TRIPS‬ﱂ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻊ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺧﺒﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ TRIPS‬ﻭﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ؛‬‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ؛‬. ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪.TRIPS‬‬. ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻟﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻟﻔﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬. ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬. ‫ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﳌﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺎﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﳒﺰﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﲔ ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻛﺎﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﲰﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﻭﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﻷﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﺐ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻹﳒﺎﺯﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻴﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺃﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻱﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻃﻼﻋﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻟﺒﺔ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻫﺘﻢ ﺑﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﺼﺺ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ‪ TRIPS‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬. ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬. ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﻭﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺭﺃﺕ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺿﺒﻄﻬﺎ ﲟﺎ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻘﻰ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﲨﻊ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺋﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﺬﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺑﻌﲔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬.

(18) ‫ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬. 5. ‫ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﲡﺎﻧﺲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬،‫ﺍﶈﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﱪﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﶈﻤﻴﺔ‬. ‫ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺮ‬،People’s Republic of China ‫ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬.2 Hong Kong, Macao (Macau) & (Provinces). ‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﰲ‬،The Main Land ‫ﺍﻟﺼﲔ‬. ‫ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‬23 ‫ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﲔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻫﻮ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ‬.Taïwan. ‫ ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬1.(Municipalities) ‫ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬4‫ﻭ‬. (Autonomous). ‫ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﰐ‬5‫ﻭ‬. ‫ ﻭﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﰎ‬.‫ﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ‬‫ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻛﻮ‬ :‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬ (‫ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺔ‬13) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬ Eastern Region (13 Provinces) Beijing Tianjin Liaoning Shanghai Jiangsu Zhejiang Fujian Shangdong Guandong Hainan Hebei Guangxi Chongqing. (‫ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎﺕ‬9) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻁﻰ‬ Central Region (9 Provinces) Shanxi Jilin Heilongjiang Anhui Jiangxi Henan Hubei Hunan Sichuan. (‫ ﻤﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎﺕ‬9) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ Western Region (9 Provinces) Guizhou Yunnan Tibet (Xizang) Shaanxi ( Sha’anxi) Qinghai Ningxia Xinjiang Inner Mongolia Gansu. :‫ ﰎ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬:‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬ Chen Chunlai, Provincial Characteristics and Foreign Direct Investment Location Decision Within China, Chinese Economies Research Centre Working Papers, Paper N°97/16 (Adelaide, Australia: School of Economics, the University of Adelaide, December 1997), p.9., http://www.rrojasdatabank.org/97_16.pdf, Last Visited: May 15, 2007.. ‫ﻭﻳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﺪﻩ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬ 2 .‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻛﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬.‫ﻟﻸﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ‬:‫ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬.3 Harmonised Commodity. ،‫ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ‬.‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬. ‫ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ‬Standard International Trade Classification (SITC)‫ ﻭ‬،Description and Coding System (HS) SITC Revision 3. 1 2. ‫ ﻭﺳﺘﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬،‫ ﻭﻋﺪﻝ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺓ‬1962 ‫ ﻭﺃﻧﺸﺊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﰲ‬،‫ﺗﺪﻳﺮﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬. . Doing Business in China, (Kowloon, Hong Kong: Earnst & Young, 2003), p.70. . United Nation Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD Handbook of Statistics (Geneva: United Nations, 2005), p.xi..

(19) ‫ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬. 6. ‫ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬.‫ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﰲ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺣﺪﺍﺛﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‬1988 ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺪﻝ ﰲ‬ :‫ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬SITC 3 SITC 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9. Description ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬ Food and live animals Beverages and tobacco Crude materials, inedible, except fuels Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes Chemicals and related products, n.e.s. Manufactured goods classified chiefly by material Machinery and transport equipment Miscellaneous manufactured articles Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in the SITC. :‫ ﰎ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬:‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬ www.intracen.org/tradstat/SITC-Rev3.pdf, Last Visited: May 30, 2007.. :‫ﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻔﺮﻉ ﻛﻞ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺭﻣﺰ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬ Section Division. Number of Digits One digit Two digits. Number of codes 10 67. SITC 7 72. Group. Three digits. 261. 721. Sub-Group. Four digits. 1033. 721.1. Sub-Heading. Five digits. 3118. 721.11. Level. Example Description Machinery and transport equipment Machinery specialized for particular industries Agricultural machinery (excluding tractors), and parts thereof Agricultural, horticultural or forestry machinery for soil preparation or cultivation; lawn or sports ground rollers; parts thereof Ploughs. :‫ ﰎ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬:‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬ Statistics on the Trading of Goods-User Guide, (Belgium: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2002), p.18.; And: www.intracen.org/tradstat/SITC-Rev3.pdf, Last Visited: May 30, 2007.. ‫ ﻟﻘﺪ ﲤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺪﺓ ﳏﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻭﰎ ﺫﻟﻚ‬:‫ ﻣﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬.4. 1. .1982 ‫ ﰲ‬Laster. Davis. ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﶈﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺎﻡ‬،‫ﲝﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ‬. ‫ﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﻋﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‬ ‫ﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬‫ ﻭﺣﺪﺩﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃ‬.‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ ﻭﲢﺴﺐ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﺍﺓ ﰲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬. 1. . Laster Davis, "Technology Intensity of US Output and Trade", US Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration (1982)..

(20) ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬. ‫‪7‬‬. ‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﰎ ﺗﺼﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ‪ 1.‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎ ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ‪ Davis‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺳﻠﻌﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ‪ Davis‬ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ SITC‬ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻡ ‪‬ﺎ ‪ 2Thomas Hatzichronoglou‬ﻭﺣﺪﺩ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ‬. ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪،‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ SITC‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻗﺎﺑﻼ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺳﻠﻌﻲ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺒﻨﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﺪﺗﻪ ‪ Hamburg Institute of Intenational Economics‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ SITC‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺘﲔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻄﺔ ‪ Medium Technology Products‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪High Technology‬‬. ‫‪ ،Products‬ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻣﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪.7‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻮﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻠﺤﻖ ‪ 7‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ‪ .www.comtrade.un.org/db/‬ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺑﺎﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻭﺍﺭﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1962‬ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﲟﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ BEC, HS2002, HS1996, SITC Revision3 :‬ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‪ ،‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ‪ NACE‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ‬. ‫‪Standard Industrial Classification, ISIC‬‬. ‫‪ .International‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﳝﻜﻦ‬. ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﱄ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ISIC Code Revision 3‬‬ ‫‪Description‬‬ ‫‪High-Technology Industries‬‬ ‫‪2423‬‬ ‫‪Pharmaceuticals‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪Office, computing and accounting machinery‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪Radio, TV and communications equipment and apparatus‬‬ ‫‪353‬‬ ‫‪Aircraft‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪Instruments/optics/watches‬‬ ‫‪Medium-Technology Industries‬‬ ‫‪24(less 2423) plus 25‬‬ ‫‪Chemicals‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪Mechanical machinery‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪Electrical machinery‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪Motor vehicles‬‬ ‫‪352‬‬ ‫‪Railroad equipment‬‬ ‫)‪ISIC less (Medium technology plus high technology industries‬‬ ‫‪Other Industries‬‬. ‫‪Source: www.hwwa.de/wmatrix/technical_description.html, Last Visited: May 31, 2007.‬‬. ‫‪1‬‬. ‫‪. Sunil Mani, "Exports of High Technology Products from Developing Countries: Is it Real a Statistical‬‬ ‫‪Artifat", Discussion Paper Series, N°2000-1 (Maastricht, Netherlands: The United Nations University,‬‬ ‫‪Institute of New Technologies, May 2000), p.p.16-17.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪. Thomas Hatzichronoglou, Revision of the High Technology Sector and Products Classification,‬‬ ‫‪(Paris: OECD/GD, 1997).‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪. Mani, Op. Cit., p.17.‬‬.