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Caractérisation expérimentale des composites: méthodes extensométriques, grandeurs caractéristiques et essais

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(15) ‹Hˆ.y ‚ lHyqjNk ‚ yXiNiNy eqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe dHet„Hetd k6jNjNy0n,iNopk6glHyq{hŒ y,>yXiBiNj w g ‚Ž yXj ‚ y ereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe dHet„Het„ k6gHiNj w opgHiNy ‚ ˆjNopg.n,opˆ w {py ‚ ~ ‰ k6i w iNopk6glHy ‚Bw0 y ‚ ˆjNopg.n,opˆ w m  eqe dHe ‘ k6’“ˆ{p†X’“yXgHi ‚”ereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe dHe ‘e   w gx6yX’“yXgHiBlHyqjNyXˆ.•XjNy ereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe dHe ‘etd } y ‚ mjNyrlHmn,o ‚Nw op{p{pyX’“yXgHi ereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe dHe ‘et„ } y ‚ mjNyrlHm'x6{po ‚N‚ yX’“yXgHi eqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe dHe ‘e ‘ — jNjNyXmj ‚ l>Œ w {popx6gyX’“yXgHi

(16) lHy ‚˜™w mx6y ‚eqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe. Q c s s s. Xƒ 6 6 6  d  „ ‘ ‘ ‘ X– Xš. ›œSU-0VH+4WX1.Y[Z\-0/078V^1.]-07834V (Hc „He TfhgHiNjNkHlHm.n,iNopk6g eqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe  s „Hetdvž †0n w { w x6y ‚ lHyqˆ w6‚ y eqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe XŸ „Het„ k6iNk\†X{ w6‚ iNozn,op’“†XiNjNopy eqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe d ƒ „He ‘ Šy0n™goz‡\myqlHyqx6j w gHm{ w jNopiN†q{ w6‚ yXjq¡ ‚ ˆ.y0n™¢H{py6£ eqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe d6d „He –vfhgHiNyXj¤8†XjNk6’“†XiNjNopyBk6{pk6x6j w ˆoz‡\my ereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe d6„ „He š } †XiNkHlHy ‚ lHy } k6opjN† eqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe d6„ „He š e  } k6opjN†qopgHiNyXj¤8†XjNk6’“†XiNjNop‡\my eqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe d0‘ „He š etd } k6opjN†qx6†Xk6’“†XiNjNoz‡\myB~ } †XiNkHlHyrlHyr{ w x6jNop{p{py eqereqereqereqereqe d – „He¦¥œž †,§.y0n,iNk6’“†XiNjNopy ereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe d š „Hets¨ k6jNjN†X{ w iNopk6gl>Œ op’ w x6y ‚©ereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe d š. ª¬«>­“®>¯.°\±. ²4³X´³0µ™¶8·™´N¸¦¹™³X¶z¸zºX»“¼N½¾H·™´N¸p¿q¼™»\¶8³XÀ¦¼BÁ0¼N¹µNºX¿

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(28) lHy jNy ‚ †XiN†XjNk6x6†Xg†XopiN† ‚eqeqereqereqereqereqereqe „6„ – et„v‰ opx6ozlHopiN† eqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe „0‘ – e ‘¨‰ † ‚ o ‚ i w g.n,y ereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe „0‘. .   . .   . . . . œSWXWX_78W^24V5\_/0_56-0ZH/078WX_H-0781.+ › š e TfhgHiNjNkHlHm.n,iNopk6g eqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe „ š š etd Šj w n,iNopk6g ¡ | Š#–H™~ƒ „0‘ f – d\¥ | f š d6„ Ÿ\£ eqereqereqereqereqe „ š š etdHe  Šj w n,iNopk6g ‚ yX{pk6g'{py ‚Bw0 y ‚ ˆjNopg.n,opˆ w m ereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe „\¥ š etdHetd Šj w n,iNopk6gk6j ‚w0 y ‚ ˆjNopg.n,opˆ w m  ereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe „\¥ š etdHet„ Šj w n,iNopk6g ereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe „6s š etdHe ‘ Šj w n,iNopk6g r¡ Š }ž„ –H s ~ŸH0£ eqeqereqereqereqereqereqe „6s š etdHe – Šj w n,iNopk6g ‚ mjB†XˆjNk6m Ž yXiNiNyyXgHi w op{p{p†Xyr¡ Š }žd\¥0„6„ £ eqereqereqe „ Ÿ š et„ |4{py  opk6g eqeqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘ ƒ š et„He  |4{py  opk6g ‚ mj w ˆˆmo ‚ j w ˆˆjNkHn™† ‚ ¡hf #‘ – s – Š } žd6„0‘6‘ £ e ‘ ƒ š et„Hetd |4{py  opk6g „ ˆ.k6opgHi ‚ ¡ | Š#–H™~ƒ6ƒH f 0‰  ¥0s £ eqereqereqereqe ‘ ƒ š et„Het„ |4{py  opk6g ‘ ˆ.k6opgHi ‚¬eqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘  š e ‘ Šk6j ‚ opk6g eqeqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘\d š e ‘e  Šk6j ‚ opk6g ‚ mjiNm .y eqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘\d š e ‘etd Šk6j ‚ opk6g ‚ mj w jNjNy w mn w jNjN† jNy ‚ {pk6gx6opiNm.lHopg w {py ‚*eqereqereqe ‘\„ š e ‘et„ Šk6j ‚ opk6g ‚ mj w jNjNy w mn w jNjN† jNy ‚ iNj w g ‚Ž yXj ‚ y ‚”eqereqereqereqe ‘6‘ š e ‘e ‘ Šk6j ‚ opk6g ‚ mjˆ w j w {p{p†X{p†Xˆopˆ.•0lHy ereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘ – š e ‘e – Šk6j ‚ opk6glHyrn,k6mˆ.k6g ‚ ereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘ š š e – o ‚Nw op{p{pyX’“yXgHi eqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘H¥ š e – e  —

(29) ‚N‚Nw olHy ‚ j w op{ ‚ ¡ Š }ž‘\d –6–\£ ereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘H¥ š e – etd —

(30) ‚N‚Nw ol>Œtfhk ‚ opˆ.y ‚ n,mE¡ Š }ž – „\¥0s £ ereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘\s š e – et„ Œ w ggy w ml>Œ j™n w g eqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe –6ƒ š e š k6’“ˆjNy ‚N‚ opk6gE¡ |[Š –H™~™XƒH f š6ƒ ‘ Š }ž„0‘ Xƒ\£ ereqereqereqe –H š e¦¥œ} y ‚ mjNy ‚ k6j ‚ ˆ{ w g ereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe –H. "!.   # $!  #. %'%-,&)(+.* /+* " .  . "  +   # #1 0 . "!.

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(38) ‚N‚Nw o eqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ¥\e  e – ‰ yX’ w j™‡\myˆj w iNoz‡\my ereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ¥\e  e š Pw m ‚ y ‚ l>Œ yXjNjNyXmj eqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe k6g.lHy ‚ iNyXjN’“oz‡\my ‚ereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ¥\e  e¦¥ ¥\etd jN†Xˆ w j w iNopk6glHy ‚ †0n™ w gHiNop{p{pk6g ‚ ˆ.k6mj| ‰  —Teqereqereqereqereqe ¥\etdHe  ž †XiNyXjN’“opg w iNopk6g'lHm'ˆ w6‚ lHyq{ w x6jNop{p{py ereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ˆ 6ilHyqx6jNop{p{py eqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ¥\etdHetd ž †X ¥\etdHet„ } o ‚ y w m'ˆ.k6opgHilHyq{ w n w ’“†Xj w¬ B Pž ereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe. 9.9 –6– –6– –6– –6š –6š – ¥ – ¥ – s – s –6Ÿ –6Ÿ š6ƒ. "!. š ets. 

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(45) ‹Hˆ.y ‚ lHyqjNk ‚ yXiNiNy ‚ ereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe o ‚Nw op{p{pyX’“yXgHi

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(49) ‚N‚Nw olHyqiNj w n,iNopk6g ereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe „ š š etd Šj w n,iNopk6g ‚ mjB†XˆjNk6m Ž yXiNiNyyXgHi w op{p{p†Xy eqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe „ Ÿ š et„ |4{py  opk6g ‚ mj w ˆˆmo ‚ j w ˆˆjNkHn™† ‚ereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘ ƒ š e ‘ Šk6j ‚ opk6g ‚ mjiNm .yq’“opg.n,y eqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘\„ š e –vŠk6j ‚ opk6g ‚ mj w jNjNy w mn w jNjN† jNy ‚ {pk6gx6opiNm.lHopg w {py ‚Pereqereqereqereqereqe ‘6‘ š e švŠk6j ‚ opk6g ‚ mj w jNjNy w mn w jNjN† jNy ‚ iNj w g ‚Ž yXj ‚ y ‚©eqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘6‘ š e¦¥œ—

(50) ‚N‚Nw olHy ‚ j w op{ ‚[ereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘H¥ š ets ˆjNk6m Ž yXiNiNyrl>Œtfhk ‚ opˆ.y ‚ n,m eqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘\s š e Ÿ } k6gHi w x6yrˆ.k6mj{hŒ y ‚N‚Nw ol>Œtfhk ‚ opˆ.y ‚ n,m eqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe ‘ Ÿ š e Xƒ ggy w ml>Œ j™n w g eqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe –6ƒ š e 6 ˆjNk6m Ž yXiNiNyrn,k6m.lH†XyqyXg'iNj w n,iNopk6g ereqereqereqereqeqereqereqereqereqereqe – „.  .  . ¥\e .

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(147) k6{pi,£ rˆ w jNiNopjlHy ‚ Hl †,¤8k6jN’ w iNopk6g ‚ ’“y ‚ m jN†Xy ‚ ¡8yXg

(148) k6{pi,£. . wXŽ y0n. . . 254#!.-.A:

(149) -. . &    + +. +  . +

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(155) ?<+ .  . #. . ). †Xg†Xj w {pyX’“yXgHi >n™ w ‡\my“lHopjNy0n,iNopk6gElHy“’“y ‚ mjNy¬y ‚ i¬n  {p†Xy ‚ †Xˆ w jN†X’“yXgHi #4

(156) 7:yXg ‚ y g y,>y0n,iNmyXj w lHk6g.n ‚ yXj Ž6w gHiBl>Œ mg^’“k6gHi w x6yyXg'‡\m w jNiBlHyˆ.k6gHiBˆ.k6mjn™ w ‡\my j w g.n™y e ^ mgyrn,k6jNjNy0n,iNopk6glHyq{ w gk6gH~h{popg† w jNopiN†ˆ.k6mjn™ w n,mgyrlHy ‚PŽ k6opy ‚,e. /+0  032. . rCD AC K@

(157) DHC>=H=C. 1   1 1 +1 *  1 1 1 1 1 . % . fh{

(158) y  o ‚ iNy^lHy ‚ jNk ‚ yXiNiNy ‚ ƒ Ÿ6ƒ ¡ ozlHopjNy0n,iNopk6ggyX{p{py ‚wXŽ y0nr’“y ‚ mjNy^lHy'lHyXm  lHopjNy0n,iNopk6g ‚ k6jNiNk6x6k6g w {py ‚ £ ƒ X‘ – Ÿ6ƒ ¡8iNjNozlHopjNy0n,iNopk6ggyX{p{py ‚BwXŽ y0nr’“y ‚ mjNy¬lHy ‚ lH†,¤8k6jN’ w iNopk6g ‚ 'ƒ ‘ – yXiBŸ6ƒ X£ ƒ  d ƒ 0d0‘ ƒ'yXiBƒ š6ƒ  d ƒ¡hn,y ‚ lHyXjNgop•XjNy ‚ k .†Xo ‚N‚ yXgHi w m  ’DHX’“y ‚ ¤8k6jN’^m{py ‚ ‡\my {py ‚ ƒ  d ƒ 0d0‘ ƒ“yXiBgy ‚ yXjNk6gHiˆ w6‚ iNj w opiN†Xy ‚ l w g ‚ { w¬‚ mopiNy6£ e. +.  1 1. 1. w £Bƒ Ÿ6ƒ. >£Pƒ X‘ – Ÿ6ƒ. !#"%$. dHet„ ) 0( :&A. -gy“jNk ‚ yXiNiNy'ƒ 1 Ÿ6ƒy ‚ irˆjN† ‚ yXgHiN†Xy'%{ w. . 1 1. n0£Pƒ  d ƒ 0d0‘ ƒ.  : E !3A3:=2 2 :&A.    +. .x6mjNy Hd et„HetwHež y'n,yXiNiNy .x6mjNy 4k6g[iNopjNy“{py ‚ jNyX{ w iNopk6g ‚4‚ mo 6Ž w gHiNy ‚ yXgHiNjNyP{py ‚ lH†,¤8k6jN’ w iNopk6g ‚ l w g ‚ {py

(159) Nj yXˆ.•XjNyPx6{pk w {yXi4{py ‚ lH†,¤8k6jN’ w iNopk6g ‚ ª¬«>­“®>¯.°\±. ²4³X´³0µ™¶8·™´N¸¦¹™³X¶z¸zºX»“¼N½¾H·™´N¸p¿q¼™»\¶8³XÀ¦¼BÁ0¼N¹µNºX¿

(160) ¾Hº,¹N¸p¶8¼N¹.

(161)  

(162) ,@“#   B ,.q6 ’“y ‚ mjN†Xy ‚. 2. ' '.  . -gyjNk ‚ yXiNiNyqƒ 1X‘ – 1 Ÿ6ƒ“y ‚ iPˆ' jN† ‚ yXgHiN†Xy%r{ w. ‚ mo Ž6w gHiNy ‚. 2. . +. '. . +. . #. C B 

(163) .  d. 0 . .x6mjNy dHet„He l>Œ k “{hŒ k6g“iNopjNy{py ‚ jNyX{ w iNopk6g ‚. & +  +  %   +  .

(164) 2. r{ w .x6mjNy dHet„He n l>Œ k {hŒ k6g“iNopjNy.  +    +    +. +  +.  '   '.  . +. + . -gyqjNk ‚ yXiNiNyrƒ 1  d ƒ 10d0‘ ƒ'y ‚ ' iBˆjN† ‚ yXgHiN†Xy . +. . +.  '  .  .  B

(165) “   . 1. g m iNop{po ‚ y{py ‚ jNk ‚ yXiNiNy ‚ ƒ Ÿ6ƒ[{pk6j ‚ ‡\my{py ‚ lHopjNy0n,iNopk6g ‚ ˆjNopg.n,opˆ w {py ‚^‚ k6gHin,k6ggHmy ‚ ¡8iN†Xk6jNoz‡\myX’“yXgHik6my  . ˆ †XjNop’“yXgHi w {pyX’¬yXgHi,£ e. H. )  %. ). k6j ‚ ‡\myq{hŒ k6g'opx6gk6jNyiNk6milHy{hŒ †Xi w iBlHyqlH†,¤8k6jN’ w iNopk6g“yXg“mg'ˆ.k6opgHi k6m‡\myqn,yX{pmo¦~n,o lHk6opi XiNjNy“lH†XiNyXjN’“opg†¬n,k6’“ˆ{p•XiNyX’^yXgHi k6g[lHk6opi wXŽ k6opjqjNy0n,k6mjNi „ ’“y ‚ mjNy ‚q‚ mo Ž6w gHi „ lHopjNy0n,iNopk6g ‚ lHo¦>†XjNyXgHiNy ‚ ˆmo ‚ ‡\my{hŒ †Xi w ilHyrlH†,¤8k6jN’ w iNopk6g'lH†Xˆ.yXg.l'lHy „ ˆ w j w ’“•XiNjNy ‚,e Šk6miNy,¤8k6o ‚ ‚ o.{hŒ k6g wqw m.n,mgyozlH†XylHy{hŒ †Xi w i

(166) lHy ‚ n,k6gHiNj w opgHiNy 0{py ‚ jNk ‚ yXiNiNy ‚ ƒ  d ƒ 0d0‘ ƒ ‚ k6gHiPx6†Xg†Xj w {pyX’“yXgHi4miNop{po ‚ †Xy ‚,e o.{ w lHopjNy0n,iNopk6g“lHy ‚ lH†,¤8k6jN’ w iNopk6g ‚ ˆjNopg.n,opˆ w {py ‚ y ‚ iPopgHiNmo¦~ iN†Xy Hk6g w jNy0n,k6mjNi w m  jNk ‚ yXiNiNy ‚ ƒ X‘ – Ÿ6ƒ e. . .   1 1   /+0  01/  0  %    %    %-,./+* H %   1   + +

(167)  &  : &     +

(168)  &  :      + +

(169)  &  : &     +

(170)  &  :   @

(171) KKC .=LN@

(172) G. AC.

(173) zC rC>=. 1 1. =K

(174) GDPCKDHC. . žw g ‚ n,y

(175) ‡\mo\ˆjN†0n,•0lHy ™k6g w iNyXgHmqn,k6’“ˆiNymgoz‡\myX’“yXgHi.lHy

(176) { wPŽ6w jNo w iNopk6grlHy

(177) jN† ‚ o ‚ i w g.n,y lHmy B{hŒ †X{pk6gx w iNopk6gq{pk6gx6opiNm.lHopg w {py

(178) lHy ‚ .{ ‚ lHy

(179) { w˜™w mx6y e Šk6miNy,¤8k6o ‚ X{py ‚ .k6m.n,{py ‚‚ m o ‚N‚ yXgHi g yrlH†,¤8k6jN’ w iNopk6g ‚ yX{pk6g'{ w lHopjNy0n,iNopk6g'iNj w g ‚Ž yXj ‚ yqlHmy rmgy,>yXilHyr4k6o ‚N‚ k6g e w m ‚N‚ o4m yXiNiNy¬lH†,¤8k6jN’ w iNopk6g“iNj w g ‚Ž yXj ‚ yry ‚ ix6†Xg†Xj w {pyX’“yXgHi¤ w o {pyqˆ.k6mj{py ‚ ’ w iN†XjNo w m  o ‚ 0k ~ iNjNk6ˆ.y ‚ iNk6miNy,¤8k6o ‚ yX{p{pyrˆ.yXmi XiNjNy¬op’“ˆ.k6jNi w gHiNy¬ˆ.k6mjr{py ‚ n,k6’“ˆ.k ‚ opiNy ‚ ‚ mjNiNk6mi¬l w g ‚ p{ y n w6‚ lHy ‚ iNj w iNo .† ‚ ˆ w jBj w ˆˆ.k6jNi ¬{ w lHopjNy0n,iNopk6g'lHyq{ wB˜™w mx6y e.žw g ‚ n,yqn w6‚ op{>y ‚ i g†0n,y ‚N‚Nw opjNyql>Œ y,>y0n,iNmyXjPmgy ‚ y0n,k6g.lHyrn,k6jNjNy0n,iNopk6g e. . 02. >w n,k6jNjNy0n,iNopk6g“lHy{hŒ y,>yXi

(180) iNj w g ‚Ž yXj ‚ yˆ.k6mjPmgy ˜™w mx6yqƒ Ÿ6ƒ ‚ Œ y,>y0n,iNmyn,k6’“’“y ‚ mopi . . . . ª¬«>­“®>¯.°\±. . .    . . . . .  . ²4³X´³0µ™¶8·™´N¸¦¹™³X¶z¸zºX»“¼N½¾H·™´N¸p¿q¼™»\¶8³XÀ¦¼BÁ0¼N¹µNºX¿

(181) ¾Hº,¹N¸p¶8¼N¹.

(182)  

(183) ,@“#   B ,.q6 .  B

(184) “   .  <: (  / {py'n w6‚ l>Œ mgy'jNk ‚ yXiNiNyƒ 1X‘ – 1 Ÿ6ƒ P{py ‚. C B 

(185) .  „.  n w  iNopk6g ‚ Hl y ‚B˜™w mx6y ‚ ¡ w ˆ jN• ‚ n,k6jNjNy0n,iNopk6g lHy'{ w gk6gH~h{popg† w jNopiN†'lHy'ˆ.k6gHi wXŽ y0n + {py ‚ opg.lHoz {py ‚ ¤ w n,iNyXmj ‚ lHy ˜™w m6x y“iNj w g ‚Ž yXj ‚ y“ˆ.k6mjr{ w'Ž k6opy^lHopjNopx6†Xy ‚ yX{pk6gE{ w ‚ o

(186) g†0n,y ‚N‚Nw opjNy6£ lHopjNy0n,iNopk6g yXi   e. %. %. +* !. jNyX{ w iNopk6g ‚ ˆjN†0n,†0lHyXgHiNy ‚ jNy ‚ iNyXgHi Ž6w { w {py žw g ‚ ˆ.k6mj{py ‚PŽ k6opy ‚ ^ƒ¬yXiŸ6ƒ e k6m ‚wXŽ k6g ‚ mgyrjNyX{ w iNopk6g ‚ mˆˆ{p†X’“yXgHi w opjNyˆ.k6mj{ w¬Ž 6k opy ‘ –. +* 2. &&   :     +

(187)  &  :   &&      +  &

(188)  &   :   &       2 1 1      +. +

(189)  &   :           + .  &  :.    &  +  

(190).  &  :.    &              +. +     &  :       +     &  :   &      +

(191)  &  :  &        +. +     &  :        +

(192)  &  :  &    +    &  :  &            02       . + . . . +  . . . . . . . . .   . . . . . . žw g ‚ {pyrn w6‚ l>Œ mgyqjNk ‚ yXiNiNyrƒ  d ƒ 0d0‘ ƒ >k6g w {py ‚ ¤8k6jN’^m{py ‚ ¡8{pk6gx6my ‚ £ ‚ mo Ž6w gHiNy ‚ . . . . . . . . /+0  0  '.  . . . .    '. . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . .    KLNG >L. NCD. %. . . .  . . . .

(193) 

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(196) 

(197) 

(198) . . . . .

(199) 

(200) 

(201) . .  . @

(202) GP=K

(203) LNGP=CD

(204) OF. .  . . .  . . . . . . . . ‚ mo Ž6w gHi. . . . . . . . wXŽ y0n{pyqn,k\y 'n,opyXgHi  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . @= =LN@

(205) G. . . ACD. . . . . . FCD. . . . .  . KLNG >L. .  yXi  ‚ k6gHi“{py ‚ n,k6gHiNj w opgHiNy ‚ ˆjNopg.n,opˆ w {py ‚ yXi{hŒ w g x6{pylHyjNk6i w iNopk6g lHm jNyXˆ.•XjNy ˆjNopg.n,opˆ w {ˆ w jj w ˆˆ.k6jNi ^n,yX{pmo4lHyq{ w jNk ‚ yXiNiNy“¡8{hŒ w0 y^qy ‚ i{ w jN†,¤8†XjNyXg.n,y Hop{4n,k6jNjNy ‚ ˆ.k6g.l  \£ e ^yXi ‚ k6gHijNy ‚ ˆ.y0n,iNo Ž yX’“yXg\i{hŒ w ‚ n,o ‚N‚ yqyXiB{pyj w ‹\6k glHmn,yXj™n,{pylHy } k6j e. % (. 8. 1 1 . 02. 4k6mjmgyqjNk ‚ yXiNiNyrƒ X‘ – Ÿ6ƒ >op{ Ž opyXgHi. +  +. 8.  .  . ª¬«>­“®>¯.°\±.  '' .  . . 8. 8.   +  +    +   +    +  +  + +   +  . . . . ²4³X´³0µ™¶8·™´N¸¦¹™³X¶z¸zºX»“¼N½¾H·™´N¸p¿q¼™»\¶8³XÀ¦¼BÁ0¼N¹µNºX¿

(206) ¾Hº,¹N¸p¶8¼N¹.

(207)  

(208) ,@“#   B ,.q6. 1 1 . 02.  B

(209) “   . C B 

(210) . ‘. 4k6mjmgyqjNk ‚ yXiNiNyrƒ  d ƒ 0d0‘ ƒ op{ Ž opyXgHi. +  +  +. 8.  +  +      +    +      +  +     +    +    8 +  +    +  . 8 . .  . .  ''. . . . .  ,  )% . /+0

(211) <032.   6 IH # .. 0. ?

(212) G

(213) CIJCGP= AC KC. KC. .   2 &  '. fh{ˆ.yXmi XiNjNy¬g†0n,y ‚N‚Nw opjNy¬l>Œ y,>y0n,iNmyXjlHy ‚ n™ w gx6yX’“yXgHi ‚ lHy¬jNyXˆ.•XjNy ‚ Hl y ‚ x6j w g.lHyXmj ‚ ˆH‹ ‚ oz‡\my ‚,e ¬ g j w ˆˆ.yX{p{pyBlHk6g.nB{py ‚ jNyX{ w iNopk6g ‚ \l w g ‚ {pyBn w6‚ k ¬{pyBjNyXˆ.•XjNy   4y ‚ iiNk6mjNg† l>Œ mg w gx6{py ¬ˆ w jBj w ˆˆ.k6jNi w mjNyXˆ.•XjNy ¡ w miN6k mjlHyq{hŒ w0 y £ . . '.    .   . . !" '           ..  .   *.  .     *. ..  . .   . '. . . . . .  +  %   % +*02 %.. . . . . . '.  '  . . y ’DHX’“y ¬ˆ w jNiNopjlHyqlHyXm  Hl †,¤8k6jN’ w Ni opk6g ‚ ’“y ‚ mjN†Xy ‚

(214) ‚ yX{pk6glHyXm 'w0 y ‚ ˆ.yXjNˆ.yXg.lHo¦~ ž q n,m{ w opjNy ‚ .op{y ‚ iqˆ.k ‚N‚ o {py^lHy“n,k6gg w iNjNy¬{ w Hl †,¤8k6jN’ w iNpo k6gl w g ‚ { w lHopjNy0n,iNopk6g¤ w o ‚Nw gHiqmg w gx6{py  wXŽ y0n{ w lHopjNy0n,iNopk6g ^ƒ. +  +. +$#. /+0

(215) <01/. ;CDHOKC AO. 1 1.   . +  +.      . . >LND

(216) L NCIJCG

(217) =. 1 1 2. %. ž Œ mgy¬¤ w * k6gEx6†Xg†Xj w {py .op{y ‚ i w o ‚ †^lHy“n w {zn,m{pyXj{ w n,k6’“ˆ.k ‚Nw gHiNy^lHy“n,o ‚Nw po {p{pyX’^yXgHi ˆ w jNiNopjl>Œ mgyqjNk ‚ yXiNiNyrƒ X‘ – Ÿ6ƒ“k6mƒ  d ƒ 0d0‘ ƒ e 'lHy{ w jNk ‚ yXiNiNy

(218) k6g w {py ‚ — g y,>yXi Pl w g ‚ {pyjNyXˆ.•XjNylHk6gHi“{hŒ w0 y y ‚ i“{hŒ w0 y jNyX{ w iNopk6g ‚ ¡hlH† ˜ ¬lHk6gg†Xy ‚ £ ‚ mo Ž6w gHiNy ‚. ) %. '. 1 1 . ˆ.k6mj{ w jNk ‚ yXiNiNyrƒ X‘ – Ÿ6ƒ yXi. ª¬«>­“®>¯.°\±. + .  '. . & +  +  . % (+*. . . +  +. ²4³X´³0µ™¶8·™´N¸¦¹™³X¶z¸zºX»“¼N½¾H·™´N¸p¿q¼™»\¶8³XÀ¦¼BÁ0¼N¹µNºX¿

(219) ¾Hº,¹N¸p¶8¼N¹.

(220)  

(221) ,@“#   B ,.q6. 1 1.  B

(222) “   .  %-,. /+*) 1  ./ * + % .    % . ˆ.k6mj{ w jNk ‚ yXiNiNyrƒ  d ƒ 0d0‘ ƒ e. C B 

(223) . X–. Hop{>y ‚ iPˆ.k ‚N‚ o {py rˆ w jNiNopjBl>Œ mgy ‚ op’“ˆ{pyBjNk ‚ yXiNiNy žw g ‚ {pyn w6‚ l>Œ mg ‚ iNj w iNo .† ƒ Ÿ6ƒ Bl>Œ w nXn,†0lHyXj w m n,o ‚Nw op{p{pyX’^yXgHi +.-.A />: =E :(*)

(224) E=: :&AIB 9E=:&A'¡hlHk6g.nl w g ‚ mg jNyXˆ.•XjNy Ni k6mjNg†qlHy ˆ w j

(225) j w ˆˆ.k6jNi w m“jNyXˆ.•XjNyx6{pk w > { ‡\mo.y ‚ i w m ‚N‚ on,yX{pmo.lH† .go.ˆ w jP{ w

(226) ˜™w mx6y6£ e yrn w6‚ y ‚ iBop{p{pm ‚ iNjN† r{ w .x6mjNy dHe ‘e 9 0 ° 2. 1. 0 ° re p è re d e m e su re. re p è re d e s fib re s. !#"%$. .  41A9+.4>/>/>:

(227) ?:

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(231) <0 . 0. 6

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