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Use of Life Cycle Assessment to determine the environmental impact of gasification of lignocellulosic biomass: preliminary results

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Use of Life Cycle Assessment to determine the environmental impact

of gasification of lignocellulosic biomass: preliminary results

S. Gerbinet

and A. Léonard

Conclusions and perspectives:

Lignocellulosic biomass gasification:

Promising processes

for substituting fossil fuels

(building blocks for the chemical industry and fuels).

Their environmental impact remains uncertain

LCA methodology needed.

Numerous possibilities

sensitivity and uncertainity analysis

.

Take into account the impact of

biomass production.

LCA

: - Allows

comparison

bewteen biomass development and fossil technologies;

- Allows a

better understanding

of the environmental impact of the processes;

- Takes into account

several impact categories

.

Lignocellulosic biomass conversion processes

Scope of the study

Biomass + Oxidizing agentSyngaz

Oxidizing agent: - Air - Oxygen - Steam Heat supply: - Allothermal or autothermal - Direct or indirect

Gas cleaning and reforming

Dependent on gas use

- Particle removal: biomass (ash and char)+ bed  plugging - Alkali removal

- Nitrogen and sulfur compounds: small amount

- Tar elimination: primary (in gasifier) or secondary technologies

- Reforming: Water-shift reaction ∶ CO + H2O ↔ CO2 + H2  H2/CO

Pretreatment

- Size reduction: particle size between 20 and 80 mm - Drying: water content < 10%

Gasification

Process

Reactor type Fixed-bed updraft7 Fixed-bed downdraft7 T= 600 – 1000 °C Fluidized-bed bubbling4

Our study

Lignocellulosic Biomass Pretreated biomass Syngaz Landfill Field fertilization OR OR Fertilizer Heat Electricity Gas process Substitution/credit

Bibliography

1. http://www.bioenergie-promotion.fr/21906/7-septembre-2012-journee-technique-sur-la-qualite-du-bois-energie/ 2. http://www.agriculteur-normand.com/reussir/public/impression.php?codeArticle=7774&idsite=14 3. http://missouribeginningfarming.blogspot.be/2012/02/giant-miscanthus-grass-good-or-bad.html

4. Sierra, R., et al. Producing Fuels and Chemicals from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Special Section Biofuels [cited 2011].

5. Kumar, A., D.D. Jones, and M.A. Hanna, Thermochemical Biomass Gasifiction: A Review of the Current Status of Thechnology. Energies, 2009. 2.

6. Xylowatt, http://www.xylowatt.com/

7. Bioenergy Primer: Modernised Biomass Energy for Sustainable Development, UNDP, 2000

8. Bright Hub, Mobile Biomass crop or Waste Processing, cited 2012; Available from: http://www.brighthub.com/environment/renewable-energy/articles/85799.aspx

Fixed-bed multistage6

+ inertes

Scope of the study

Ash AND AND gasification pretreatment Co-generation

Lignocellulosic biomass

Biomass = promising energy source to replace fossil fuels.

Lignocellulose :

- Abundant in cheap and non-food materials

- Converted by second generation technologies : whole plant processed → better yield - Less competition with food crops for land and water4,5.

Lignocellulosic biomass: a sustainable alternative?  Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

methodology to quantify its environmental impact.

Wood

1

Energy crops

Straw

2

Miscanthus

3

Wood gasification

Downdraft, fixed-bed two-stage gasifier  Very low amounts of tar. This gasifier is generally considered to work close to the equilibrium state.

Small scale applications: cogeneration or used as process gas in furnaces.

Ashes end of life  Presently (Belgian legislation context): the ashes must be landfilled; in the future: field fertilization?

Co-product: system expansion by substitution (avoiding allocation procedure): the avoidance impact, from the co-product is subtracted to the system impact.

Part of a wider study: quantify the environmental impact of several uses of syngaz and comparing them with each other and more conventional fuels.  Develop a better assessment of the environmental performances of currently uncommon but promising technologies  Tool to help in the decision process.

Laboratory of Chemical Engineering – Processes and sustainable development - University of Liège, B6, allée de la chimie 3, 4000 Liège, Belgium –

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