B. Szuster and M. Flaherty
B. Szuster and M. Flaherty Inland low-salinity shrimp farming ...
Current studies into the environ mental impacts of inland shrimp farming in Thailand are focusing on the site-specifie effects of individual operations. Although the se studies will undoubtedly increase our understanding of specifie environ mental concerns, this approach cannot address the potential cumulative effects produced by large numbers of in land shrimps farms operating in dense concentrations. If in land shrimp farming continues in some form within Thailand, we believe that research into the long-term regional implications of this activity must be undertaken to insure the security of soil and water quality in Thailand's agricultural heartland.
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Acknowledgements
The financial support provided by the following institutions is gratefully acknowledged: the Social Science and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the International Development Research Centre, and the University of Victoria. Logistical support provided by the Department of Aquatic Science at Burapha University in Bang Saen, Thailand is also recognized.
The Chao Phraya Delta: Historieal Development, Dynamies and Challenges of Thailand' Riee Bowl
Orapan Srisawalak-Nabangehang and Warin Wonghanehao Land use in Pathum Thani ...
Evolution of Land-use in Urban-Rural Fringe Area: The Case of Pathum Thani Province.
1Orapan Srisawalak-Nabangchang, Warin Wonghanchao
Abstract: Imperfect competition in the land market and speculative uses of land have often been cited among the main reasons for the economic crash in the middle of 1997 and the head down collision into economic recession from which Thailand has not yet recovered. Critical review of causes and effects highlight several underlying causes which originated from shortcomings or inadequacy of planning and management tools and control of land use which, in turn, determine efficiency and equity aspects of resource utilization. ExpIanations can also be found in the flaws of the institutional components, financial institutions' lending policies that contributed to availability of money supply to finance speculative and non-productive demands for land and the regressive systèm of land tax, which al/owed for speculators to hold land with minimum, if not negligible opportunity costs. These variables coupled with rules and regulations governing procedures of land transaction al/ share blame for perpetuation of the imperfection of the land market.
Using Pathum Thani, one of the five vicinity provinces of Bangkok, located in a very fertile area of the central plains as the Case Study Area, the paper analyses economic losses from unplanned expansion of Bangkok into urban-rural fringe areas.
Characteristic of the changing land use patterns of suburban areas, major changes in land use have taken place in this Province. A large area of agricultural land has been converted for residential, commercial, recreational and industrial uses. During the so-cal/ed economic boom period, land market in Pathum Thani was particularly active for speculative purposes. Increasing land price, diminishing purchasing power of middle and lower income groups and deteriorating environment are among the major reasons which turned Pathum Thani and other vicinity provinces into dormitory towns for daily commuter work forces which form part of the day time population of Bangkok. In the context of sub-optimum level of land use control and motivated by conditioned by prospective demands and supplies of houses, services and amenities, developers and speculators were able to take a large area of land out of productive use. The rows of unfinished real estate projects and empty residential units are manifestations that
1The paper is a part of the research findings of an on-going study on "Land Tenure and Land Utilization, the Economie and Legal Measures for Maximization of Land Use" which is supported bythe Thailand Research Fund.
The authors would like to acknowledge in particular, the contribution of Mr., Sopon Chomchan of the Land Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives and Dr. Utis Khaotien, Assistant Secretary General of the National Economie and Social Development Board for their contribution in terms of data support and inputs into the conceptual framework of the paper.
The Chao Phraya Delta: Historieal Development, Dynamies and Challenges of Thailand's Riee Bowl
Orapan Srisawa/ak-Nabangehang and Warin Wonghanehao Land use in Pathum Thani...
developers and speculators too suffered from the illusions of the bubble economy they have partly created.
The purpose of this paper has been to illustrate private and social costs and gains to the evolution of land use patterns in Pathum Thani. The economic analysis of impacts from changes in land use patterns focuses around three issues: (i) loss of productivity from land taken out of production for speculative purposes; (H) forgone investment in development of land for agricultural production namely irrigation infrastructure and land reform measures; (iii) efficiency loss resulting from distortion in the land market where prices become conditioned by speculative demands for land as opposed to price resulting from competing land uses among economic activities.
The paper also discusses the inefficiency of land use from spatial planning criteria from uncontrolled urban expansion, such as concentration of up areas along the road network and mushrooming of sub-centres creating 'ribbon', the 'Ieap frog' pattern of spatial development and underutilization of hinterland areas. ft also addresses issues of environmental externalities resulting from uncontrolled urban expansion. The manifestations of inefficiency in these areas are analysed in terms of divergence of private and socialcost.
Imperfect competition in the land market and speculative uses of land have often been cited among the main reasons for the economic crash in the middle of 1997 and the head down collision into economic recession from which Thailand has not yet recovered. Critical review of causes and effects highlight several underlying causes which originated from shortcomings or inadequacy of planning and management tools and control of land use which, in turn, determine efficiency and equity aspects of resource utilization. Explanations can also be found in the f1aws of the institutional components, financial institutions' lending policies that contributed to availability of money supply to finance speculative and non-productive demands for land and the regressive system of land tax, which allowed for speculators to hoId land with minimum, if not negligible opportunity costs. These variables coupled with rules and regulations governing procedures of land transaction ail share blame for perpetuation of the imperfection of the land market.
Using Pathum Thani, one of the five vicinity provinces of Bangkok, located in a very fertile area of the central plains as the Case Study Area, the paper analyses economic losses from unplanned expansion of Bangkok into urban-rural fringe areas.
The paper is divided into 4 Section. Following this introductory section, Section 2 provides an overview of the development of urban land use pattern in Thailand briefly describing planning tools, legal, institutional and fiscal tools employed to control and regulate land use. Issues addressed in this section centre around the causal relationship between the pattern of spatial development and the structural problems of urbanization focusing in particular on adverse economic repercussions of non-rationalized land use. Reference is made to the institutional and legal support structures for urban land-use management, current policy instruments, which are directly or partially related to the assertion of planning and control measures on urban land-use.
The Chao Phraya Delta: Historiea/Deve/opment, Dynamies and Challenges of Thailand's Riee Bow/
172
Orapan Srisawalak-Nabangehang and Warin Wonghanehao Land use in Pathum Thani ...
The third part of the paper traces the development of land use in one of the five vicinity provinces of Bangkok, Pathum Thani. The interest of this Province is that development of urban spatial forms in this province c1early illustrate the causes and effects of uncontrolled urban expansion, such as concentration of up areas along the road network and mushrooming of sub-centres creating 'ribbon', the 'Ieap frog' pattern of spatial development and underutilization of hinterland areas. The economic of impacts from changes in land use patterns can be defined in three areas. These include (i) loss of productivity from land taken out of production for speculative purposes; (ii) forgone investment in development of land for agricultural production namely irrigation infrastructure and land reform measures; (iii) efficiency loss resulting from distortion in the land market where priees become conditioned by speculative demands for land as opposed to priee resulting from competing land uses among economic activities.
The final Section concludes with general remarks of future directions of land use development and factors, which nèeds to be taken in consideration in policy formulation.