Chapitre 6 Calcul des inductances de fuite
III. Validations
Alguns exemplos de estudos de desenvonvimento de aplicações finais envolvendo extratos bioativos ou compostos puros isolados estão descritos na Tabela 9. Após uma ampla revisão da literatura, confirmou-se que a vasta maioria dos estudos não incluem a validação dos bioativos microencapsulados por incorporação em matrizes alimentares. Apenas doze estudos incluíram este passo final, crucial para a indústria alimentar. No geral, o leite e os derivados lácteos como queijo, iogurtes e gelados são as matrizes preferenciais focadas nestes estudos. O setor dos cereais, pão e massas têm também um peso significativo nos estudos de desenvolvimento de aplicações finais. O chá, sopa e carne foram também matrizes testadas para a incorporação de microcápsulas contendo bioativos. Os extratos fenólicos da pele de Punica granatum L. foram estudados por Çam et al. (2014) e incorporados em gelado para aumentar a sua atividade antioxidante inibidora da α- glucosidade. Martins et al. (2014b) e Robert et al. (2010) incorporaram extratos fenólicos de flores de Rubus ulmifolius Schott. e frutos de Punica granatum L., respetivamente. Martins et al. (2014b) obtiveram maior atividade antioxidante nos iogurtes incorporados com extratos microencapsulados, comparativamente à utilização dos extratos na forma livre e controlo (iogurte sem extrato); por outro lado Robert et al. (2010) também observaram um maior conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e antocianinas no iogurte enriquecido com extratos microencapsulados. A técnica de incorporação desenvolvida por Barbosa-Pereira et al. (2012) na qual extratos fenólicos foram adicionados a embalagens ativas visando o aumento do tempo de prateleira de produtos à base de carne, apontou para resultados promissores na retardação da oxidação lipídica e crescimento microbiano. Em termos de compostos fenólicos puros, uma isoflavona solúvel em água foi emulsionada com poliglicerólico
monoestearato e, posteriormente, incorporada em leite para estudar a sua estabilidade durante o armazenamento e após digestão in vitro. Foi demonstrado que a isoflavona microencapsulada não afetou o sabor do leite e que a sua absorção no intestino aumentou (Seok et al., 2003). O ácido cítrico e seu derivado, ácido (-)-hidroxicítrico, foram também incorporados; em particular, o composto derivado extraído dos frutos de Garcinia cowa Roxb. foi incorporado em pão (Ezhilarasi et al., 2013a, Ezhilarasi et al., 2013b) e em massa (Pillai et al., 2012); em ambos os casos o pão e massa enriquecidos com os bioativos microencapsulados mostraram bons atributos sensoriais, o que prova a viabilidade de usar este tipo de estratégia no desenvolvimento de produtos alimentares. O ácido cítrico, numa escala micronizada, foi também incorporado em pastilha elástica, usando uma técnica baseada em caseína e inulina para formar as microcápsulas bioativas, para obter pastilhas com propriedades promotoras de saúde (Abbasi et al., 2009). A sopa, um dos produtos mais consumidos mundialmente, serviu também como matriz para estudos de incorporação realizados por Rubilar et al. (2012). Foram adicionadas microcápsulas contendo ácidos gordos (óleo de linhaça) a sopa instantânea para desenvolver um novo produto funcional; adicionalmente, e uma vez que o óleo de linhaça foi incorporado numa matriz polimérica contendo goma-arábica e maltodextrina, conseguiu-se um maior controlo da libertação do núcleo lipofílico. Sardar et al. (2013) encapsularam um composto lipofílico, oleorresina de cardamomo, usando sacarose como material de revestimento e o método de co- cristalização, dando origem a cubos de açúcar condimentados chás. Os cubos produzidos mantiveram-se estáveis durante o armazenamento quando embalados num laminado metalizado de três camadas.
O queijo, apesar de muito apreciado pelos consumidores, é rico em gordura tendo vindo a ser feitos esforços visando a adição de gorduras de origem vegetal a esta matriz. No entanto, os óleos degradam-se muito rapidamente, beneficiando assim da adição de antioxidantes como as vitaminas A e E, e coenzimas. Neste contexto, o trabalho de Stratulat et al. (2014) teve como intenção inibir a peroxidação lipídica (rancidificação), formulando emulsões, contendo vitaminas A e E, e coenzimas Q10, estabilizadas com caseinato de
cálcio. Os resultados mostraram que os óleos vegetais não afetaram a estabilidade do queijo, tendo aumentando assim a presença de antioxidantes.
Tabela 9. Exemplos de estudos com extratos bioativos microencapsulados ou compostos individuais incorporados em matrizes alimentares
(Dias et al., 2015).
Matriz alimentar Bioativo Origem Método de
encapsulação Material de encapsulação Referências
Carne Extratos fenólicos Resíduos da indústria cervejeira Extrusão Acetato de etileno vinilo e LDPE Barbosa-Pereira et al., 2014
Chá Oleoresina de cardamomo Comercial Co-cristalização Sacarose Sardar et al., 2013
Gelado Extratos fenólicos Punica granatum L. (peles) Spray-secagem Maltodextrina Çam et al., 2014
Iogurte Extratos fenólicos Rubus ulmifolius Schott (flores) Atomização/coagulaçã
o Alginato Martins et al., 2014
Extratos fenólicos Punica granatum L. (frutos) Spray-secagem Maltodextrina ou proteinas de soja Robert et al., 2010
Leite Isoflavona Comercial Emulsão Poliglicerólico monoestearato Seok et al., 2003
Massa Ácido (−)-hidroxicítrico Garcinia cowa Roxb. (frutos) Spray-secagem Proteinas do soro de leite Pillai et al., 2012 Pão Ácido (−)-hidroxicítrico Garcinia cowa Roxb (pele
frutos) Spray-secagem
Proteinas do soro de leite e
maltodextrina Ezhilarasi et al., 2013a
Ácido (−)-hidroxicítrico Garcinia cowa Roxb (pele frutos) Liofilização Proteinas do soro de leite e
maltodextrina Ezhilarasi et al., 2013b
Pastilha elástica Ácido cítrico Comercial Microondas Caseína e inulina Abbasi et al., 2009
Queijo Vitaminas E e A; Coenzima10 Comercial Emulsão Caseinato de cálcio Stratulat et al., 2014
Sopa Ácidos gordos (óleo de
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