11.5.1.1 On 15 January 1970, the urban population of the USSR was 136 million persons, ie 56% of the total population.
In 2000 the population of the USSR is expected to be 330-340 million persons including an urban population of 240-250 million (72-75%). In 2070, the total population is expected to be 500-550 million, with an urban population of 450 million (90-92'9).
11.5.1.2 The distribution of population in towns of various sizes (Anon, 1971) is given in Table 31 based on the census for 15 January 1970.
Table 31. Urban population in the USSR
Number Total
II.5.1.3 The distribution of urban population in republics and economic regions of the USSR on 15 January 1972 is given in Table 32.
Table 32. Distribution of urban population in the USSR Republic & regions Population,
millions
139
Water resources
and water
buZance of theUSSR
11-5.1.4 In 1967 the area covered by towns of the USSR was 7.7 million ha, ie, 0.35% of the USSR territory [Kudryavtsev, 1971) .
11-5.2 WATER RESOURCES AND WATER BALANCE OF THE USSR 11-5.2.1 Precipitation
Precipitation over the USSR varies greatly in different areas. In the semi-deserts of
Central Asia the annual precipitation sometimes does not exceed 100 mm while in the Caucasus it may reach 4 O00 mm.
Figure 14 illustrates the average annual precipitation for a long-term period.
11-5.2.2 Runoff
There is a greater degree of variation in runoff values compared with variations in precipi- tation.
Annual runoff ranges from a few parts of a millimetre in deserts to more than 1 500 mm in the Pamir and the Caucasus.
Figure 15 illustrates average annual river runoff of the USSR in mm.
11-5.2.3 Evaporation
The long-term average evaporation over the USSR, computed by the difference between the determined norms of precipitation and runoff, is given in Table 34. The values obtained include evaporation from land and from the surface of lakes and reservoirs. In the calcula- tion an allowance was made for that part of the precipitation that went to groundwater store.
11-5.2.4 Water resources and water balance of the Soviet Union
Because of the great variety of physiography that exists in the different regions of USSR, precipitation, river runof£ and evaporation in time and over territory, vary considerably.
However, because the mean annual water balance components for large areas for long-term periods are reasonably stable, it is possible to establish general laws describing their
distribution over the study area.
The total water resources of the rivers of the Soviet Union Table 33 eq al 4 714 km per year, a volume which is drained from the USSR territory of 22 272 O00 k m . On average, 198 thousand m3/year per km2 falls on the USSR. The lesser total river runoff is an indica- tion of the average water resources of the USSR recovered yearly. It does not include long- term water storage in lakes , swamps , glaciers , high-mountain ice-fields and also sub-channel and deep underground waters that are not drained by rivers.
11
3A water balance of sea basins is shown in Table 34.
w O
Ici W O c 5 !4
141
142
Water resources and water balance
of
theUSSR
Table 33. Water resources of USSR rivers
Water resources
Per cent of thousand m3 Area
thousand km2 km3 Republic
national total per km2
Russian Federation 17 075.0 4 003.00 91.3 234
Ukranian SSR 601 .O 49.90 1.1 83
Moldavian SSR 33.7 O. 81 0.1 21
Byelorussian SSR 207.6 36.40 0.8 175
Estonian SSR 45.1 11.70 O. 3 259
Latvian SSR 63.7 17.10 0.4 268
, Lithuanian SSR 65.2 15.30 O. 4 234
Georgian SSR 69.7 53.60 1.2 769
Azerbaijan SSR 86.6 8.71 0.2 131
Armenian SSR 29.8 6.50 0.1 2 18
Kazakh SSR 2 715.0 64.80 1.5 24
Uzbek SSR 449.6 11.10 O. 3 27
Kirghiz SSR 198.5 52.80 1.2 274
Tadjik S S R 143.1 51.20 1.2 35 8
Turkmen SSR 488.1 1
.o0
0.1 2Total USSR 22 272.0 4 384.00 100
.o
19 8Table 34. Water balance of the Soviet Union in terms of sea basins
Water balance elements, km3 Runoff cient Area,
Sea basin coeffi-
thousand km2 Precipita- Runoff Evapora-
ti on tion
White & Barents seas 1 192 8 46 408 438 0.48
Baltic Sea 661 506 171 335 0.34
Black & Azov seas 1 347 889 159 7 30 0.18
Kara Sea 6 579 3 640 1 324 2 316 O. 36
Laptev Sea, East
Caspian Sea 2 927 1 440 300 1 140 0.21
Siberian Sea and
Chuckchee Sea 5 048 2 135 1 0 3 8 1 0 9 7 0.49 Bering Sea, Sea of
Okhotsk and Sea of
Japan 3 269 2 126 890 1 236 0.42
Endorheic areas of Kazakhstan and
Cen tual As i a 2 420 72 3 125 59 8 0.17
Total runoff losses by evaporation, in-
filtration and unre- turned water with- drawal in arid regions
of the USSR 150
- -
Total for the USSR 22 013 11 694 4 358 7 482 O. 36
I43
Climate of towns
11-5.2.5 Water Use
The use of water in towns (municipal needs) averaged 170 litres/day per capita in 1968.
jected per capita water use is expected to be 400 to 500 litres/day.
half of the water for municipal needs is obtained from subsurface water, but in the future this will rise to @-go%.
Pro- At present, more than
Table 35. Mean daily delivery and water use per capita for some towns (Dekhtyavev, 1968;
Markizov, 1969; Novikov, 1971; Panov, 1969)
Towns
Table 36. Water use for national economy (Anon, 1970a)
km3/year Waters users
Delivered Unreturned
Domes ti c us age 6 2
Industry 27 2
Cooling water for electrical generation 30 1
Irrigation 120 90
Fishery 8 1
Agricultural water supply 7 6
The Data given in Table 36 are approximate and will be changed as the inventory of water use is improved and more precise methods for the estimation of unreturned losses are developed.
11-5.3 CLIMATE OF TOWNS
The climate of towns differs greatly from the climate of surrounding areas, due to the following :
(a) air pollution in cities;
(b) change of the earth's surface by building; and
(c) change of heat characteristics of the earth's surface.
Data on mean changes of meteorological elements caused by urbanization extracted from WMO information were cited earlier.
ZISSR with respect to the order of possible changes.
m e s e data may also be applied to the towns o£ the Naturally, averaged data cannot