Chapitre 3 Conclusion générale
3.5 Retombées de présent travail et applications potentielles des résultats
Le principal objectif de cette étude était de fournir des connaissances supplémentaires quant à l’expression de gènes potentiellement impliqués dans l’adaptation climatique chez l’épinette noire. La majorité des hypothèses émises dans ce projet ont été validées ou partiellement validées. Peu d’études établissement clairement un lien entre la diversité génétique sous-jacente à l’adaptation climatique et l’expression des gènes. L’expression des gènes représente une étape clef entre le génotype et sa manifestation sous forme d’un génotype particulier. Les variations modifiant la séquence codante d’un gène peuvent aussi jouer un rôle tout aussi important dans la mise en place du phénotype. La présente étude donne un aperçu du rôle de l’expression génique dans l’adaptation aux variables climatiques. Le travail réalisé dans ce mémoire représente un travail exploratoire puisqu’il concernait un petit nombre de gènes, néanmoins il indique que l’expression des gènes doit être prise ne compte pour développer une compréhension complète de l’adaptation.
Par conséquent, le fait d’étendre cette étude à un plus grand nombre de gènes et d’individus, par exemple au moyen de méthodes comme le RNA-Seq, permettrait d’identifier un plus grand nombre de gènes étant potentiellement impliqués dans l’adaptation climatique, et ce, avec une plus grande précision. Comme plusieurs études le démontrent déjà, un changement de climat important surviendra au cours des années à venir (IPCC 2014). Cette étude et les études subséquentes à cette dernière pourraient aider à obtenir une meilleure compréhension du rôle de certains gènes dans l’acclimatation et ainsi sélectionner les arbres selon leur génotype pour le reboisement afin de faciliter la survie de l’espèce et assurer une diversité génétique.
53
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Annexe
Table S1. Expression level of candidate genes for each genotypic class (Log2 number of RNA transcript molecules).
a. Homozygote 1 b. Hétérozygote c. Homozygote 2
Gene name
Date 1 Date 2
Ho1a Heb Ho2c
All Ho1a Heb Ho2c All
LOB domain-containing (DUF260) 10.10 10.02 10.26 10.09 10.96 10.77 11.15 10.91 Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) 9.76 9.51 9.34 9.70 10.23 10.09 10.58 10.24 Leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase 16.10 15.58 15.43 15.65 14.70 14.41 14.33 14.45
tubby like 13.57 13.55 13.65 13.59 19.52 19.79 19.75 19.69
AP2 (PgAP2-3) 10.84 10.85 11.09 10.89 11.38 11.39 11.55 11.41 B-box type zinc finger family (PgBBOX-1) 15.29 15.33 15.42 15.51 15.53 15.50 15.29 15.30
NA 17.04 16.83 16.78 12.86 18.25 18.15 18.18 13.70
Zinc finger, C2H2 type 10.76 11.39 11.45 11.34 12.27 11.96 11.97 12.01 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase 13.17 12.92 12.88 13.05 13.92 13.89 13.99 13.92
AP2 10.32 10.64 10.65 10.54 17.09 16.41 17.64 17.05
WRKY DNA -binding 8.19 8.62 8.30 8.44 9.42 9.48 9.87 9.60
Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger) 14.85 14.74 15.06 14.89 16.04 17.02 16.72 16.75 Chaperone DnaJ-domain superfamily 13.30 13.24 13.35 13.29 13.38 13.28 13.32 13.34 bZIP transcription factor (PgBZIP-8) 12.80 12.78 12.78 12.79 12.66 12.73 12.77 12.68 GAST1 protein homolog 2 11.98 12.00 11.93 12.06 13.48 13.34 12.89 13.38
myb 11.99 12.06 11.84 12.00 15.11 15.28 14.52 15.10
myb (PgMYB-5) 13.94 13.66 13.64 13.67 15.09 14.85 14.88 14.88 GRAS family transcription factor 13.75 13.64 13.91 13.79 13.80 13.47 13.71 13.62 multiprotein bridging factor 1B 17.04 16.83 16.78 16.91 18.25 18.15 18.18 18.20 AP2 domain (PgAP2-1) 15.71 15.52 15.83 15.71 15.94 16.04 16.03 15.96 B-box zinc finger 16.62 16.68 16.61 16.64 16.87 16.96 17.10 16.93 B-box zinc finger family 14.46 14.52 14.51 14.49 13.16 13.48 13.81 13.39 RING/U-box superfamily 11.61 11.79 11.81 11.68 12.72 12.70 12.91 12.74
61
Table S2. Correlation between genotypic classes and phenotypic values at two different dates (June 22th and July 27th, 2011).
Corrected p-values
Gene name
Date 1 Date 2
Budset Growth Budset Growth
LOB domain-containing (DUF260) 0.190 0.736 1.105 1.059
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) 0.737 0.228 0.953 1.713
Leucine-rich receptor-like protein kinase 0.980 0.774 1.024 1.068
tubby like 0.721 0.692 0.762 0.997
AP2 (PgAP2-3) 0.987 0.674 1.156 0.914
B-box type zinc finger family (PgBBOX-1) 0.971 0.667 1.125 0.910
NA 0.769 0.622 0.926 1.243
Zinc finger, C2H2 type 0.005 0.623 1.027 1.096
2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase 0.042 0.730 0.853 1.238
AP2 1.006 0.555 1.006 1.032
WRKY DNA -binding 0.946 0.693 1.086 0.964
Zinc finger, C3HC4 type (RING finger) 0.802 0.870 0.989 0.941
Chaperone DnaJ-domain superfamily 0.698 0.889 1.091 1.007
bZIP transcription factor (PgBZIP-8) 0.309 0.584 1.047 1.056
GAST1 protein homolog 2 0.660 0.804 1.109 1.112
myb 0.741 0.877 1.267 1.046
myb (PgMYB-5) 0.985 0.690 1.015 0.970
GRAS family transcription factor 0.934 0.754 0.847 1.206
multiprotein bridging factor 1B 0.991 0.711 0.981 1.107
AP2 domain (PgAP2-1) 0.701 0.892 1.077 0.937
B-box zinc finger 0.066 0.871 0.552 1.022
B-box zinc finger family 0.974 0.753 0.744 0.963
RING/U-box superfamily 0.284 1.140 0.802 0.861
62
Figure S1. Origin of 1152 trees used to develop the experimental study population of 142 trees. Circles: localization of forest
stands represented in seed orchards (natural tree populations); triangles: localization of seed orchards sampled for the study. The populations represent six ecological regions (each with a different colour) and span the same geographic area as that surveyed in Prunier et al. (2011). In total, 1152 seedlings equally distributed among the regions were genotyped and 142 were selected to develop the experimental study population aimed at studying the relationship between gene expression and SNP genotypic classes.
Locations of populations and seed orchards