CHAPITRE I : Contexte scientifique et motivations
I.5. Question scientifique, objectifs de la thèse et démarche adoptée
La question scientifique principale est la suivante : quelles sont les conséquences thermiques de la dynamique de subduction dans les domaines arrière-arcs ? Afin de répondre à cette question, nous focaliserons notre étude sur la partie orientale de l’Anatolie, plus précisément sur le Massif du Menderes. Ce massif a la particularité de présenter (i) de nombreux champs géothermaux actuels, qui définiront peut-être de futurs gisements métalliques, mais également (ii) des gisements épithermaux fossiles (connus dans la littérature et observés sur le terrain), (iii) une histoire tectono-métamorphique complexe (épisode de haute-pression et de haute-température) suggérant des rééquilibrages thermiques rapides et
importants à l’échelle de la subduction. Il s’agira en particulier de comprendre l’évolution spatio-temporelle du régime thermique de la lithosphère anatolienne entre 50 Ma et aujourd’hui en s’appuyant sur une approche globale multidisciplinaire basée sur la géologie, la géophysique, la thermicité, la géochimie et la modélisation, de la zone de subduction à la province géothermale. Pour tracer l’histoire d’une anomalie thermique de grande longueur trouvant sa source très probablement dans le manteau, il est en effet nécessaire de travailler sur des constantes de temps suffisantes, en l’occurrence plusieurs dizaines de millions d’années.
Dans le détail, l’exploitation de l’ensemble des données et des reconstructions cinématiques issues de la littérature obtenus lors de ces années, devrait mener à un modèle génétique. Ce dernier pourra être testé par des simulations numériques (3D et 2D), examinant d’une part le comportement thermique et mécanique de la lithosphère, et s’intéressant d’autre part aux circulations hydrothermales dans la croûte supérieure. Ainsi, de nouvelles contraintes sur les mécanismes de production et de transfert de chaleur dans les zones de subductions à différentes échelles seront discutées.
Une autre question également essentielle sera abordée : quelle est la géométrie (i.e. tuyauterie) du système (circulation de la chaleur par conduction puis des fluides chauds par convection) entre le manteau et les expressions de surface ? Cette deuxième question importante traitera des circulations des fluides chauds jusqu’à la surface compte tenu d’une anomalie thermique régionale en profondeur. Il s’agira notamment de positionner en profondeur cette dernière et d’identifier les drains crustaux principaux permettant la mise en place des systèmes géothermaux actuels. En ce sens, il faudra précisément établir le rôle de ces drains dans l’alimentation du réservoir où les circulations de fluides permettent l’homogénéisation de la température sur plusieurs dizaines voire centaines de mètres.
La finalité d’une telle étude pourrait s’appliquer à d’autres zones de subduction dans le monde (e.g. la zone de subduction des Cascades aux Etats-Unis et son arrière-arc) afin d’une part d’améliorer l’exploration géothermale spécifique aux systèmes amagmatiques en développant de nouveaux modèles conceptuels spécifiques, et d’autres part utiliser les données géothermales disponibles sur une région précise afin de mieux contraindre l’évolution thermique de cette zone de subduction.
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