La plupart des méthodes utilisées pour la bioremédiation des sols contaminés consistent en une stimulation de l’activité des bactéries endogènes par l’optimisation des conditions environnementales dans lesquelles les organismes peuvent réaliser les réactions de décomposition ou la détoxification des polluants. L’addition des nutriments, l’optimisation du pH, l’humidité et la température accélèrent les réactions de biodégradation (Bollag and Bollag 1995).
La biodégradation des hydrocarbures dans le sol est influencée par la texture du sol (Sond et al.), l’humidité, les nutriments, la température (Dibble & Bartha 1979) et la salinité (Haines et al. 1994). La texture du sol est proportionnelle à la quantité de sable, de limon et d’argile, les propriétés texturales du sol influencent, la surface d’adsorption, la distribution des pores, le mouvement de l’eau et de l’air et la rétention.
concentrations tolérables par la microflore et optimiser la texture du sol pour une bonne circulation de l’eau et d’oxygène. La bioremédiation est accélérée par la protection du sol contre la saturation en eau et la compactation, ceci afin de maintenir des conditions aérobies.
III. les approches de la bioremédation
La bioremédiation est définie par Madsen (1991) comme «un processus aménagé ou spontané dont lequel les catalyses biologiques, principalement microbienne agissent sur les composés polluant, de ce fait ils remédient ou éliminent le contaminant de l'environnement. » Il y a deux types d’approches utilisées en bioremédiation : l’approche microbiologique et l’approche d’écologie microbienne. L’approche microbiologique consiste en l’ajout aux environnements pollués des micro-organismes qui était conditionnés à dégrader le polluant cible. Généralement ces micro-organismes ont été isolés à partir d’environnements anciennement contaminés.
Dans l’approche dite d’écologie microbienne, l’environnement des micro-organismes endogènes est altéré pour l’optimisation de la biodégradation des polluants.
IV. Rôle de la biologie moléculaire dans l’évaluation de la bioremédiation
L’isolement et l’énumération des bactéries capable de dégrader les polluants à partir d’un sol contaminé constituent un critère dans l’aménagement de la bioremédiation. Les méthodes basées sur la culture sous-estiment généralement la population microbienne qualitativement et quantitativement par plusieurs ordres de grandeurs. Donc il est essentiel de développer et d’appliquer des méthodes de biologie moléculaire pour l’étude de l’écologie et la diversité des micro-organismes dans la nature (cf Chap.2). Une meilleure connaissance de l’écologie microbienne est sans doute requise pour une meilleure gestion de la bioremédiation.
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