between 1/5 and 2/3 of the above-mentioned countries-^ J (See table in the appendix)

_1/

1 new French francs ⁼ 100 old French francs. 1

US$

= about 5

new-French francs

(before

the devaluation of the

franc).

So this figure equals about 21.3 US dollars. Gross per capita product in 1966 w?s 120,000 old freneh francsaild the average percentage of the manufacture

industries in GDP in the Maghreb was

9Í°

^per capita GDP in the Maghreb

is about 120,000 old french francs, while it was 3,000,00 for

Argentina

26,0,000 for Spain, and 210,000 for Mexico.

See Ben Amor, Sub-Regional Industrialization as the Foundation of the Maghreb Economic Integration, Lecturers notes, IDEP, Sub-regional

course on Economic Integration of the Maghreb

(2-28

March

1969)»

2/

The Maghreb production of castings, steel and electricity in

1965

a"d

its consumption for the same year of fertilizers and cement is far

behind those of Argentina, Mexico, Spain, Poland, Yugoslavia 15 years ago i.e. 195O.

We have seen "before the place of agriculture in the Maghreb

economies, the following figures would show the share of the different

sectors in GDP, It will be seen that the manufacturing industry represents an average low percentage of the GDP i.e.

9$«

Share of industries in the _gross domestic product in 1964—'

Sectors Algeria Libya ^Morocco ^Tunisia

Agriculture ²⁰ 7 29 25

Mines 19 53 ⁶ ²

Manufacturing 9 3 12 12

Building 5 ³ 5 ⁸

Gas, Electricity and Water ² ^- ² ²

Transport, Communieations Trade, Services and Adminis¬

tration 11 11 11 __1£

-100 100 100 100

An idea of the size of enterprise, their number, and the number

of workers they employ could be grasped from the following figuress Ç /

Medium size Maghreb industrial enterprises-7

Dumber of Industries

con-considered

Dumber of persons

(in 1000)

Value added

(billion

^of

_l/

Sources The Great Arab Maghreb.

2/

Ben Amor, op.cit.

p.6.

idep/et/2340

Page 23.

Enterprises employing more than 500 persons do not probably exceed 15 in any of the four countries. There were 15 in Morocco in

1967?

out

of total of about 2,000

enterprises-l/(or units).

"In Tunisia thef'e were

more than 15 enterprises employing over 500 persons in

1966.

Most of

them are in the mining sectors, electricity, water, and

gas..2/

JJ

The majority of industrial enterprises in Morocco employ between 10

and 49 wage earners. There are 1,457 of them representing

73.5%

the total. There are 246 enterprises, employing from 50 to 99 and represent

13.41%

and 243 enterprises employing from 100 ^- 499 workers

which represent

12.31%.

See "M. Noir," La Géographie de l'industrie

Marocaine" and La vie Economique" of 20th and 27th of December 1968.

2/

To compare with France, for instance, we find that in

1966

there were 1,557 enterprises employing more than 500 wage earners

(2,332,500 persons)

^{of which} 1265 were industrial enterprises

(59 transportation

140 trading and 83,

services).

111 ~ SMALL INTER-MAGHREB TRADE

a. Trade in agricultural products

Algeria's chief exports are cereals and Tobacco to Tunisia, Fruit

and Fruit juice to Morocco. Algeria imports vegetables from Morocco

(40^)5

^peppers, tinned fruit and vegetables from Tunisia, and fruit from

Morocco.

80$

of Libyan exports in the year 1960 were groundnuts to Algeria and Tunisia. Also tobacco and tomato paste

(purée)

^Libyan

imports from the other Maghreb countries between i960 and 1966, were camels from Tunisia and Algeria

(58$

imports),

barley, wheat, sugar, meat. Morocco's exports to the other countries are mainly vegetables:

tomatoes and chickpeas to Algeria and Libya

(20$)

between 1960-1966.

Vegetable exports to Algeria decreased to a great extent since 1985s

but some of it went to Libya.

(Melons

^to ^Algeria:

6$

1960-66 ^- wheat

to Algeria

(196o-62) 8$.

Moroccan imports of agricultural products from

the other three countries are very small. Moroccan imports from Algeria

are mainly dates

(60$)

in 196o-66, barley

13$

in 1961, and Tobacco, and

some fruits in some years.

The important exports from Tunisia, to the other Maghreb countries

in 196o-66 ares Camels to Libya, pepper to Algeria, hard wheat to Algeria and Libya, olive oil to Algeria

(196o-64).

These-represent half of total agricultural products of the Maghreb countries. In some years there are exports of livestock and meat to Libya, and to a lesser

extent to Algeria, fish, tinned fish, tinned vegetables especially

Algeria, Almonds and peppers to Algeria and Libya. The main Tunisian >

imports were: barley from Algeria

(1961,

1964 and.

1965) 3$

fat from

Morocco

(7.5$)

^from 60.to 1962 dates from Algeria

(5.2$).

There were also onions and Tobacco from Algeria.

One of the characteristics of trade between the Maghreb countries

is that the goods exchanged were not stable or continuous, few items only were continuously exchanged between those countries in the period 60-66. The rest were exchanged only for one or two years. Commodity

transactions between the Maghreb countries are exposed to fluctuations,

which demonstrates that these exchanges satisfy marginal needs only in

the importing countries. Slight changes in the production of the importing country would result in big fluctuations in imports.

IDEP/ET/2340

Page 2p

The Inter-Maghreb trade represents an average of

1$

of the total exports of the four countries and some what over

1$

of their total imports or 12.6 billion old French Francs fox1 1,2-00 milliard worth of exports, oil included, and 1,000 milliard worth of importe in

1966.

Table 16 gives the amount of inter-Maghreb Trade in

i960,

and table

171/

gives a picture of the average inter-Maghreb Trade in the two years

1966-1967.

Agricultural products represent

23$

of total exports in

1966-67

in Algeria,

50$

^{in Morocco} and

42$

in Tunisia, while imports ^were

26$, 31$, 24$

for these countries respectively and

17$

for Libya. If we add the

other primary products, the proportion of agricultural and primary pro¬

ducts

(some

of which is semi-manufactured, or has undergone some kind of processing like crude

phosphates)

becomes as high as

89$

^of total exports

in Tunisia,

97$

for Morocco,

and,96$

for

Algeria.-'

Libya in

1966

^was

of the amount.of £L352,34 million pounds, petroleum represents £1352.01,

^/ leaving only 1.33 million for all the other items.-7

Table 18 shows ^us also the total value of exports between the four Maghreb countries in dollars and those of, the agricultural

inter-Magireb

exports,and their percentage in Ibe total exports.

Of

the very

low

personcge

of the inter-Maghreb trade in the oveiu'n. trade of the

Maghreb which

we,

Dans le document Economic integration in the Maghreb (Page 22-26)