materials, a distinction has to be made between materials essential

for the actual construction and that for decorative _purposes. The

use of local stone for the erection of the huts at Bahari Beach Hotel in Bar-es-Salaam for example is a more concrete achievement

(in

terms of the utilisation of domestic

inputs)

than the bamboo façades and grass roofing that one encounters around the

tropics,

which although give the desired

local

touch, are not authentic

because beneath these, one finds imported iron and cement

blocks.

Behind the above subject are the linkage and multiplier

effects of tourism. On the one hand, to cause more linkage, it

is n.cessary to plan other activités to contribute to and ex¬

pand with the tourist sector. The more this is achieved, the

less reliance the sector will have no imports

(either

of material inputs or human

capital)

and the less the leakage5 and hence

the better the chances of a. higher multiplier effect. In this respect, the.extent of foreign participation in the sector

(capital

inflow and management

services)

has to be kept under close watch.

x Prostitutes in the country like their counterpart in Nigeria

"are sufficiently organised arid numerous enough' to seek official recognitioni or so some newspapers in these coun¬

tries tell us.

R/2640

Page 94

A country should not be interested in just the expansion of h tourist sector, regardless of the distribution of benefits froi:

it, between the country and the outside world. This warning i.s

'* applicable to all sectors of the economy, but it has an added

force in relation to tourism because of the tradition of govern¬

ment support

(subsidies,

^revenue foregone and the free provision

of public and other

utilities).

It is likely that in the initial stages of tourism

development,

foreign participation will be sought for the following reasons:

(a)

^a substantial portion of

the supply market will be located in the advanced countries and tour operators there will have to be engaged to promote the new destination

(b)

local capital or skills

(especially managerial)

may be in short supply

(c)

foreign carriers may be relied upon because of inadequacies or non-existence of the country's own carriers. While this may be

inevitable,

a long-term policy

should be formulated right from the beginning that cuts down this reliance ^on external help and participation! there ought to.

be a development of local resources to take over the share of the

foreign partner.

This again reveals the need for planning of the sector. Ani of course because of its possible effects ^on the rest of the economy and the society, it should be planned within the national framework. This is because the development process progresses

(or

should be

progressing)

towards an integrated and internally interdependent system. The tourism plan should be consistent with the projections with the other sectors: the infrastruetural program, food production, raw material and services programs, the import requirements programs etc. The need for planning on

a global level is revealed by particular mistakes of the past.

It is thought for example that the expansion of tourism has been

R/26iO

Page 95

It has heen the contention c* this paper that as a general rule,

tourism

has

developed, "by itself and what regulation of its

growth has heen, has heen a

later development. While this

may-have worked in the advanced economies

(and

there is reason to

heliove that this has always not heen the

case),

tourism has to

he viewed in a different light in the developing world. This is

because this part of the world seeks to develop;

and

to

develop,

it has to redefine its relations with the advanced countries. Th

re-definition is such that tourism, in its present form

and

he-cause of some inherent tendencies, would not seem to

enhance

development prospects. We have also noted that the

Third World

countries have not tried to find out whether tourism would ho com¬

patible with development. Indeed the Third World has not

quite

got round, to formulating a development policy that

will actually

promote development. This needs to he done first.

Many beneficial claims have heen made for tourism

development

in the Third World. But even these claims are not actually stu i..

and proved before a country embarks on tourism promotion. Atten¬

tion was drawn to the need not only for this kind of study tut the

much more needed one; whether at the country's present level of development, tourism development will enhance or

impede the

coun¬

try's development.

After reviewing the causes of underdevelopment, we came to

the conclusion that a self-centered development strategy should

he the policy to he pursued. This policy calls for a restrueturin

of the economy: to end the unequal exchange going on and, instead

of an open-economy's external dependency we evolve an

internally

interdependent economic system. This calls for an integrated plan

Page

96

at the expense of tanana production in the

Caribbean island

of St. Lucia because labor drifted from the plantations to

the holiday resorts. Obviously it is not

only tourism that

can cause this: rural depopulation and food shortages going

on simultaneously in the Third World are

partly

the

result

of the expansion of the modern sector in the

urban

areas.

A

coordinated development program would have

established the

contribution of the food-producing sectors and encouraged people to find it worth their while to stay on in

the rural

"diamond rush" in Sierra Leone and the drift of labor to the iron-mines in both Sierra Leone and Liberia are vivid examples

of the effect implanned growth of the various sectors can

have

It is not surprising that price production cannot meet

present

domestic demand.

Regional planning is being initiated in many

developing

countries to correct and arrest imbalances. It would be a sad mistake if tourism should develop in such a way as to wore the situation.

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Page 97

CONCLUDING REI'IARK S.

No attempt has "been made in this work to provide any detailed guidelines to be followed in tourism development

in the Third World because that was not the aim we set out with.

The arguments presented would however strongly suggest the

need for proper guidelines to he followed if tourism develop¬

ment is not going to he just like any of the earlier remedial

"discoveries" to end the woes of the Third World. Instead of detailed operational guidelines, attention has heen concen¬

trated on fundamental issues and what the hasic approach ought

to he.

By operational guidelines, we mean the policies to he

followed to ensure the achievement of specific-goals. So that having decided that tourism ^can "he developed in a particular co:

ono has for example decido on whether one is going for luxury

or mass tourism. One has to decide where one's market sources are located and the means to attract custom. The decision also has to he taken oh who participates in what field, at each particular stage of the development of the sectorj also what accommodation, transport and resort facilities to develop and

the phasing of these programs. One has to know and keep track

cf the expansion of tourist inflows, the characteristics, the

accommodation and other requirements, the local and national impact of tourism

(economic:

demand and price changes caused hy the periodic presence of tourist employment and income effect

use of other resources etc. and social, cultural and

political);

the size of the sector in the economy, local and foreign parti¬

cipation. And many more features of tourism.

Page 98

where each sector works within a general framework. It is

with-» in such a framework that all those engaged in the various sectors ought to operate. Following this self-centered strategy, tourism

% would not appear to he the first choice if rapid economic develop

ment is to be achieved. However, because of the need for foreign exchange, given the present technological dependence, at the early stages of

development,

activities that yield foreign ex¬

change have to continue: and tourism could be one such activity.

But like all activities that link the Third World to the external

world,

a conscious effort has to be made to ensure that the maximum gain accrues to the Third World in developing tour:' .

Internal changes have to be worked out to achieve this5 left to itself, the benefits will continue to be drained out of the Third World. An equally important goal to be kept in view is the shapii

over time, of the tourist sector

(and

indeed the whole external

sector)

to have a domestic demand base. Because, economic devoir

ment is the reshaping of the economy so as to gear output to internal consumption. This calls for a planned and regulaJ 1

tourist sector, operating within a general framework.

Billions of

Passangor miles 100,

DOMESTIC INTERCITY PASSENCER TEA ^• ,L iuiRKET OP SCHEDULED /.I'D HONSCHEDULED SERVICES 07 AIRLINES,

BUSES x\I'D RAILROaDS ^- IN THE U.S.A

20,-1927 1931 1935 1939 1943 1947 1951 1955

Source: Historical Statistics of the U.S. and Civil Aeronautics Board.

1959 1963 1967

Page 100

APPENDIX II

ROOMS nND OCCUPANCY IN OECD MEMBER

COUNTRIES, 1969*

COUNTRY ACCOMODATION CAPACITY

OCCUPANCY RATE

Austria

Japan

(European

style

hotels) ^51,200

⁸¹

<-Luxemburg

16,500

-United States

2,386,000

⁵⁹

1o

Yugoslavia

153,200

⁴²

£

^'Organization

^or

^Economic Cooperation, Tourism in OECD Member Countries,

I97O, Paris, 1970, (Greece and Mexico are not members of OECD).

^Travel

Trade, Dec.

14, 1970

APPENDIX III

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Pago 101

GHANA: AGRICULTURE PRINCIPALS CROPS

(*ooo

^metric

tons)

1969 1970 1971

Sugar

Canet

284 522 374

Maize 304 442

430*

Millet 88 93

100*

Sorghum 83 86

110*

Rice

(paddy)

⁶¹ 69

70*

Sweet Potatoes and Yams

1,305 1,617

^n.a.

Cassava

(Manioc) 1,320 1,596

^n.a.

Onions

I?* 17*

^n.a.

Tomatoes 35 37 ^n.a.

Oranges and Tangerines 63 ₇₁

60*

Other Citrus Fruits 26 26

26*

Pineapples ²⁶ 30 n.a.

Palm Kernels 34 37 37

Palm Oil 55 ^{60 60}

Groundnuts

(unshelled)

^{61 60}

70*

Cocnuts

(million nuts)

^{168 201 n.a.}

Copra and Coconut Oil

(exports only)

^{3 3}

3s

Coffee 5.7 4.5 5.1

Cocoa Beans

(purchases

for

export) t

^414.3 396.2 411.5

* PAO estimates.

t

Figures relate to crop year ending in year stated.

Î

Figures relate to 12-month period ending September 30th of year stated,.

Source:

FAO,

Production Yearbook 1971»

F1/264O

EXPENDITURE ON G1 ^{J uoy.;;AL PR-;.D}

JOTS, I960

^,

1962-69 ^(AT

^{CURRENT MARKET A}

^ICES)

Dans le document Development and tourism (a theoretical and empirical study) (Page 98-107)