No que diz respeito à analise estatística levada a cabo em todos os outputs desta investigação, a análise descritiva, nomeadamente os cálculos dos valores da média, desvio padrão, frequência e percentagem, foram já descritos na caracterização sócio- demográfica da amostra.
Para os artigos de validação (FACES-III, EGAD e EM) recorreu-se a uma análise factorial confirmatória, de componentes principais com rotação obliíua. Foi utilizado o método de “Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin” (KMO) proposta por Kaiser (1970) e Kaiser & Rice (1974) para averiguar a adequação da análise factorial nos nossos dados.
Já nos artigos empíricos, nomeadamente no estudo da Satisfação os testes utilizados foram o ANOVA ONE WAY com o objectivo de comparar os grupos de casais em diferentes fases da relação nas várias dimensões e total da EASAVIC. O teste Post Hoc usado, quando a ANOVA detectou diferenças significativas, foi o LSD (LeastSignificantdifference).
Foi usado o t student para amostras emparelhadas (Paired Sample t test) com o objectivo de comparar os elementos do casal nas dimensões da escala EASAVIC e para comparar o total do Amor e o total do Funcionamento em ambos os sexos.
Recorreu-se a testes paramétricos dado haver normalidade ou desvios pouco severos à mesma (Ske< 2 e Ku<7: Kline 1998) e no caso da ANOVA OneWay, a existência de homogeneidade de variâncias nos grupos em comparação.
Recorreu-se também a uma medida do tamanho do efeito (Effectsize) o D de Cohen [diferença entre as médias padrão (i.e., dividida pelo desvio-padrão ponderado)]. Usou-se esta medida, no sentido de averiguar, no grupo com menor número de sujeitos, a dimensão do efeito relativo à diferença entre homens e mulheres nas escalas onde o valor de p apesar de não significativo estava no limiar da significância.
Por sua vez, no estudo da Comunicação e Conflito Conjugal, o tratamento de dados foi realizado com recurso ao teste paramétrico t student para amostras dependentes. Para comparar entre os membros do casal nas dimensões da escada de comunicação e gestão de conflitos, usamos este teste porque as dimensões têm uma escala quantitativa e são normais (examinadas pelo teste de Shapiro) ou possuem um ligeiro desvio à norma (Skweness <3 and Kurtose <7). Utilizámos o teste não paramétrico de Wilcoxon para comparar os dois elementos do casal nos itens da MADS com escala qualitativa, tipo
ordinal, e o teste não paramétrico McNemar para compará-los nos itens dicotómicos da escala. O teste não paramétrico MANOVA foi utilizado para comparar grupos em diferentes fases da relação, nas dimensões de gestão de conflito, pois a normalidade necessária foi atingida ou os desvios de normalidade foram pouco severos nos diferentes grupos, assim como as dimensões possuíam correlação entre si. Usámos os testes t student para amostras independentes para comparar dois grupos nas dimensões de estão do conflito.
O Coeficiente de Correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para relacionar as dimensões de gestão do conflito (escala quantitativa) com as questões iniciais da MADS (escala ordinal).
No estudo da Motivação, no sentido de se compararem os sete grupos nas respostas a dois itens referentes ao grau de felicidade com a relação (escala 1- Muito infeliz a 7 – Muito Feliz) e ao grau de satisfação (escala 1 – Muito Insatisfeito a 7 – Muito satisfeito), utilizou-se o teste Kruskal-Wallis. Optou-se por esta prova não paramétrica dado a escala de resposta aos itens ser ordinal. Muitos matemáticos aceitam tratar resultados de variáveis ordinais com 7 ou mais alternativas de resposta como sendo quantitativos, aplicando estatística paramétrica, desde que os pressupostos para o seu uso, como a normalidade e a homogeneidade, estejam preenchidos (Gageiro e Pestana 2005) Neste caso constatou-se que, além de não existir normalidade, há desvios severos à mesma (skeness >3 e ou kurtose > 7 : Kline 1998 ). Foi também realizada uma comparação intragrupal, averiguando dentro de cada um dos sete grupos a existência de diferenças significativas entre os elementos do casal, tendo-se optado pelo teste não paramétrico Wilcoxon. Para se comparar os sete grupos nas variáveis motivação intrínseca (motivos pessoais e do parceiro) foi possível utilizar-se uma prova paramétrica (ANOVA ONE WAY), dado as variáveis em estudo serem quantitativas e os diferentes grupos terem normalidade ou desvios pouco severos nessas variáveis. Além disso, constatou-se haver homogeneidade de variâncias. Para a comparação intra grupal (sexo feminino vs masculino) dentro de cada um dos sete grupos utilizou-se o teste paramétrico t de student para amostras dependentes.
No estudo da Coesão e adaptabilidade os dados foram tratados com uma ANOVA ONE WAY para comparar os grupos de casais em diferentes fases do relacionamento na coesão e adaptabilidade (real e ideal), sendo esta análise feita para os elementos do casal em separado. O teste Post Hoc usado, quando a ANOVA detectou diferenças
significativas, foi o teste LSD (LeastSignificantdifference). O t student para amostras emparelhadas (Paired Sample t test) foi usado no sentindo de comparar os elementos do casal na coesão e adequabilidade (real e ideal) e na discrepância entre o real e o ideal em cada dimensão. O teste t de student para amostras independentes (independent sample t teste) foi usado com o objectivo de comparar os casados e os que vivem em união de facto na coesão e adaptabilidade (real e ideal) bem como na discrepância entre o real e o ideal. Recorreu-se também a uma medida do tamanho do efeito (Effect size) : D de Cohen [diferença entre as médias standardizada (i.e., dividida pelo desvio-padrão ponderado).].
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