VI – Applications des polymères conducteurs
VI- 2 – Les applications de type (bio)capteurs
Les propriétés intrinsèques au polypyrrole permettent son utilisation dans diverses
applications telles que les capteurs et biocapteurs chimiques135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, les
dispositifs biomédicaux141, 142, les batteries143, 144, 145, les piles à combustible146, 147, 148, les
supercondensateurs électrochimiques149, 150, 151, la protection des métaux contre la
corrosion152, 153, etc.154, 155 Nous allons particulièrement nous intéresser à l’utilisation de
polypyrrole nanostructuré dans les applications de type capteurs et biocapteurs pour la détection et la détermination des analytes en solution ou des gaz.
Depuis la première mesure électrochimique de concentration en glucose en 1962 par
Clark et Lyons156, la recherche sur le développement des biocapteurs a connu un essor
considérable. Le champ d’application de ces dispositifs n’a cessé de s’étendre allant du domaine médical au contrôle environnemental en passant par la chimie ou l’agro-alimentaire.
Un biocapteur peut être défini comme étant un dispositif analytique conçu pour transformer un phénomène de reconnaissance en un signal mesurable. Il associe un composant biochimique appelé biorécepteur (enzyme, anticorps, antigène, ADN, etc.) à un transducteur qui représente le mode de détection et qui transforme la reconnaissance moléculaire en un signal mesuré. Le principe de fonctionnement de ce dispositif est décrit sur la figure 1-15.
Figure 1-15: Principe de fonctionnement d’un biocapteur.
Un biocapteur électrochimique est un biocapteur avec un transducteur
électrochimique157. Il existe différents types de capteurs électrochimiques classés selon leur
mode de détection : les capteurs potentiométriques, conductimétriques et ampérométriques. La figure 1-16 résume les différents modes de détection électrochimique.
Figure 1-16: Différents modes de détection électrochimique.
L’utilisation de films de polymères conducteurs électroniques pour l’immobilisation
d’enzymes a fait l’objet de nombreuses recherches au cours des deux dernières décennies 158,
159
. En effet la polymérisation électrochimique en présence d’enzymes est un moyen simple et
rapide pour immobiliser ces molécules à la surface d’une électrode.160,161
Pour les capteurs ampérométriques et conductimétriques, les films de polypyrrole nanostructurés, du fait de leur très grande densité surfacique, permettent d’une part d’avoir une plus grande sensibilité et d’autre part de réduire le temps de réponse des capteurs par rapport aux films compacts.
Nous pouvons citer l’exemple entre autres de la détection de la spermidine (NH2
-(CH2)4-NH-(CH2)3-NH2) pour laquelle un biocapteur électrochimique a été développé par
Ghanbari et al.55 Pour cela, un film de polypyrrole nanostructuré (nanofibres) a été synthétisé
par voie électrochimique en utilisant des impulsions de potentiels. Par la suite, un double brin d’ADN a été physisorbé sur ce film de polypyrrole. Ce biocapteur ampérométrique est basé sur l’oxydation des guanines de l’ADN. En fait, la présence de la spermidine dans le milieu conduit à la diminution de l’oxydation de la guanine. Ceci est dû au fait que la liaison entre la spermidine et les guanines protège ces groupements et inhibe ainsi leur oxydation conduisant à la diminution du courant anodique, proportionnellement à la concentration en spermidine
dans le milieu (voir figure 1-17). La limite de détection de ce capteur est de 0,02 µM et le
polypyrrole classique et compact, le même phénomène est observé, à savoir une diminution du courant anodique, mais le domaine de linéarité apparaît pour des concentrations plus
élevées et comprises entre 1 µM et 15 µM.
Figure 1-17: DPV (Differential Pulse Voltammetry) à différentes concentrations en spermidine (de 0,02 µM à 1 µM). L’insert correspond à la variation du courant de pic en fonction de la concentration en spermidine. L’électrode utilisée est constituée d’ADN
adsorbée sur un film de nanofibres de polypyrrole.55
Des capteurs de gaz sont également basés sur le polypyrrole parce qu’en présence de
diverses vapeurs chimiques, sa conductivité est modifiée162, 163. En effet il a été démontré que
la conductivité du polypyrrole augmente en présence d’ammoniac49,164 alors qu’elle diminue
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