A number of major projects have been developed by members of IHP committees and AP FRIEND researchers. The Kiribati Adaptation Programme Phase II which incorporates the Development of a 10 – 20 Year Water Master Plan for Tarawa is one such
programme (White and Falkland, 2009 a, b, c, d, e;
White et al., 2009).
The Water Master Plan for Tarawa is a direct response to the Government of Kiribati’s National Water Resources Policy and its accompanying Implementation Plan. It focuses on the ability of groundwater sources, the traditional source of the majority of water used in Tarawa, the most populated atoll in the Republic and the location of the capital, to meet expected future demands. Tarawa is an island in transition from largely subsistence, rural lifestyles, still largely followed in North Tarawa, to high-density, urban living in South Tarawa. Over the last 50 years, demographic and socio-economic factors have changed dramatically. This means that the traditional adaptation strategies developed over 4,000 years of subsistence in small islands are largely ineffective in coping with the demands of a modern urban society.
Work in the Tarawa Water Master Plan has identified significant shortfalls in the ability of treated reticulated groundwater to meet the water needs of future
populations in Tarawa. The potential for meeting some of the future water needs of Tarawa for the next 20 years through rainwater harvesting was examined (White and Falkland, 2009 c). The large variability of rainfall in Tarawa, mostly driven by ENSO events, plays a critical role. Major droughts occur on average about every 7 years and can last for two years. The predictions from climate change studies Global Circulation Models (GCMs) of changes in future rainfall and drought frequency due to climate change are problematic since the GCMs do not simulate ENSO events. It is assumed here that the future variability of rainfall in Tarawa over the next 20 years will be similar to that in Betio over the period 1947 to the end of 2008. It was found that there is
currently insufficient capacity in South Tarawa to meet the current water needs using piped, treated fresh groundwater from Bonriki and Buota water reserves and from domestic rainwater tanks. It is emphasised here that development of any other water source should only be considered once the existing leaks in the reticulation systems are dramatically reduced. There is no point in investing in extra water sources when losses from the reticulation system are 50 %.
The Kiribati Groundwater Hydrology Programme was initiated under UNESCO IHP V Theme 6, Humid Tropics Programme. It has been supported by UNESCO IHP, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research grant LW1/2001/050, by the European Union-SOPAC Pacific Water Governance Project, by AusAID, NZAid and the World Bank through the Kiribati Adaptation Programme Phase II
and by Agence Française de Développement (AFD), France. Other Island research programs are carried out in conjunction with Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC) and the Pacific Hydrological Observing System (Pacific HYCOS) program.
SOPAC, in collaboration with WMO, managed to secure funds from the EU Water Facility. A grant for funding the project with 2.525 million Euros from the 9th European Development Fund was signed between EC and SOPAC, and the project implementation started in October 2006.
7.4 Conclusions
Since 2005, AP FRIEND has embarked on consoli-dating the publication of the “Catalogue of Rivers for Southeast Asia and the Pacific” by contributing Volume VI and Supplementary data for Rivers in the
Catalogue of Rivers I to V.
The continuation of the annual Asian Pacific FRIEND symposium and the publication of symposia, including Sethaputra and Promma, 2006; Tabios and Liongson, 2007; Basandorj and Oyunbaatar, 2008; and Liu et al., 2009, as well as workshop proceedings on Intensity Frequency Duration and Flood Frequencies has maintained a consistent interaction between researchers.
The publication of the report on the project of Rainfall Frequency Intensity Duration (Daniell and Tabios, 2008) demonstrated that many countries were willing to participate in a common project.
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The HKH region experi-ences climatic extremes and contrasts and is very active geologically.
Several countries in the region face flood disasters regularly and population pressures have increased this vulnerability, posing severe constraints on socio-economic develop-ment, investment in agriculture, infrastructure, and industrial production.
(HKH)
8.1 Introduction
The Hindu-Kush Himalayas (HKH) region is one of the earth’s greatest watersheds, giving rise to mighty rivers such as the Indus, Ganges, Mekong and Brahmaputra. Although these rivers provide freshwater for consumption, irrigation, and industry to over 500 million people, year-round availability of water is a major problem for those living in the remote and inaccessible mountainous regions.
In order to promote development in the region and reduce vulnerability to floods, the HKH FRIEND project was formally established in 1996, and has evolved through a series of regional consultations and meetings of the Regional Working Group on Mountain
Hydrology. During the 4th Steering Committee meeting held in November 2007 there has been a change in the organizational structure to make the HKH FRIEND more functional and active. Countries participating in the HKH FRIEND programme are: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
8.1.1 Regional Characteristics
The Hindu-Kush Himalayas (HKH) region is the world’s most populous mountain system extending over 3500 km from Afghanistan in the west to Myanmar in the east. Over 150 million residents are inhabited in this area and most of them are poor and depending heavily on natural resources.
Figure 8.1
Map of Hindu-Kush Himalayas (HKH) FRIEND