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(En milliards de dollars et en pourcentage du RNB)

Source : Calculs du secrétariat de la CNUCED d’après la base de données de la Banque mondiale, Statistiques de la dette internationale.

0 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200 1 400 1 600 1 800

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

En milliards de dollars

Total des entrées de capitaux Flux nets des obligations

Entrées de capitaux destinés au remboursement du principal de l’encours de la dette Entrées nettes d’émissions d’actions

2013 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

En pourcentage du RNB

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(En pourcentage du RNB)

Source : Calculs du secrétariat de la CNUCED d’après la base de données de la Banque mondiale, Statistiques de la dette internationale.

a Les grands pays exclus sont l’Argentine, le Brésil, la Chine, l’Inde, le Mexique, l’Afrique du Sud et la Turquie.

Sont également exclus ; l’Algérie, l’Égypte, la Lybie, le Maroc et la Tunisie. La Fédération de Russie n’est pas incluse dans l’échantillon de la base de données Statistiques de la dette internationale.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Total, pays en développement et pays en transition Pays en développement et pays en transition, à l'exception des pays les plus grandsa

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COMPOSITION DES FLUX DE CAPITAUX DANS DIFFÉRENTS PAYS EN DÉVELOPPEMENT OU EN TRANSITION, 2002-2013

(En pourcentage du RNB)

Source : Calculs du secrétariat de la CNUCED d’après la base de données de la Banque mondiale sur les Statistiques de la dette internationale.

Flux nets, investissements en portefeuille

Flux nets, créances à court terme Flux nets, créances privées à long terme non garanties Total des flux nets

-10

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Argentine

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2013

-10

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Ukraine

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Inde

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Brésil

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2013 -4

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Afrique du Sud

2013

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Indonésie

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Chine

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2013

-4

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Autres pays en développement

ou en transition

2013

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Malaisie

2013

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