Chapitre 1 Revue de littérature
1.4. Utilisation de bactéries du genre Bacillus comme probiotiques
1.4.3 Effet sur le profil en acides gras du lait
L’effet de l’ajout de probiotiques à la ration des vaches sur le profil en acides gras du lait dépend encore une fois des conditions d’élevage et de la souche de probiotiques utilisés. À notre connaissance, aucune étude n’a évalué l’effet de Bacillus subtilis et de Bacillus
licheniformis sur le profil en acides gras et la concentration en AGCR du lait. Chez le porc,
l’ajout d’un mélange de Bacillus subtilis et de Bacillus licheniformis à la ration a cependant modifié significativement le profil en acides gras du foie des animaux, bien que les AGCR n’aient pas été dosés (Parra et al., 2010). Il est accepté qu’une part importante des acides
34
gras du lait provient directement de l’alimentation. Ainsi, on peut émettre l’hypothèse qu’une supplémentation en Bacillus subtilis et en Bacillus licheniformis augmentera la proportion en AGCR du lait.
En ce sens, Philippeau et al. (2017) ont réalisé une étude chez des vaches en utilisant des traitements de Propionibacterium P63 utilisé seul ou en mélange avec Lactobacillus
plantarum ou Lactobacillus rhamnosus à des doses de 1 × 1010 UFC/j sous une diète à
forte teneur en amidon et une autre à faible teneur en amidon. Les résultats de l’étude ne sont cependant pas concluants concernant la modification du profil en acides gras du lait. Il est possible que la dose utilisée n’ait pas été suffisamment importante, que les microorganismes utilisés n’aient pas été suffisamment riches en AGCR ou qu’ils n’aient pas été suffisamment adaptés pour croître dans le milieu ruminal. Ainsi, des études supplémentaires doivent être réalisées pour confirmer ces résultats.
35
Conclusion
Procéder à un enrichissement du lait en AGCR est une façon potentiellement intéressante de permettre une augmentation de la consommation de ces acides gras par la population en plus d’améliorer la qualité nutritionnelle du lait produit. Ces composés, presque uniques au gras laitier et aux vertus mal-connues et sous-estimées, peuvent être modulés de diverses manières, principalement via l’alimentation et la régie de troupeau, bien que les effets demeurent, sommes toutes, limités.
L’utilisation de Bacillus comme probiotique dans l’alimentation de nos vaches laitières pourrait, selon plusieurs études, augmenter leur productivité et leur efficacité. De plus, considérant leurs membranes extrêmement riches en AGCR et la possibilité pour ceux-ci de croître dans le rumen, les probiotiques de Bacillus spp. pourraient permettre d’enrichir facilement le lait des vaches en AGCR. À notre connaissance, aucune étude n’a évalué l’effet de bactéries de genre Bacillus utilisées comme probiotiques dans l’alimentation des vaches laitières sur le profil en acides gras du lait.
36
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Chapitre 2 : Effects of direct-fed Bacillus subtilis
and Bacillus licheniformis on production
performance and milk fat concentrations of
branched-chain fatty acids in mid-lactating
Holstein cows.
Résumé
Pour confirmer que les probiotiques du genre Bacillus peuvent améliorer les performances et modifier le profil en acides gras du lait, six vaches multipares canulées au rumen ont été utilisées dans un dispositif en chassé-croise. Les vaches ont reçu soit 200 g/j de poudre de lactosérum comme traitement témoin ou 200 g/j de BioPlus 2B (Chr Hansen, Milwaukee, WI), un probiotique commercial de Bacillus subtilis et de Bacillus licheniformisLa production laitière, la composition du lait, incluant son profil en acides gras, les paramètres de fermentation ruminale et la diversité du microbiote ruminal ont été évalués. Les traitements n’ont pas affecté les performances laitières. L’utilisation de Bacillus a cependant augmenté la concentration relative d’anteiso 13:0 et d’anteiso 15:0 et tendait à augmenter la concentration totale d’AGCR lorsque comparée au traitement témoin. Cette expérience a permis d’observer la sensibilité du profil en acides gras du lait face aux modifications du microbiote ruminal.
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial on performance of mid-lactating Holstein dairy cows and on their milk fatty acid composition. Six multiparous cows fitted with a rumen cannula were used in a randomized replicated crossover design. Cows received 200 g/d of either whey powder as a control or BioPlus 2B (Chr Hansen, Milwaukee, WI), a commercial direct-fed microbial providing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, representing a daily dose of 6.4 × 1011 cfu, and using whey
powder as a carrier. The two experimental periods lasted 14 d, and were separated by a 7- d washout interval. Samples were collected on days 0, 13 and 14 of each period. Milk production, composition and fatty acid profile as well as ruminal parameters and microbiota