158
La présente thèse visait à documenter les effets de l’attention divisée sur les mécanismes neuronaux de l’encodage épisodique chez des personnes âgées saines, mais aussi chez celles victimes d’un TCCL survenu il y a au moins neuf mois. Grâce à la technique des potentiels évoqués, nous avons pu décortiquer les processus d’encodage afin d’identifier quelles sont les opérations cognitives les plus affectées par l’attention divisée chez les personnes âgées saines et ayant subi un TCCL. Ainsi, dans le cadre de l’Étude 1, il s’est avéré que l’attention divisée en encodage a interféré avec la capture attentionnelle du stimulus en plus de nuire à l’utilisation de stratégies d’encodage. De plus, en situation d’encodage complexe, les aînés ont sollicité davantage les processus exécutifs pour mémoriser correctement les mots alors que chez les jeunes, les processus mnésiques étaient plus automatiques. L’emploi d’un tel paradigme nous a aussi permis d’apporter des appuis empiriques à certaines théories bien connues expliquant le déclin cognitif avec l’âge. En effet, nous avons aussi démontré que la réduction des ressources attentionnelles, induite soit par l’âge ou soit par l’attention divisée, interfère avec la mise en place de stratégies d’encodage. Par la suite, ces nouvelles trouvailles ont contribué à l’identification d’altérations des PE impliqués en encodage auprès d’aînés ayant subi un TCCL il y a plusieurs mois voire plusieurs années. En plus de mettre en évidence des performances moindres à une tâche de reconnaissance, nous avons aussi identifié des dysfonctionnements au niveau de la mémoire de travail, de l’auto-initiation de stratégies d’encodage et des mesures compensatoires en mémoire présentes au cours du vieillissement. Ces différents apports scientifiques permettront l’élaboration et l’identification d’instruments diagnostiques plus susceptibles de détecter les effets du TCCL chez une clientèle gériatrique en plus d’apporter certaines pistes d’intervention plus spécifiques à cette problématique. Néanmoins, de nombreuses recherches sont encore nécessaires pour mieux comprendre la contribution du TCCL dans l’apparition de séquelles cognitives chroniques, en particulier chez les individus aux prises avec des problèmes de santé mentale, mais aussi en lien avec l’augmentation du risque de développer des maladies neurodégénératives à un âge avancé.
159
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