Analysis of possible transport models

The analysis have been made upon possible transport models, needed transport equipment and transport frequency.

4.3.1 Transport model

Possible transport models: by rail / road / river, or some type of combination, have been analyzed, according to the basic factors - safety, frequency and price.

Railway transport, common in some Western European countries, is suitable for greater amounts of radwaste, transported more or less continuously, with existing railway network.

In our case such model shows numerous disadvantages:

1. According to literature data, even in cases of great amounts of radwaste, this type of transport is more expensive than transport by road;

2. Analysing potential sites in Croatia, 200 km to 250 km from NPP Kräko, it would probably be hilly area, relatively thinly populated, very probably without existing railway net, so model of railway transport should include the erection of the missing rails, and that, for transport of such a little quantities of radwaste, is not economically reasonable;

3. Mixed transport model, which include construction of reloading station for loading the cargo to road vehicles, includes not only construction costs for such a station, but also maintenance costs, monitoring costs, costs for man-power, security costs and so.

Combined transport model brings up additional requirements on the unification of transport equipment, which in that case should be adequate for railway, as well as road transport;

4. As one more step in process of handling with radwaste, reloading station is additional risk generating place.

At the other hand almost all areas in Croatia are connected with road network.

Additionally, road transport is more flexible, what is in our case, due to many unknowns, of great significance.

So, the solution we consider the best at this moment, is the transport by road.

Although, that model would demand some additional works and costs its obvious that expenses will be the further to less.

4.3.2 Transport vehicle and equipment

There are a lot of different types of transport vehicles and equipment for LL/IL radwaste on the market. As form of storage waste is defined (55 gal drums, with or without shields) the proposed equipment consists of container type trailer for LL waste and standard protection vessel for IL waste transport. Transport vessel is placed on the special three-axle trailer-platform which is usually used for the transport of heavy cargo.

The same standard transport vehicle, power about 280 KS, is suitable for pulling both types of trailers.

4.3.3 Transport dynamics

According to recommended way of transport and transport equipment, calculated beginning of shipments in the year 2000 and the requirement that all accumulated waste have to be transferred from the NPP storage to the repository during first operational year, observed period of time is divided into three phases:

Phase Period of lime Threshold year I 2000 - 2001 2001 I! 2001 - 2020 2020 III 2020 - 2050 2050

First working year of the repository Closing the NPP Krsko

Closing the repository

In considering the transport dynamics it is obvious that the first year (in which all accumulated waste must be transported) is critical for planning transport frequency.

Calculation of the transport dynamics is presented in the table IV:

TABLE IV Calculation of transport dynamics Radwaste for

Total estimated amount of radwaste drums (9.100 drums) from Table III, has been enlarged for 30

% for the case of unpredicted rise of waste for any reason;

" According to findings that about 9% drums need special protection

As calculation is made on the basis of 22 working days per month, eleven months per year, (242 working days/year) it would be possible to transport all accumulated radwaste during one year with only one transport vehicle.

Transport dynamics for the second phase - from year 2001 till 2020 - is not on the critical pathway due to small quantities of waste. Radwaste could be collected in the temporary storage during one, or more years, and then transported in one transport campaign.

The third phase is long time off and is not to be considered now.

4.4. Recommended transport model

The road transport model, i.e. the standard vehicle with two types of trailers, have been suggested.

TABLE V Characteristics of the vehicle and trailers

-14-The type I trailer, for the transport of LL radwaste is container type, without any additional protection; It can accept totally 96 drums (55 gal), posited in two levels.

The type II trailer, for the transport of IL radwaste, is three axle trailer- platform-on which the standard protection transport vessel for radioactive waste, with total capacity of 14 drums (55 gal), can be put.

The characteristics of the recommended vehicle and trailers are shown in the Table V, and the appearance and dimension of vehicle and vessel in the figures 1 and 2.

FIGURE 1. Transport vehicle for LL radwaste, container type trailer

to00

te.6€ SAAE

5.

Figure 2. Transport vehicle for IL radwaste, with transport protection vessel CONCLUSION

Low and intermediate level radioactive waste transport problems, from the place of the storage up to the site of the potential location for final repository, have not been more seriously analyzed so far in the Republic of Croatia. As the first step towards the systematic approach to that problem, the extensive literature data and other relevant backgrounds have been collected at the one place and have been processed. Also, the analysis of possible systems for the transport in the Republic of Croatia have been made.

The system of road transport by means of standard vehicle with two types of trailers-three-axle platforms for the transport of intermediate level radioactive waste and container type for low level radioactive waste, have been suggested, and needed transport dynamics calculated.

[4] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Advisory Maleria] for the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (1985 Ed.), Safety Series No. 37, IAEA, Vienna (1987);

Third Edition (1990).

[5] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, Second Edition, Training Course Series No.l, IAEA, Vienna (1991).

[6] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Transport of radioactive Material, IAEA/PI/A.2E, 92-04899, IAEA, Vienna (1992).

[7] BRADSHAW,A.D.,SOUTHWOOD,R.,WARNER,F.(Eds.),The Treatment and Handling of Wastes,Chapman & Hall Publishers, London (1992).

[8] ASME,P.,Radioaclive Waste Technology, New York,USA (1986).

[9] US NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION, Draft Environm.Impact Statement on 10 CFR Part 61, NUREG- 0782, Vol.4, Washington, (1981).

[10] DOE, Environmental Impact Statement, Management of Commercially Generated Radioactive Waste.DOE/EIS-0046, Vol.3, UC-70 (1980).

[11] COLTON,et al.. Transport of Low Specific Activity Radioactive Materials, SRI International, NUREG/CR-2440, London (1981).

[12] NAGAKURA,T.,et al., Safety Analysis on Transportation of Radioactive Materials by Truck in Japan, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, PATRAM 80, (1980.)

[13] ERICSSONA.Transportation of Radioactive Materials in Sweden, A Risk Study, Report prepared for SNPI, Contract No.B14/77, Sweden (1979).

[14] LANGE,F.,MELTZER,A.,KOELN, Results Obtained with the Computer Code INTERTRAN for a Transport of SFE from NPP Untermeser to Forbach by Rail, (1982).

[15] MACDONALD,H.F.,MAIRS,J.H.,Individual and Collective Doses Associated with the Transport of Irr.Magnox Fuel within UK, RD/B/N 4440,Contract No.XJ022JLondon (1978).

[16] "Law on Ihe Transport of Dangerous Goods", NN No.97/93, Zagreb (1993).

[17] "Law on the Radiation Protection and Special Safety Measures in Ihe Consumption of Nuclear Energy", SL. No.62/84, Zagreb (1991).

[18] Diferent Regulations regarded to protection from radiation exposure and handling of radioacitve materials, SL.No.40/86, SL.No.8/87, SL.No.27/90, SL.No.45/89, Zagreb (1991)

[19] NPP KRSKO.WASTE MANAGEMENTGROUP, Design Basis for LL/ILW Repository, Official report, Krako (1992).

[20] HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT AGENCY, Quantities and Characterisation of Radioactive Waste Material from Institutes, Medicine and Industry in Ihe Republic of Croatia, Study, Zagreb (1993).

[21] ELEKTROPROJEKT,ZGB.,HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGMENT AGENCY.ZGB., Low- and Intermedium Level Radioactive Waste Repository - Tunnel Concept, Conceptual Design, Zagreb, 1988.

[22]. KUCAR-DRAGICEVIC,S.,SKANATAJ>., The Tunnel Concept of LIVIL Radwaste Repository and Results of Safety Analysis, 1° Meeting of Nuclear Society of Slovenia, Bovec (1992).

REFERENCES

[1] HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT AGENCY, Generic Transport Study for LL/1L radioactive waste for the Republic of Croatia, Zagreb (1993).

[2] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, 1985 Edition, Amended 1990, IAEA, Vienna (1990).

[3] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Explanatory Material for the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material.Second Ed, Safety Series No. 7. IAEA, Vienna (1987);

Second Edition (1990)

THE TRANSPORT OF LOW AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL