As already pointed out this is a joint Government of Zambia and ECA survey. The design, organization and implementation of the survey was
undertaken by the Fertility and Mortality Studies Section of FCA's Population Division and Central Statistical Office (CSO), Lusaka.
A number of factors influenced the timin~ and location of this survey.
First and foremost among these was the need to minimize the effects of omissions due to memory lapse and undercount of vital events resulting from the seasonal variation in occurence of births and deaths. The sample
covered in the retrospective survey in the first round was followed syste-matically in the three prospective rounds enabling us to cover the survey population over a full t"elve-month period. A second consideration in choosing the exact dates o~ the field operations for all the rounds was the need to en~ure that suitable intervie>7ers would be available. Thus the field enumeration for each round took place during the school holidays when te3chers were available for enumeration. It happened that the school holidays were evenly spaced durinp the year to enable each round operation to be
under-taken at even intervals and completed before preparatory work of the 1930 Zambian Census be~an.
A plannin~ team made up of staff of the ECA Fertility and Hortality Studies Section, the Director of Statistics and his senior officials under-took the preparatory work prior to the start of the field operations for each round of the survey. The entire operation of the field enumeration and editing "ere directetl from the Central Statistical OUice (CSO) Lusaka. The CSO kindly provic'ed office space, a classroom for traininp antl, checking and editing of questionnaires, duplicating facilities, stationery and secretariat support. The CSO stores, transport and accounts sections provided the
necessary administrative support for stationery, transportation and financial management respectively.
During the first round, all interviewers employed in the rural survey were transported daily to and from Lusaka. In subsequent rounds this practice
"as discontinued because it was inherently risky, rather expensive, and time consuminp, and the team was ca"lped in an Agricultural Extension Trainin[,; Centre.
For the conduct of the field operations for the entire survey, the CSO provided the following staff: the Director as National Co-ordinator of the Project, two of his Deputy Directors and two Senior Statistical Officers as Survey Administrators, an Accounts Clerk for the Financial Management of the Project, a Liaison Officer, ~lith the Ministry of Finance ane' Treasury, six Statistical Officers as Field Suoervisors, two Secretariat Staf~ a Transpo?
Officer and Drivers.
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Funds for the survey were obtained from various sources. An initial prll.nt of US$35,OOO.!W1 a·rcS3 obtained from the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations.
This sum supplemented <-lith a p.rant of US$lS,71l from the United Nations Trust Fund for African Development, nnd other resources from tre Zam.bian Government and the ECA Population Division covered the cost of the field >lOrk. The total cost of the field operations amounted to US$82,265. These funds were disLursed by the Central Statistical Office through the Governnent of ZaMbia Treasury. The survey fund waR aoversely affected by significant drops in the value of the United States Dollar and the sharp increases in the price of petrol and stationery and the ECA and Government of Zambia had to absorb
these increases.
The UNFPA provided a prant of US~15.500 to supplement the cost of data processing and US~27,O(;O to cover the cost of orl'anisin~ a feedhack seminar on the results of the survey.
3.2 Questionnaire Desizn and Content
A number of local factors influenced both the design and content of the questionnaries that were used in the survey. The use of standardized questionnaires was preferred for a number of reasons; firstly, the 10>7 level of literacy in Zambia ruled out the use of self-administered questionnairs: secondly, it was hoped that the use of standardized
questionnaires would reduce response errors to an acceptable l'1inimumt,hthi!ICd'ly, checks anrt controls for validity and reliability of responses were easier to make: fourthly, a number of concents and definitions could easily be explained to respondents 2S p~xt of intervie>dng and finally, throul>h
interviewer persuasion, a higher percentage response rate could be attained.
Information on fertility, mortality an~ mi~ration were collected durin~
each of the four rounds. Standardized ~uestionnaires "'ere designed and usert for all the four rounds in monitorin!, changes in household size throu~h
births, deaths and mi~ration. During each round, the survey focussed on specific socio-economic factors which are likely to influence reproductive behaviour and mortality. For these purposes, a total of 26 schedules were administered in the four rounds as are described hereinafter."
The follm-dng special torics were covered during each of the four
rounds~
Fi rst Round Survey; This was unf.1ertaken durinp August to Se'{)tember
1~78 and focussed on collecting basic information on household members, demopraphic and socio·-economie baseline information on females aped l2~50
years ol~_, informaUon on marria'!e and knowled'?e and use of birth regul"tion methods and prep,nancy status and history, and· hU11'Ibe."l" gf' chil.dr~I).L'~V~iFl·!!orn
and deaths in the l[!st 12 months. In the first round survey, the follouing five schedules were administered,
Schedule 1- Household record
It collected information on sex, a~e, relationship to head of house--hold, marital status, hi~hest education level, religion, and mother tongue of household members.
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Schedule 2 Demogra,hic Baseline Information (females 12,,50 years old)
I t collected information on place of birth, nlit"ber of years lived in urban areas and rural areas, survival of parents, and type of work for every wOman a~ed 12-50 year~ old.
Schedule 3 - Marriage Record of HOl1'Ien and Birth Spacing
Data were collected on number of ti~es married, order of marriage, age at marriage, ahe when marriage ended and reason why marriage ended, and if polygamous marria~e, hot, many wives husband has or had, and whether res-pondant was first, second etc. "ife. Information on knowledge attitude and use of methods of birth regulation,,,'as also collected.
Schedule 4 .. Current Pibegmmcy Status Record
The information collected were a~e of mother, duration of current pregnancy, status of health, whether antenatal care was received, and where received and number of consultations.
§~~edule 5 - Fertility and Mortality Record
For every woman~ information on pre_l!,llancy order and outcome, age and sex oU:. survivin'! children, age, sex and cause of death of dead children and Which of these children died in the last 12 months, and other deaths hn
the household in the last 12 MOnths by a~e, sex and deceased were collected.
Second Round Survey
It was conducted in December 1~7n and focussed on bio-social factors influencing fertility, birth history and changes in household size since the first round.i1r.forma~ion,~aBalso collected on adult mortality and orphanhood status. The following eight schedules were adninistered in the second round:
Schedule A - Record of AdUlt Mortality
Information on survival of parents, whether the respondent "as the eldest living child of mother, and of father were collected.
Schedule B - Chanl!.e in Household composition - Migration
For persons who left and joined the householct under study since the first round, information on name, selt, af';e, relationship to head of house'·
hold, marital status, hi",hest level of formal education, religion, mother tongue, destination or ori~in of migration and reason for migration were collected.
Schedule C - Changes in l:ousehold composit!on;ffettll:! tYdalld''lll(lrtUity For persons born into the househol~ or died in the household since the first round, information on sex, age, relationship to heaH of household, religion. mother tongue, and marital status were collected.
39 Schedule D -- Pregnancy Status
For currently pregnant women information on duration of prep,nancy, duration of last pregnancy, state of health, sex of child preferred and reason, nUJTl.ber and sex of livin?" children were collected.
Schedule E - Prepn2ncy Outcome
Outcome of pregnancy recorded in first round, Hhether delivery was normal,place of delivery health ofm~ti~e~ and child after delivery were inquired into in this round.
Schedule F _. Breastfeeding and Weaning Practices
Information on whether first child, child born before the last, and most recent (last) child "ere breastfed, and if so, duration of breast feedin/,; frequency of feedinp; perday, age when supplementary food was giveo9 ';vhether breastmilk was sufficient, and type of weanicg foods given to last child "ere collected. Also information on the interval between two births and number of children recommen<:1.ed by the respondent, close friends, parents and relatives, husband's parents and relatives, interval between the last two births, etc. were collected.
Schedule G - Child Birth, Breastfeeding and
Abstinenc,,-Information on the practice of sexual abstinence, the expected duration of sexual abstinence after childbirth, expected duration of breastfeeding, and should this duration be lonper or shorter were collected.
Schedule H - Age at Menarche
Information on af'e when a woman had her first period, whether the period was r"~ul,,r, the duration of the menustration period, the flm., of the length of thp period, age at first period of daughters who started having their periods were collected.
Third Round Survey
It was carried on April to Hay 1'179. and focussed on chanf,es in house-hold composition and pregnancy status since the second round, socia-economic
factors facilitatinp and constrainine childbearing, maternal and child
care~ value of children," family income, socia-economic roles of WOJIl.en,
parental concern for children's education and future socio-economic roles with the household economy. The follouin!'< six schedules <.'ere administered
in the third round.
Schedule T - Changes in Bousehold Composition: Migratio~
S![ililar iteM.s of information lJere collected for chanoes in household composition due to wigration since thR secnnd round as schedule B in second round.
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Schedule C - Channes in 1,ousehold Composition: Fertility and Mortality Similar items of inforMation were collected for chan~es in household composition due to fertility a~d ~ortality since the second round as schedule C in second round.
Schedule D - Pregnancy Status
Similar ite~s of information on changes in preenancy status since the second round "ere collected as Schedule D in second round.
Schedule E - Pre~ancy outcome
Similar items of information on outcome of pregnancies recorded in first and second rounds were collected as in Schedule E of round two.
Schedule F - Socio Economic Facilitatinp: and Constraining Factors on childbearing
1. Value of children ann child care needs
In this schedule information on phy couples want many children, what do you consider to be a lar~e and a small family and reason, the number of children a WOman would like to have when she reaches menopause, sex pre-ferences in a fa~ily of 4 chiloren and g children, problems associated with
havin~ a larl'e number of children, type and place of ,"ork and earnin@:,s of children living ,dth mother, type of help children provide in household work and outside household, what type of work do you like your children to do when they grow up, and what kind of assistance do you expect from your chilclren when they ~row up_were collected.
Schedule G - Socio'~Econom1c Facilitatina and Constraininp Factors on Childbearing
2. Socio-Economic Roles of Women
Information on daily routine of respondent, daily domestic activities, type of "ork done for pay, how freetime is spent. domestic pressures,
reason for planninp to have more children, me~bership in any organization/
club, whether havinl" many children affect a women's participation in econooic and social life, ",hetper a <loman discuss .,it11 her husband about the ntmlber of Children thev should have. the use of family plannin~, the need to pro-vide equal education for sons and dau~hters, opening a joint hank account for the family, etc. -- were collected.
Fourth Round Survey
This was conducted durin? Ammst 1979, and the special focus of this round 'laS nutrition: household diet, sources and regularity of food supply, water supply and seweraRe system and the availability and use of medical services. pnthropometric measurements were also obtained for a sample of children 1-4 vears old. The folloHinp eigbt schedules "ere administered in tee fourth round:
- - - -_ _ ·"1
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Schedule B - Changes in Household composition: Migration
Same items of information "'ere collected for changes since round three as Schedule B, Second Round.
Schedule C - Chanpes in household composition, Fertility and Mortality Same items of information were collected for changes since round three as Schedule C, Second Round.
Schedule D - Pregnancy Status
Same items of information were collected for changes since round three as Schedule D, Second Round.
Schedule E - Prep-nancy outcome
Same ite~s of information were collected for chan~es since round three as schedule E, Second Round.
Schedule II - Nutritional Status, Health and Family ~Ielfare
The information collected were: household size, rooms occupied, living children, dead children, type of foods served to the family last week for breakfast, lunch and dinner, source, quantity and cost of the food consumed, distribution of food amonp household members, type of foods prohibited for children under five years, and period of the year when you cannot find enough food for the family. Regardin~ diet for pref,Oant women, data on foods pregnant women should not eat in the society and reason for not eating, and when pregnant does your diet differ from what you eat when you are not pregnant, type of medicines prescribed by doctor/he.aler/"1icl.wife, and type of food prohibted not to eat, and during breast feeding what special foods do Zambian women eat and what foods do they not eat "ere collected.
Schedule G - Water Supply and Sewerage System
Information on main source of water supply, distance of source from house, Hhether 'Hater was treated before dt:!:nki6g, times when water cannot be obtained from usual source of supply, who empties refuse bin when full and type of toilet were collected.
Schedule H - Availability and use of medical services
Information on "here people go for treatme!\t, distance from home, means of transport and cost to hospital/health centre, amount of consultation fee, whether satisfied <lith the type of health services received, and whether
children were vaCCinated against communicable childhood diseases, number of times children under five years were taken to hospital/health centrei healer in the last four weeks, etc. were collected.
Schedule I - Anthropooetric Measure!!lents: Chi~ ;'ren 1-4 years of Age 11easurenents on weight, height, height/weight Clnd ann circUl'Jference were nade for each child aged 1-4 years as well as cbservations on ceneral
h""lth condition of e~ch child. .
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The questionnaires were printed in EnRlish and during enumerator
trainin~ a ereat deal of emphasis was put on the proper understanding of the meaning and requirements of each question. Th~s and the very close supervision in the field kept errors due to wron~ly worded questions to a minimum. Durin~ the field operations, supervisors sat through interviews Fith enumerators to ensure that questions >Jere put the right way and that
appropriate answers were obtained . . g;3L'lS~1"~,edln' IlI1del'nc.,dures
The total saMple size for this survey was 2572 households consistine of approximately 5000 wOmen aged 12-50 years. The sample size consisted of 2052 househol~s from Lusaka, and 520 household from Keembe. This sample was obtained from a multi-staRe stratified samplin~ scheme. The sample size was restricted by the limited budflet available for the survey as well as
considerations of logistics and time available for each round.
In the first instance, the sample was split into rural and urban. An original plan to have two subsamples of equal size "'as abandoned during the selection of a suitiable rural survey area. The Keembe area was selected because of the following reasons:
(i) it was predominantly agricultural;
(ii) its inhabitants principally were en~agec! in subsistence peasant agriculture;
(iii) it "TaS situated far enough from an urban settlement which is likely to alter its rural character.' and
(iv) there were no large commercial farms or mininR concerns in the area.
In view of limited resources, it ,,,as necessary to locate a place not too far away from Lusaka to render daily supervision ex~ensive and tranSDort cost exhorbitant. Keembe was selected as the fural study area. The highly dispersed settlement and the homogeneity of the life style in Keernbe necessi-tated a reduction of the rural subsample to 520 households; and the urban subsample was raised to 2052 households. All households in the selected villages were covered ,rith the exception of fishermen '''ho were away for fishine. All households with womer aged 12-50 years were included in the study. and households with no eldgible women that were noted down by the enumerator were excluded from the survey upon verification by the suoervisor.
The urban subsamplein Lusaka was stratified into the following strata according to the socio-economic status of residents:
(a) Lo" density stratum. This "as made up of the build-uT> areas of Lusaka inhabited by high income groups.
(b) nigh density stratum. This stratum >ras composed of areas of the city inhahited by middle level income groups. Althou['h buildings in these areas were solid, the small sizes of each housinp unit made homes in these areas relatively overcrowded.
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(c) Squatter Stratum. The squatter areas and "compounds" in Lusaka are predominantly the homes of the 101' income and manual workers. This stratum 'laS further divided into "site and service" areas (initially designed to provide localized employment to inhabitants of the neigh-bourhood), "up '1raded" areas (squatter areas under government low income housing improvement schemes) and "other squatter'areas (not falling in
the two former categories).
The sample size for each stratum was computed on a "PPS", probability proportional to size; where size refers to the estimate of the population size of the stratum provided by the Central Statistical Office. The number of households covered in the survey in each of the urban stratum were low density 262, high density 645, and squatter 1145. In each stratum, blocks or areas were selected with probability proportional to the population
size of the areas, and within selected areas complete coverage of households was made. The urban subsample of households actually covered in the first
round of the survey was 2052.
In all the Strata, residenaes of diplomatic, consular and non-African residents were excluded from the sample. Institutional residence~ such as hospitals, prisons, inc1ustrial settlement estates, police barracks, etc.
were also excluded from the sample. The survey comprised four rounds at intervals of three months between Aupust 1978 and August 1979.
The results of the survey are taken to represent the characteristics of the population studied because the survey units were self weighted and thus sampling estimation method and estimates of the sampling error are not given.
3.4 Recruitment and Training of Supervisors and Enumerators
3.4 Recruitment and Training of Supervisors and Enumerators