Genotype diet interaction in Fayoumi and Rhode Island Red layers and their crosses. Note.

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Genotype diet interaction in Fayoumi and Rhode Island

Red layers and their crosses. Note.

M. Abou-El-Kassem Abd-El-Latif, A. Bordas

To cite this version:

Note

Genotype

diet

interaction

in

_Fayoumi

and

Rhode Island Red

layers

and their

crosses M. ABOU-EL-KASSEM ABD-EL-LATIF

A. BORDAS,

P.

MÉRAT

1.N.R.A., Centre de Recherches de

_{Jouy-en-Josas,}

Laboratoire de

Génétique

factorielle,

F 78350

_{Jouy-en-Josas}

Summary

Fayoumi

and Rhode Island Red

_(R.I.R.)

layers

and their two

_reciprocal

crosses were distributed into 2 _groups which received different diets in the

_{laying period.}

The diets had the

same calculated _{energy level and} their total

_protein

content differed

_by

less than 1 p. 100, but one

of them contained 40 _p. 100

_barley

and the other contained none. With the

_{barley-containing}

diet,

feed

_consumption,

_{egg mass, egg} number and mean _egg

_weight

_{per hen} were _reduced, but the effects were more marked in the R.LR. line and one of the

reciprocal

crosses, with a

_significant

genotype x _{diet interaction for egg mass, average clutch}

_length,

total feed intake and its residual

component.

Key

words : Hen,

Fayoumi,

Rhode Island Red, egg

production,

feed, barley.

Résumé

Interaction

_{génotype-régime}

alimentaire chez des

_{pondeuses Fayoumi,}

Rhode Island et leurs croisements

Des

poules Fayoumi

et Rhode Island

_(R.LR.)

et leurs 2 croisements

réciproques

ont été

répartis

en _{2 groupes} recevant un

_régime

alimentaire différent en

_période

de ponte. Les 2

_régimes

avaient la même teneur

_{énergétique}

et un taux

protéique différant

de moins de 1 _p. 100 mais l’un contenait 40 p. 100

d’orge,

l’autre n’en contenait pas. En

présence

de la ration à base

d’orge,

la consommation alimentaire et la masse d’oeufs

_produite

_par

_poule,

_{ainsi que le nombre} et le

poids

moyen des oeufs, étaient abaissés, mais les effets étaient

plus marqués

dans la

_lignée

R.LR. et

dans l’un des croisements

_{réciproques,}

avec une interaction

_régime

x _type

_génétique

_{significative}

pour la masse _d’oeufs, la

longueur

moyenne des séries de ponte, la consommation alimentaire totale et sa _composante « résiduelle ».

Mots clés : Poule,

Fayoumi,

Rhode Island, ponte,

régime

alimentaire, orge.

( *

I. Introduction

Interactions between

genotype

and feed

_composition

have

_generally

been recorded

in the

_{growth period.}

Hutnrr & PROUDFOOT

₍₁₉₈₁₎

observed interactions between lines and

_protein

level of the

ration ;

S!RENSEN

(1980),

with 2 lines selected for

_growth

rate

with a different

_protein

level,

similarly

noticed an interaction between lines and

_protein

content of the feed. On the other

_hand,

HUGHES

₍₁₉₇₉₎

reviewed data on

_appetite

for

specific

nutrients but did not mention

_{possible genetic}

or environmental variations for it. The

_present

_{paper describes} an observation

_possibly

related to this

field,

with a

genotype

x feed interaction in

_Fayoumi

and Rhode Island Red hens and their Fl crosses.

The _{initial purpose} was to compare these

genotypes

at 2

_protein

levels. The actual

difference in this

respect

was lower than

_{expected according}

to _{the available} compo-nents in the rations. On the other

hand,

the nature of these

_components

differed

markedly

between the 2 rations. This

_complicates

the

_{interpretation}

of the results and makes the

present

work a _very

_preliminary

one.

II. Material and methods

A. Birds and

_experimental

conditions

On March 14th and 29 th

_1983,

two

_pedigree

_hatches,

_{from eggs collected} over a 3 week

_period,

took

_place,

from 9

_Fayoumi

and 9 Rhode Island Red

_(R.LR.)

sires. Each sire was mated to 3

_Fayoumi

and 3 R.I.R. hens. The R.LR. line had been bred for a

low « residual » feed

consumption during

the

_{laying period}

(B

ORDAS

&

_MT

_RAT

_,

1984)

for 7

_generations.

The number _{of sires per}

_generation

was

_8,

then 9. This limited

number,

causing

a moderate increase of the

_inbreeding

_level,

added to the fact that the base

_population

had been

_kept

without selection for 10

_generations

before the start

of

the selection

_{experiment, explains}

_why

the

_{laying performance}

was not of a

_high

standard. On the other

_hand,

the

_Fayoumi

line came from

_pedigree

_{eggs of} a line

selected for egg number in Cairo

University,

sent in December 1978. From this time

the line was

_pedigree

_reproduced

in our

_laboratory

without

_selection,

from 8 sires per

generation

(MÉ

RAT

et

_al.,

_1983).

Female

chicks,

after

_culling

of the smallest

families,

were raised in floor _{pens till}

the age of 17

weeks,

then

_they

were

_put

_{into individual cages in 2 houses}

_(one

for each

hatch).

At the start each house contained 40

_pullets

of each

_genetic

type

(Fayoumi,

Fayoumi

x

_R.I.R.,

7!. 7.!!. x

_Fayoumi,

_R.I.R.).

Pullets from each hatch were

_randomly

distributed into two _groups

_receiving

a different feed

_(1,

₂₎

from 17 weeks to the end of the

_{recording period}

₍₃₉

weeks of

_age).

The two _{feeds differed in certain} compo-nents and

_(to

a limited

_extent)

in their total

_protein

content. Their

_composition

is

_given

in table 1.

B. Measuremercts

Egg

number was _{recorded from first egg} till _{the age of 39 weeks.}

_{Laying intensity}

first egg laid until the age of 39

weeks).

A _{clutch includes eggs laid} on successive

_days.

Pauses are defined as

_periods

of at least 2 successive

_days

without an _{egg ; their total}

duration is

_expressed

as a

_percentage

of the number of

recording

days.

Mean egg

weight

was measured between 36 and 38 _{weeks of age.}

_Finally,

over 28

_days

between

the ages of 34 and 38

weeks,

4 traits were measured to estimate feed

_{efficiency :}

v mean

_{body weight (W),}

. body weight

variation

_during

the

_{period (0 W),}

. _{total egg} mass

_produced

(E),

. feed

_{consumption (0).}

The « residual » feed intake

R,

is the deviation of the observed feed intake

(0)

from that

_expected

from a

_{multiple regression}

_equation

on

_W,

0 W and E

_(B

_YERLY

_,

1941 ;

Gous et

_{al., 1978 ;}

Mc

D

ONALD

,

1978 and

_others).

Feed

_efficiency

is the ratio O/E.

C. Statistical

_analyses

Hatch,

feed and

_genotype

effects and their interactions were tested

_{by 3-way}

variance

_{analyses taking}

account of

_unequal

numbers in the

subclasses,

according

to

III. Results and discussion

Table 2 shows the means for each variable per

_genotype

and feed and the overall means for each feed. Table 3

_gives

the

_{corresponding}

variance

_analyses.

The hatch effects are not relevant here.

Moreover,

interactions between hatch and

genotype

have no clear

_{interpretation. However,}

a

_possible

reason for this is the shortness of the

_{recording period (till}

39 weeks of

_age)

with breeds

that

have a

considerable difference of age at _{the first egg}

_{laid ;}

the difference exceeded 8 weeks between the R.LR. and one of the Fl crosses. The overall

_genotype

effect

_corresponds

to the

_large

and well-known differences in

_body

_{and eggs}

size,

_laying

rate _{and egg shell}

strength

between the

_Fayoumi

and R.I.R. breeds.

Table 2 shows that the crosses were intermediate between the

_parental

breeds for adult

_{body weight}

and

_weight

_gain,

mean _egg

_weight,

feed

_consumption.

There existed

heterosis

_(the

crosses

_{being superior}

to the

_midparent),

more marked for the

_Fayoumi

x R.l. R. cross than for the

_reciprocal,

for 17 wk

_{body weight,}

_age at first _{egg, egg}

number,

_laying

intensity,

mean clutch

_length,

_per cent _{pauses and per} cent cracked eggs. For an unknown reason, the

laying

rate of the R.LR. line was _{poorer than}

expected,

even with the control feed. However no

_sign

of disease was recorded.

These results are

_comparable

with those obtained on the same crosses

_by

MÉRAT et

al.

_{(1983), showing}

heterosis for

_laying

rate, egg number and feed

efficiency,

the

Fayoumi

x R.LR. cross

_being

_superior

to the

_reciprocal

_{for egg number. On the other}

hand,

the heterosis in the

_present

_comparison

on 17 week

_{body weight}

_{may be}

compared

with that obtained on earlier

_growth

rate

_by

ABOU-EL-KASSEM et al.

₍₁₉₈₆₎

on the same

_parental

lines and crosses.

Overall,

feed 1

_{significantly}

_{lowered egg mass,}

_laying

rate

_(by

_{5.6 p.}

₁₀₀₎

and feed intake

_(by

_{4.4 p.}

₁₀₀₎

and increased the

_proportion

of « _pause

_{» days (by}

12.9 p.

_100).

However,

these effects of the

_{feeding regime}

were

_unequal

for the different

_genetic

types.

Food intake and egg mass showed a

_significant

_genotype

x feed

_type

interaction. For these 2

_traits,

table 4 shows the means obtained with feed 1 _{in per} cent of those obtained with feed 2 for each

_genotype.

Although

feed intake was

_relatively

less affected _{than egg} mass, the

_tendency

was

similar for these 2 variables. Feed 1 reduced them most in the Rhode Island

_line,

then in the 7?./.7!. x

_Fayoumi

_cross, and the reduction was lower for the

_Fayoumi

and the

Fayoumi

x R.LR. cross. _{This may be demonstrated in another way}

_by

_testing

the

difference between feeds within each

_genetic

_{type :}

the t-values are

_significant

_only

in the R.I.R. line : t = _2.23

_(P

_<

_0.05)

_{and t} = 2.71

_(P

_<

_0.01)

_{for egg mass and feed intake}

respectively.

No feed x hatch nor second order interaction

_appeared,

_suggesting

that the effect of feed on the different

_genotypes

did not differ

_markedly

in the 2 hatches. In

addition,

one sees no

_{reason why}

_{differences in age} at _{first egg such} as that between the R.LR. breed and the other

_groups

could cause

_by

themselves a different response to a diet

given

after 17 weeks of

_age.

On the other

hand,

the 2

_reciprocal

crosses showed a

Our data cannot

_{explain unequivocally}

the unfavorable effects of the

_experimental

feed. The difference between feeds in total

_protein

is rather small. For

_M.E.,

the estimated value is

_identical,

and even a moderate difference would not be

_expected

to

have

_large

effects on

_{performance. Unfortunately experimental}

determinations of M.E. were not available. Differences in more

_specific

_components

like aminoacids cannot be ruled out but

_they

were not determined.

_Finally,

favorable substances

_might

be

_lacking

or substances

_{depressing appetite}

and/or

_{laying performance might}

be contained in

components

specific

to the

_experimental

feed. This feed lacked the

_soybean

and alfalfa meal and included less wheat and

_{maize ;}

such

_{changes theoretically}

should not cause

any imbalance. On the other

hand,

the most

_{important quantitative}

difference in the

composition

of the rations is the presence of 40 p. 100

barley

in feed

1 ;

certain adverse effects associated with this

_cereal,

_possibly

due to soluble fiber

_components,

have been identified for chicks

_(Anonymous,

_1984).

These effects seem to have been found less

_frequently

for

_laying

hens but KARUNAJEEWA & BAGOT

₍₁₉₇₇₎

observed a

drop

of egg number without decrease of feed

consumption

with 57 p. 100

barley.

GOHL

et al.

₍₁₉₇₈₎

indicate that in Sweden the use of

_barley

is limited to 250 to 350

_g/kg

in

layer

diets and showed that the addition on

_p-glucanase

in

_{barley-containing}

feeds suppresses the appearance of

sticky droppings

and poor

performance,

these

_problems

being

due to a viscous

factor

which is

_{hydrolyzed by p-glucanase.}

These studies

_suggest

a

_possible

mechanism

_through

which

_barley

_{may have} had a deleterious effect in feed 1 of the

_present

work.

Our data show that when our

_Fayoumi

and R. L R. lines are

_compared

the former is less

_susceptible

to the unfavorable

_factor(s)

contained in feed 1. We

_pointed

that the

rate of

_lay

for the R.1. R. breed was rather lower than usual. This

_might

suggest

that

some disease

agent

rendered the R.LR. birds more

_susceptible

to a less favorable diet : this would be an interaction between breed and a combination of environmental factors

rather than the feed alone.

_However,

it has

_already

been mentioned that no disease

condition was observed.

Although

the

_{proportionate}

reduction was

_greater

for egg

_production

than for feed

intake,

it is difficult to determine whether the

_depressing

effect on _egg

_production

caused the

_drop

in feed

_consumption,

or if the former was a _{consequence of} a lowered

appetite

for this feed.

_Possibly

the fact that the Rhode Island line has been selected for

low consumers of a « normal » feed may be more

_susceptible

to a

_relatively

«

unpalata-ble » feed.

Finally,

the difference in the response of the 2

reciprocal

crosses is

_interesting.

It may

suggest

a sex-linked

effect,

with one of the crosses

_being

closer to its

_paternal

breed. Received March

4,

1986.

Accepted

November

5,

1986. References A BOU -E L -K

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