ﺨﺘﺴﺍ
ﻡﺍﺩ
ﻲﻤﺘﻴﺭﺎﻏﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭـﻤﻨ
ﺃ
ﺘﻤﺍﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺤ
ـ
ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺞﻴﺭﺩﺘﻴﻓﺭ
ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻲﻨﺒﻤ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟ
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لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ
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ﺃ . ﻴﺯ ﺩﻴﺸﺭ ﺩﺎ ﺩ . ﺭﻭﺼﻨﻤ ﻩﺭﺎﺼﻗﻭﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺩﻤﺤﺍ ﻥﺒ ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﻥﺍﺭﻫﻭ 2 ) ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻟﺍ ( ﺹﺨﻠﻤﻟﺍ : ىﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﻓﺩﻫ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎ ﻕـﻓﻭ ﻲـﻨﺒﻤ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟ ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻜﺤﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺞﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ ." ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ) 28 ( ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ . ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﺴﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﻼﻁﺘـﺴﺍ ﻥﻴـﺘﻨﻴﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻕﺒﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻨﻭﻜﻤ ) 681 ( ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺫﻤﻼﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻭ ﺍﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ . ﺃ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘـﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺞﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ) 6 ( ﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺭـﻔﻤ ) 11 ( ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻎﻠﺒ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺒﺎﺜ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ ،ﺍﺩﺭﻓ ) 0.99 ( ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻸﻟ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤﻭ ) 0.65 ( ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭـﻔﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺩﻴﺠ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺕﻁﻏ ، ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﺤﻭﺍﺭﺘﻓ ) -1.61 -1.46 ( ﺕﻴﺠﻭﻟ ، ﺩﻗ ﻡﻴﻗﻭ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻸﻟ ﺓﺭ ) -3.44 -4.63 ( ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺕﻌﻗﻭﻭ ،ﺕﻴﺠﻭﻟ ) 22 ( ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟ ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ " ﺵﺍﺭ ) " MNSQ ( ﻥﻴﺒ ) 0.7 -1.3 (، ﺔﻤﺌﻼﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗﻭ ) ZSTD ( ﻥﻴﺒ ) -0.2 ، 0.2 .( ﺔﻴﺤﺎﺘﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻜﻟﺍ : ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ؛ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ؛ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ ." Abstract
The present study aims Using Rasch model in calibrating a Criterion Referenced Test (CRT) to measure levels of geometric thinking based on Van Hiele Theory. The test of geometric thinking levels is a multiple choice test consisted of (28) items. The test was administered on an exploratory sample and basic one, both of them composed of (681 males and females) students of secondary school.
The results of the calibrated test, after excluding (6) item and (11) person, showed that the test was reliable. The reliability coefficient of the items is (0.99) and the reliability coefficient of persons is (0.65), and also the items of test covered the difficulty range well, between (-1.61 - 1.46) Logits, and values of the ability of persons between (3.44 - 4.63) Logits, and all the 22 items lies within an acceptable range of MNSQ value (0.7-1.3) and ZSTD value (-0.2,0.2).
Keywords: Rasch model, geometric Thinking, Van Hiele theory.
ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤ : ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺯﻴﻤﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤ لـﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﻁﺒﻀ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭ ﺔـﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻤﺍﺭﺎـﺒﻟ ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺫﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺈﺒ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ،ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﺒﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ . ﻙﻴﻓﻭﻨﻭ ﺩﺭﻭﻟ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﻓ لﻀﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺭﻴﻭ )
Lord and Novick,1968 ( ﺜﻴﺤ ، ﺤﺍﺭﺘﻗﺎ ﺎ ﺭ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺍﺫـﻫ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻪﺌﺍﺩﺄﺒ ﺅﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺩﺭﻓ ﺏﻴﺠﺘﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺙﺩﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ لﺜﻤﺘ ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ . ﻙﻟﺫـﻜﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺩﺭـﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻤﺍﺭﺎـﺒ ﺭﻴﺩـﻘﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘﻭ ﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻸﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻤﺍﺭﺎﺒ ﻲـﻓ ﺩﺭـﻓ لـﻜ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﺭﻴـﺴﻔﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺘﻤﺍﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻟ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ . ﻡﻴـﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺎﺒ ﺎـﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺩﺘﺴﻴ ﺎﻤﻨﺇﻭ ،ﺍﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤ ﺎﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﺎﻬﺴﺎﻴﻗﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﺏﻌﺼﻴ ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻷ ﺍﺭﻅﻨﻭ ﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻕﻠﻁﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﺈﻓ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ) ،ﻡﻼﻋ 2013:47 (. ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ : ﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺕﺭﻁﻴﺴ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺴﻼﻜ ﺓﺭﺘﻓ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻜﺭﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ﺕﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺃ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺱﺴ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻤﻀﺘﺘ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﹰﺍﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻙﻟﺫﻜﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ . ﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻨﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻁﻴﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻟﺎﺒﻭ ﺔـﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﺍ ﺱﻴﻴﺎﻘﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺎ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﺒ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺃ ﻻﺇ لﻠﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺼﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺘﻤﻭﻜﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫﺭﻭﺼﻗ ﻥﻴﺒﺘ ﻪﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻭ ﺔﻗﺩ ﻥﻤ ) ﺔﻨﺴﺎﺤﻤ ، 2013:96 .( ﺍﻭ ﻲﺴﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺼﺼﺨﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺕﺭﺎﺜﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻟ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻟ ﻷﺎـﺒ ﺱﺎـﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺞﺌﺎـﺘﻨ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻡﺩﻌﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺏﺭﺘﻘﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻲﻜﻭﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺍﺩ ﺎﻤﻟﺎﻁ ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺃ ﻷﺍ ﺝﺭﺩﺘ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ،ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺎﻬﻨ ﺭﺜﺄـﺘﺘ ﻻﻭ ﺩـﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻭﺎـﺴﺘﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺕﺍﺩﺤﻭﺒ ﺓﺍﺩ ﺓﺭﻫﺎﻅﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺩﻨﻋ ﺭﺩﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻟﺎﺒ ) ،ﺔﺘﺎﺤﺸ 2012:31 .( ﺔـﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﺎـﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺀﺎـﻨﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻼﻟ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺴﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻗﺩﻟﺍ ﺯﻴﺤ ﻉﺎﺴﺘﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻙﺤﻤﻟﺍ . ﺀﺎـﻨﺒﻭ ﻡﻴﻤـﺼﺘﻟ ﺓﺩﺭـﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘـﺴﻻﺍ ﺝﺫﺎـﻤﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻥﻜﻟﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩـﻘﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻠﻟ ﻊﺴﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻯﺩﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻴﻭﺎﺴﺘﻤ ﺓﺩﻭﺠﻭﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻙﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﺩﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻤﻟ ) ،ﺩﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻤ 2014:25 (. ﻙﻟﺫ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻰﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﺜﺤﺎـﺒﻟﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﻡﻏﺭﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻲﻨﺩﺘ ﻥﻤﺘﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻟﺍ ﻭﻤﻠﻌﻤﻭ ﻥﻭﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﻭﻜﺸﻴ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘ ﺽﺭﺘﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻟﺍﻭ ) ،ﻲﺤﻤﺭﻟﺍ 2006:2 ( ﺙـﻴﺤ ، ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ " ﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯﻭ لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺭﻴﻴﺒ "
Pierre van hiele,Dina ﺏﺎـﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﺔـﻴﻔﻴﻜﻭ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻟ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﻴﺴﻤﺨﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔـﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩـﺘ ﻯﺭﺠﻤ ﺕﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻟﺍ ﺭﺼﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺌﺍﺭﻟ ) ﻱﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ، 2007:167 (. ﺕﻴﺭﺠﺃ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺙﺎﺤﺒ ﺕﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺝﺫﻭـﻤﻨ ﺹﺨﻷﺎﺒﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻟﺍ " ﺵﺍﺭ " ، ﺞﻴﺭﺩـﺘﻭ ﺀﺎـﻨﺒ ﻲـﻓ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﻟ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻭﺃ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ، ﺭﺍﺭـﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻟﻭﺘﺴ ﻥﻤ ﻼﻜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ) Stols,2015 ( ﻥﻭـﺴﻠﻴﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ) Wilson,1990 ( ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ) Usiskin,1982 ( ﻲﻟﺎـﺘﻟﺎﺒﻭ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻥﻴﻜﺴﻴﺴﻭﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟ ﺍﺩﺍﺩﺘﻤﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ) 1982 Usiskin, ( ﺝﺫﻭـﻤﻨﻭ ﺱﺎـﻴﻘﻠﻟ ﺔـﺜﻴﺩﺤﻟﺍ ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺎﺒ ﻥـﻜﻟﻭ " ﺵﺍﺭ ﻲﻤﺘﻴﺭﺎﻏﻭﻠﻟﺍ " ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺩﺩﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻬﻴﺩﻟ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺎﺒ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺔﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺩﻭﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻭـﻀﻭﻤ ﻭـﻫﻭ ﻡ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤ .
ﻤ ﺎﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍﻭ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺎﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﺘ ﻟ ﺕﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺠﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘ ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ " ﻥﺎـﻓ لﻴﻫ " ﻲﻓﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﻨﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺘﻵﺍ : 1 . ﺎﻤ ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺩﻤﺘـﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻲـﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭـﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟ ﻲﻤﺘﻴﺭﺎﻏﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﺔﻤﺀﻼﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ؟ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ 2 . ﺸﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺞﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺄ ﺭﺘﻤﺍﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺤ ؟ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ : ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺞﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻤﺭﺘ ﺔـﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺫﻤﻼﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻯﺩﻟ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻲﻨﺒﻤ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻠﻟ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ، ﻲﻤﺘﻴﺭﺎﻏﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺃ ﺭﺘﻤﺍﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺤ . ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ : ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻲﻨﺒﻤ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻠﻟ ،ﺔـﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻟﺍ ﺔـﺌﻴﺒﻠﻟ ﺓﺩﺭـﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌـﺼ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻟ ﺔﺼﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﺢﻴﺘﻴ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻁﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻩﺭﻓﻭﻴ ﺎﻤﻟ ﻪﺠﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻥـﻜﻤﻴ ﺕﺎـﺒﺜﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﺩـﺼﻟﺎﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻ ﻩﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘﻭ ﻪﺘﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺩ ﻕﻘﺤﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﺒ ﺩﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﺴﺍ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﻏﻸﻟ ﻪﻤﺍﺩﺨﺘ . ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ : ﺔﻴـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻨـﺴﻠﻟ ﺔـﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔـﻠﺤﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺫـﻤﻼﺘﺒ ﺔـﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﺘ ) 2016 / 2017 (، ﺔـﻴﻻﻭ ﺕﺎـﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﺒﻭ ﺔﺜﻼﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻠﻟﻭ،ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻟﺍ ) ﻰﻟﻭﻷﺍ ؛ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ؛ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﺔﺜﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ( ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻟﺍ . ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ : 1 . ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ : لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻋ ) 1986 ( Van hiele " ﺱﻤﺨ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ : ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ) 0 ( ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻜﺍﺭﺩﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ ) 1 ( ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ ) 2 ( ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ لﺜﻤﻴ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻲﻟﻻﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻟﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍﻭ ، ) 3 ( ﻲﻟﻻﺩﺘـﺴﻻﺍ لـﺜﻤﻴ ﻲﻤـﺴﺭﻟﺍ ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤﻟﺍﻭ ، ) 4 ( ﻱﺩـﻴﺭﺠﺘﻟﺍ لـﺜﻤﻴ " ) Van hiele,1986: 35 ( ﺎﻴﺌﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺭﻌﻴﻭ : ﺔﻴﻜﺤﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﺒ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻜ ﺱﺎﻘﻴﻭ ، ﺓﺫﻤﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ) 5 / 7 ( ﻱﺃ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ 71 % ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻜ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻥﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﺘ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ . " ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ : 1 . ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ : ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺒ ﺝﺫﺎـﻤﻨ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺴﻟﺍ . ﻡﺘـﻬﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻟﻭﻜﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻊﺴﺍﻭ ﻕﺎﻁﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺘﻭ ﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﻭ ، ﻥﻴﻨﺤﺘﻤﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﺒ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨ ، ﺽﺭﺘﻔﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺄﺒ ﺅﺒﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ) ﻡﻬﺌﺍﺩﺃ ﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘ ( ﺕﺎﻤـﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻤـﺴﺘ ﺀﺍﺩﻻﺍ ﺍﺫـﻬﻟ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﺼﺎﺨ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ) ﻲـﻤﻴﻤ ،ﺩﻴﺴﻟﺍ 2014 : 53 (. 1.1 . ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ : ﺕﺎـﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻰـﻟﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﺩﻨﺘﺴﺘ ﺝﺫﻭـﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺎﻬﺒ ﻕﻭﺜﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅﺘ ﻲﻜﻟ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﺔﻴﻭﻗ
ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻯﺩﻤﻟ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻠﻟ ﻡﺌﻼﻤﻟﺍ ، ﺙـﻴﺤ ﺃ ﺤﺇﻭ ﺔـﻗﺩ ﻰـﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺅـﻴ ﻙـﻟﺫ ﻥ ﺱﺎـﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎـﻜ ، ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍﻭ ﻲﻫ ، : 1 . ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ . 2 . ﻲﻌﻀﻭﻤﻟﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ . 3 . ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺓﺯﻴﻤﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺤﻨﻤﻟﺍ . 4 . ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻟﺍ ) . ،ﺩﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻤ 2014 : 55 ( ﻥﻤ ﻥﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺩﺠﻭﻴﻭ ﺭﻀﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺎﻨﺘﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻌﺌﺎﺸﻟﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻟﺍ : 1 -ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ : ﺡﺎـﺠﻨ ﺎـﻤﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻴﻭ ) 1 ( ﻭﺃ لﺸﻓ ) ﺭﻔﺼ ( ﻲـﻓ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﺎـﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻱﻭـﻁﻨﻴ ﻲـﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ، ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺎﺒ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻡﺘﻬﺘﻭ ، ﺎﻬﺘﺤﺘ ﺝﺭﺩﻨﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻔﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ : ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟﺍ ) ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ( ﻭ ، ـﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻡـﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺌﺎـﻨﺜ ﺝﺫﻭ ) ﺝﺫﻭـﻤﻨ ﻡﻭﺒﻨﺭﻴﺒ ( ﻭ ، ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺜﻼﺜ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟﺍ ) ﺩﺭﻭﻟ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ .( 2 -ﺃ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻤﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺤ ﻭﺄ ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ : ﺍﺫﻫ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ) θ ( ﺏﻟﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻜﻠﺘﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ )s ( ﻲـﻓ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻔﺼﻟﺍ ) ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﺔﻨﻤﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ( ﺓﺭـﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻭ ، )i ( ﺏـﻟﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﺏـﻏﺭﻴ ﻲـﺘﻟﺍ ﺯﻤﺭﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﺜﻤﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻻﺍ ﺹﻭﺤﻔﻤﻟﺍ ) ( ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﻕﻭﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﻭ ﹰﺍﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﹰﺍﺩﻌﺒ ﻙﻟﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻡﺘﻴﺴﻭ ، ﻥﻴﺼﻭﺤﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻟﺍ ) ،ﻲﻘﺘﻟﺍ 2013 : 18 .( ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﺄﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﻴﻭ ﺓﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ ﻁﺴﺒﻻﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻻﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺭﻭﺠ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻟﺍ ﻡﻟﺎﻋ ﺍ ﻤﻨ ﺎ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺫﺇ ﻲﻜﺭ ﺃ ﺝﺫﻭـﻤﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﻙﻟﺫﻟﻭ ﻩﺭﺸﻨﺒ ﻡﺎﻗ ﻥﻤ لﻭ ﻪﻤـﺴﺎﺒ ﺫـﻨﻤ ﹰﺎـﻓﻭﻟﺄﻤ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻟ ﹰﺍﺭﻴﺎﻐﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻻﺎﻤﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺫﺍ ،ﻥﻴﺭﺸﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺘﺴﻟﺍ ﺔـﻤﻴﻗ ﺕـﻴﺒﺜﺘ ﻡﺘﻴـﺴ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺏﺴﺤﻭ ،ﹰﺎﻴﻤﺘﺭﺎﻏﻭﻟ ﹰﺎﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻭﻫ ﺓﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤﻟ ﺞﺘﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺍ ﺫﺇ ،ﻙﺍﺫﻨﺃ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻌﻤ ) c ( ﻬﻨﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺘ ﺔﻴﺩﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻟ ﺔﻴﻭﺎﺴﺘﻤ ﺎ ) 1 ( ﺫـﺨﺄﺘ ﻑﻭﺴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻌﻤ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﹰﺎﻤﻴﻗ ) b ( ﺔﻤﻠﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺤﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻷﺎﺒ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻤﺴ ﻙﻟﺫﻟﻭ ) ،ﺔﻨﺴﺎﺤﻤ 2013 : 182 .( ﺃ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻟ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻟﺍ ﺎﻤ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼﻟﺎﺒ ﻰﻁﻌﺘﻓ : ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ : i) ( : ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺘﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ) 1 ، 2 ، ... ، n (. Pi(θ) : ﺇ ﻪﺘﺭﺩﻗ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺏﻴﺠﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺏﻴﺠﻴ ﻥﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ ﻰﻟ (θ) ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ )i .( (bi) : ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ i . ) e :( ﺇ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﻴ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻁﻟﺍ ﻲﻤﺘﻴﺭﺎﻏﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻟ 20,718 ﹰﺎﺒﻴﺭﻘﺘ ) . Mislevy, 1990:195 ( ) D ( : ﺇ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻰﻟ ﺃ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﻴ ﺕﺒﺎﺜ ﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺞﻴﺭﺩﺘﻟﺍ ﻭ 1,7 ﺃ ﻭ 1,702 ، ﺩـﻜﺅﻴﻟ لـﻤﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴﻭ ﺃ ﺔـﻟﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﻥ ﻷﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻟ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺩﻠﻟ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤ ﺏﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻴﻤﺘﻴﺭﺎﻏﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ، ﺔـﻴﻤﺘﻴﺭﺎﻏﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﺔـﻟﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ لﻤﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﺩﺒﻭ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻴﻤﺠﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺍﺩﻠﻟ ﹰﺎﻴﻁﺨ ﹰﻼﻴﻭﺤﺘ . ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ : ﺕﺎﻨﻴﺴﻤﺨﻟﺍ ﺭﺨﺍﻭﺃ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻠﻟ ﹰﺎﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻪﺘﺠﻭﺯﻭ ﺭﻴﻴﺒ ﻊﻀﻭ ) 1957 (، ﺢﻴـﻀﻭﺘ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﺒ ﺭﻴﻴﺒ ﻡﺎﻗﻭ ﹰﺎﻘﺤﻻ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻟﺍ ، ﺭﺸﻨ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻡﺎﻋ 1959 ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻌﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ " لﻔﻁﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻭ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ " ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘـﺴﻤ ﺔـﺴﻤﺨ ﺎـﻬﻴﻓ ﺵﻗﺎﻨ ، ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻑﺼﺘ ) wirzup,1976 (، ﺭـﻜﺫ ﺎﻤﻜﻭ ) 1981 / Pyshkalo,1968 ( ﻲـﻓ ﺩﺭﻭ ﺎـﻤﻜ
) Fuys,Geddes and Tischler ( ﻴﻓﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺎ ﺭـﻴﻜﻔﺘﻠﻟ لـﻴﻫ ﻥﺎـﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺱﺎﺴﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻟ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺕ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ )
Fuys,Geddes and Tischler,1988: 4 ( ، ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴﻭ " لـﻴﻫ ﻥﺎـﻓ " ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺭﻭﺎـﺤﻤ ﺔـﺜﻼﺜ ﻥـﻤ ، ﻲﻫﻭ : ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻭ ، لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻭ ، لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﺎﻘﺘﻨﻻﺍ . ﹰﻻﻭﺃ : لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ : ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ) 0 ( ﻱﺭﺼﺒﻟﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍ : ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ، ﻥﻭﺩ لـﻜﻜ ﺔﻴﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﻙﺭﺩﻴﻭ ﺎﻬﺼﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻫﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﺒﺘﻨﻻﺍ ، ﻲـﻓ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻟﺍﻭ لﺌﺎﺴﻤﻟﺍ لﻭﻠﺤ ﻑﺎﺸﺘﻜﺍ ﺏﻟﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻲﻠﻜﻟﺍ لﻜﺸﻟﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﻭﺴﺤﻤ ﺔﻐﻟ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻁﺭﺸﺒ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ، ﺱﻭﻤﻠﻤ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺄﺒﻭ ) ،ﺏﺎﺒﺭ 2008 : 46 .( ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ) 1 ( لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ : ﻯﻭﺘـﺴﻤ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ،ﺽﻌﺒ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺒﺒ ﺎﻬﻁﺒﺭ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺎﻬﻔﺼﻭﻭ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﺹﺍﻭﺨ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﺒ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﻴﻭ ﻥـﻤ لﻜـﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﺴﺭﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ لﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺹﺍﻭﺨﻟ ﻉﺍﻭ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﺹﺍﻭﺨ ﻭﺃ ،ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻟﺍ لﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺹﺍﻭﺨ ﻪﺼﺍﻭﺨ لﻼﺨ . ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ) 2 ( ﺭﻴﻏ ﻕﺭﻁﺒ لﻻﺩﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻟﺍ : ﺯـﻴﻤﺘﻴﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺼﺍﻭﺨ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻠﻟ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻋﻭﺒ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﻴ ﺇﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ لﻜﺸﻠﻟ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟﺍ لﺎﻜﺸﻷﺍﻭ ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻟﺍ لﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﺹﺍﻭﺨ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﺩﺎﺠﻴ . ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ) 3 ( ﻁﺎﺒﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻤﺴﺭﻟﺍ : لﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﻫﺍﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺎﺒ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﺭﻭﺩ ﻡﻬﻓﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻫﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨ ﻥﻤﻀ . ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ) 4 ( ﺔﻐﻟﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﺩﻟﺍ : ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻰﻗﺭﺃ ﻭﻫﻭ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺔﻨﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﺒ ﺯﻴﻤﺘﻴ ﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺩﻨﻫ ﺔﻤﻅﻨﺃ ) ﻱﺯﺍﻭـﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﻻ ﺓﺩﻴﺎﺤﻤ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻫ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻗﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻫ ،ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻗﺍ ﺔﺴﺩﻨﻫ ﺔـﻴﺩﻴﻠﻗﻹﺍ ﻻ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺍﻭﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺃ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻗﺍﻻ ( ﺭﻭﺩﻟ ﻡﻬﻓﻭ ﻲﻋﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻭ ﻲـﻓ ﻩﺩﻴﻨﺎـﺴﺃﻭ ﻥﺎﻫﺭﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻟﺍ ﻕﺭﻁﻟﺍﻭ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﻓﺭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻐﻟﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﺎﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻫﺭﺒﻟﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻲﻠﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻕﻁﻨﻤﻟﺍ ) ،ﻱﻭﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ 2007:168 (، (Van Hiele,1999:310-316) ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ : ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤ : ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺞﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﻔﺼﻭﻟﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻊﺒﺘﺍ ﻟ ﻲـﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲـﻨﺒﻤ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻕﻓﻭ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " ، ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻲﻤﺘﻴﺭﺎﻏﻭﻠﻟﺎﺸﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺃ ﺭﺘﻤﺍﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺤ . ﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ : ﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺫﻤﻼﺘ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻤ ) ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﻌﺸﻟﺍ ( ﻥﻴﻠﺠﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻨـﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ 2016 -2017 ﻡﻫﺩﺩﻋﻭ ) 16896 ( ﺓﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻭ ﺍﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ، ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ) 7136 ( ﻭ ﺍﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ) 9760 ( ﺓﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ، ﺔـﻨﻴﻋ ﺭﺎـﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺓﺭﻓﻭﺘﻤ ) 104 ( ﻡﻬﻨﻤ،ﺓﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻭ ﺍﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ) 54 ( ﻭ ﺍﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ) 50 ( ﺔﻴﻋﻼﻁﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻠﻟ ﺓﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ، ﺭﺎـﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﺱﻔﻨﺒﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ) 577 ( ﻭ ﺍﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ﺓﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ، ﻡﻬﻨﻤ ) 247 ( ﻭﺍﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ) 330 ( ﺓﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ، ﻱﺭﻤﻋ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﺒ ﺏ ﺭﺩﻘﻴ ) 18 ( ﺔﻨﺴ ، ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﺍﺭﺤﻨﺍﻭ ﺭﺩﻘﻴ ) 1.61 ( ﺔﻨﺴ . ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺍ ﻟﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ : ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﻡﺘ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻟ ﻟ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻌﺠﺭﻤ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ " لـﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺭﻏ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺎﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﺙﺍﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻼﻁﻻﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ) Usiskin,1982 ( ﻉﻭﺭـﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻜﻴﺭﻤﻻﺍ ﻭﻏﺎﻜﻴﺸ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ) ،ﺦﻴﻭﺸ ﺩﺎﻬﺠ 2005 ( ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻭ لـﻴﻫ ﻥﺎـﻔﻟ ﻲﻠـﺼﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻼﻟ ﻪﺘﻤﺠﺭﺘﻭ ) ﺀﺎـﻓﺭ ﻟﺍ ،ﻲﺤﻤﺭ 2006 ( ﻭ ) (Mayberry,j.w, 1981 . ﻥـﻤ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﻪﺘﺭﻭﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ) 40 ( ﻑـﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺩﺭـﻔﻤ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " لﺌﺍﺩﺒ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﺄﺒ ﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻉﻭﻨ ﻥﻤ . ﻕﺤﻠﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻡـﻗﺭ 1 ﺢـﻀﻭﻴ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻼﻟ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﻷ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ . لـﻜ ﺓﺀﺍﺭـﻗ ﺓﺫﻤﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻜﺅﺘﻟ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺍ ﻡﺘ
ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻹﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻠﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻻﺍ ﺔﻗﺭﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻤ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻭ ﺔﻗﺩﺒ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﻙﺭﺘ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺃ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻻﺍ ﻥﻤﺯﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺍ ﻼﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻱ ﻥـﻤ ﻑﺩـﻬﻟﺍ ﺢﻴـﻀﻭﺘ ﻰـﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ . ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﻪـﺘﻐﻴﺼﺒ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺽﺭﻌﺒ ﻥﺎـﺜﺤﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻗ ،لﻭﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻠﻜﺸﺒ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻏﺎﻴﺼ ﺩﻌﺒ ) 10 ( ﻥﻴـﻤﻜﺤﻤ 1 ﺝﺫﻭـﻤﻨﻟ ﺎﻬــﺘﻤﺌﻼﻤ ﻭ ﺓﺫـﻤﻼﺘﻠﻟ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﺤﻼﺼ ﻯﺩﻤﺒ ﺀﺍﺭـﺒﺨﻟﺍ ﻱﺃﺭ ﻥﺎﻴﺒ ﺽﺭﻐﻟ " ﻥﺎـﻓ لﻴﻫ " ﺕﻠﺼﺤ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺔـﺤﻟﺎﺼ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺩﻋﻭ، ﻕﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ) 60 % ( ﺀﺍﺭــﺒﺨﻟﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥـﻤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻭﺃ ، ﺀﺍﺭﺁ ﺀﻭـﻀ ﻲـﻓﻭ ﻡـﻬﺘﺎﻅﺤﻼﻤﻭ ﺀﺍﺭﺒـﺨﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺩﺎﻌﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺵﻭﻻ ) 1975 ( Lawshe ، ﻕﺎـﻔﺘﺍ ﺔﺒـﺴﻨ ﻥﻴﻤﻜــﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻬـﻅﺃ ﺭﺸﺅﻤــﻟ ) CVRs ( ﻩﺭﺍﺩﻘﻤ ) 74.74 % ( ﻰﻠﻋ ) 28 ( ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ) 12 ( ﺔﻟﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﻕﺎﻔﺘﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻟﻭﺼﺤ ﻡﺩﻌﻟ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ . ﻭ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟ ﺜﺤﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﺤﻭ ﻰﻨﺒﺘ ﻥﺎ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻜﻟ ﻙﺤﻤ ) ﻥﺎﻘﺘﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ( ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻘﺒﺎـﺴ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﺼﺎﺨﻭ لﺎﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ) Usiskin,1982 ( ﻥﺎﻔﻟ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻟ ﻪﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻜﺴﻴﺴﻭﻴ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ، لﻴﻫ ) 25 ( ﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺔﺴﻤﺨﺒ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ ) 5 ( ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻜﻟ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ، ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻙﺤﻤ ) 3 ﻥﻤ 5 ( ﻱﺃ ) 60 % ( ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ ﻙﻟﺫﻜﻭ ) 4 ﻥﻤ 5 ( ﻱﺃ ) 80 % (، ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻟ ﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻥﻴﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﻴﻜﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻱﺃ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﻜﺴﻴﺴﻭﻴ ﻯﺭﻴﻭ ، ﺎـﻤﻭ ﻥﺃ ﻰـﻠﻋ ﻡﻜﺤﻟﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺄﻁﺨﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻗﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﺄﻁﺨﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺄﻁﺨﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺏﻏﺭﻴ ﻁﻟﺍ ﻲﻨﺎـﺜﻟﺍ ﺄﻁﺨﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﻗﻭﻟﺍ لﺎﻤﺘﺤﻻﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﻪﻘﻘﺤﻴ ﻡﻟ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻓ ﻙﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻘﺘﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻕﻘﺤ ﺏﻟﺎ ﻪﻘﻘﺤ ﺩﻗ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻙﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻥﺎﻘﺘﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﻴ ﻡﻟ ﺏﻟﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻜﺤﻟﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ . ﻰـﻨﺒﺘ ﻕﺒـﺴ ﺎـﻤﻤ ﺎـﻗﻼﻁﻨﺍﻭ ﻙﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻟﺍ ) 5 ﻥﻤ 7 ( ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻱﺃ ) 71 % ( ﻥﻴﻜﺴﻴﺴﻭﻴ ﺎﻤﻫﺩﻤﺘﻋﺃ ﻥﻴﺫﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﺘ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ﻲﻫﻭ ﻊـﺒﺭﻻﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻜ ﻯﻭﺘﺤﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻲﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺎﻨﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁﻟ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻠﻋ ) 7 ( ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ . ﻟﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ : ﺔﻴﻋﻼﻁﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﻕﺒﻁ ﺎﻬﻤﺍﻭﻗ ) 104 ( ﻊـﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﺱـﻔﻨ ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻭ ﺍﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﺒ ﻥﻴﻟﻭﻤﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺹﻭـﺤﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻪﻴﻟﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﺯﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺩﻬﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻭ ، ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻟ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ، ــﺒ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻼﻟ ﻡﺯﻼﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﺯﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻡﺘﻭ ،ﺽﻭﻤﻏ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍﻭ ) 60 ( ﻴﻗﺩ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﻜ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﺼﺤ ﻱﺃ ﺔﻘ . ﻭ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻨﻭﻜﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻕﺒﻁ ) 682 ( ﺀﺎـﻐﻟﺍ ﻡﺘ ،ﺓﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻭ ﺍﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ) 105 ( ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﻨﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺒﻭ ،ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻟ ﺓﺫﻤﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺩﻌﻟ ﺓﺭﺎﻤﺘﺴﺍ ) 577 ( ﺓﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻭ ﺍﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ . ﺔﻤﺩﺨﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻹﺍ ﺏﻴﻟﺎﺴﻷﺍ : ﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔـﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻭـﻠﻌﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﺯﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎ ) Spss v21 (، ﻭ ﻲﺌﺎـﺼﺤﻻﺍ ﺞﻤﺎـﻨﺭﺒﻟﺍ ) Winsteps v4.0.0 ( ﻙﻴﺎﻤ ﺭﻜﻨﻴﻟ ـﻟ ) 2017 ( Linacre,M ، ﺵﺍﺭﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺞﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﻲﻓ . 1 . ﺩﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﻏ ، ﻲﻨﺎﺠﻴﺘ ﺭﺼﻨﻤ ) ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺍﺭﻭﺘﻜﺩ ( ﻲﻟﺍﻭﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻟﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﻜﺴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ . – لﺎﺠﻌﻟ ﺔﻴﺎﺒ ، ﻥﺍﻭﺩﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺴ ) ﺭﻴﺘـﺴﺠﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭ ( ﺓﺭﻜﺴﺒ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠﺒ – ﻱﺭﺎﻫﺯﻟ ﻲﻟﻼﺠ ، ﺏﻴﻁﻟﺍ ﺱﺍﺩﻤ ) ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘ ﺵﺘﻔﻤ ( ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻴﺩﻤ ﻲﻠﺤﺭﻭﺒ ﺔﻠﻴﻟﺩ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻤ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺍ ﻯﻭﺭﻜ ﺭﻴﺒﻭﺯ ، ﻱﻭﺍﺯ ﻥﺒ ﺎﻴﺴﺁ ، ﺭﻭﺩﻗ ﻥﺒ ﺩﻴﺸﺭ ) ﻌﺘ ﺫﺎﺘﺴﺃ ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜ ﻡﻴﻠ ( ﻱﺩﺍﻭﻟﺍ . 1
ﺎﻬﺘﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺽﺭﻋ : 1 . ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟ ﻲﻤﺘﻴﺭﺎﻏﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺕﺎﻀﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﺔﻤﺀﻼﻤ ﺔﺠﺭﺩ ﺎﻤ ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺩﻤﺘـﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ؟ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ 1.1 . ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻟﺍ : ﺎﻴﺒﺴﻨ ﺔﻨﻴﺘﻤ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺸﺃ ﺙﺎﺤﺒﻷﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻓ ﻙﺎﻬﺘﻨﻻ )
Lau,1996; Spray,Addel-fattah,Huamg and Lau,1997 ( ﻓ ، ـﻫ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﻡﺘ ﺩﻘ ﺍﺫ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ " ﺵﺍﺭ " ﻲﻗﺍﻭﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻤﺘﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻠﻟ . ﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻠﻠﺸﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔـﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻲـﻗﺍﻭﺒﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩـﻤﺘﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔـﻴﺴﺎﺴﻷ : ﻷ ﺍﺭﻅﻨ ﺔﻘﻠﻁﻤ ﺕﺴﻴﻟ ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﺽﺭﺘﻔﻴ ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻥ . ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﺃ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺭﻅﻨﻴ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴﻭ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻑﺩﻬﻟﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ،ﻲﻠﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻨﻌﻴ . ﺎـﻬﻨﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﻴ ﻲﻠﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺎﻓ ﻥﻭـﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻰﻗﺭﺘ ﺔﺴﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﻓﺍﺭﺤﻨﻻﺍ لﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻥﻜﻟﻭ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻻ ﻡﺃ لﻘﺘﺴﻤ لﻤﺎﻋ ، ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺭﻓﻭﻴ ﻙﻟﺫﻟ ) winsteps v4.0.0 ( ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺓﺩـﻤﺘﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴـﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻠﻟ ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲﻗﺍﻭﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﻻﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍﻭ، ، ﻻﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍﻭ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ : لﻭﺩﺠ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 1 :( ﺤﻀﻭﻴ ﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻲﻗﺍﻭﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻠﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝ . لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻅﺤﻼﻨ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 1 ( ﺔـﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﺼﺤﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻭ ﻲﻜﻴﺴﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﺼﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻗﺭﻓ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻡﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻴ ﻲﻜﻴﺴﻼﻜﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﺼﺤﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ، ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺒ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ . ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻜﺤﻠﻟﻭ ﺃ ،ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭـﻤﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘـﺴﺎﺒ ﻲﻗﺍﻭﺒﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻟﺎﺒ ﻲﻠﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺎﺒ ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤ ﺏـﺠﻴ ﻟﺍ ﻯﺩﺤﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻜﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ، ﻭ ﻲﻫ : 1 . ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻜﻭ لﻭﻷﺍ ﻙﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ ﺭﺴﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺎـﺴﻴ ﻭﺃ ﻥـﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ) 60 % ( ﻭﺃ ) 50 % ( ﺭﺘﺴﺍﻭ ،ﺞﻤﺎـﻨﺭﺒﻟﺍ لـﻴﻟﺩ ﻲـﻓ ﺀﺎﺠ ﺎﻤﻜ ، ﺞﻤﺎـﻨﺭﺒﺭﻭﻁﻤ ﻩﺩﺩـﺤ ﺎـﻤﺒ ﺍﺩﺎـﺸ ) winsteps ( ﺭـﻜﻨﻴﻟ ﻙـﻴﺎﻤ ) LinacreMike ( ﻥﻤ لﺎﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﺤ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﻪﻌﻤ ﻲﺼﺨﺸ لﺎﺼﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ 20 % ﻰﻟﺍ 80 % ﺩـﻌﻴ ﻭ لﻭـﺒﻘﻤ لﺎـﺠﻤ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺎﻨﻠﺠﺴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤﻷ ﺎﻴﻭﻗ ﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ) 21.7 % ( ﺭﺸﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻟ . 2 . ﻥﺃ ﻭﻫ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻙﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﻪﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺭﺴﻓ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨ ) 5 % ( ﻲـﻓ ﻕـﻘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ) 4.7 % .( ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺨﺁ لﻴﻟﺩ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺃ ﺩﻌﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺤ ) . Linacre,2006:272 ( 3 . ﻌﺘﺘ ﻻﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺫﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻩﺭﺴﻔﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟ ﻥﻤﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺭﺫﺠﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻭﻫ ﺙﻟﺎﺜﻟﺍ ﻙﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻭﺃ ﻯﺩ ) 3 (، ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ لﻴﺠﺴﺘﺒ ﻙﻟﺫﻜ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ) 1.688 ( ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﻲﻫﻭ ) 3 (.
2.1 . ﻲﻌﻀﻭﻤﻟﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻟﺍ ) ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟﺍ :( ﻁﺎـﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﻥـﻋ ﺎـﻬﺒ ﻑـﺸﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﻋ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁ ﺕﺭﻬﻅ ﺎﻨﻟ ﻪﻟ ﺕﺤﺭﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻲﻌﻀﻭﻤﻟﺍ " ﻥﻴ " (Yen,1984) ﻲﺌﺎـﺼﺤﻻﺍ Q3 ﺍﺭـﺸﺅﻤ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻌﻀﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻼﻟ . ﺭﺸﺅﻤﻭ Q3 ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﺴﻟﺍ ﻁﺒﻀ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﻭﺯﻟ ﻲﻗﺍﻭﺒﻠﻠﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻭﻫ ﻲﺴﻴﺭﻴﺴﻭﻨﻭﺘﻠﺒﻤﺎﻫﻭﻴﻜﺴﻨﻴﺯ ﺭﻜﺫ )
Zenisky and Hammbleton and Sireci,2002 ( ﻯﺭﻴﻭ ) Ayala,2009:133 ( ﻥﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻲﻗﺍﻭﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﺭﺒﺘﺨﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻌﻀﻭﻤﻟﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜ ﺏﻴﻟﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺤﻟﻭ، ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺃ Q3 ﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺏﺠﻴ (θı) ﺭﻴﺩـﻘﺘﻟ ﺓﺭﺩـﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺫـﻫ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﺘﻴﻟ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ﺹﻭﺤﻔﻤ لﻜﻟ ﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻙﻠﺘﻤﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺹﻭﺤﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻻﺍ لﺎﻤﺘﺤﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ لﻜﻟ ﺓﺭﺩﻘ . ﻲﺌﺎـﺼﺤﻻﺍ ﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻡﻴﻴﻘﺘﻟ ﺔﻤﺎﻋ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﻘﻜﻭ Q3 ﺭﺸﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻘﻔﻟﺍ ﺝﺍﻭﺯﺃ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻻ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻌﻀﻭﻤﻟﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻜﺤﻠﻟ Q3 ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ 0.2 ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺭﻐﺼﺃ -0.2 .) Chen;Thissen,1997 ( ﺭـﺸﺅﻤﻠﻟ ﺔـﻘﻠﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻱﺃ، Q3 ﻥـﻤ ﺭـﺒﻜﺃ |Q3| > 0.2 ﺩﺎـﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻭﺃﺔﻴﻌﺒﺘﻠﻟ ﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ) Ayala,2009:133 ( ) Francis et al,2001: 159-174 ( ) Chrisitine,2010:48 .( ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻔﺘﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ، ﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺕﺤﻭﺍﺭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ Q3 ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ) -0.11 ﻭ -0.17 ( ﻱﻭﺎـﺴﻴ ﻲﺒﺎﺴﺤ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﺒ ) -0.12 (، ﻙﺎـﻬﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﺘ ﻡﻟ ﻡﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋﻭ 0.30 ﺏـﺴﺤ ﻨﻴﺯ ﻲـﺴﻴﺭﻴﺴﻭﻨﻭﺘﻠﺒﻤﺎﻫﻭﻴﻜﺴ ) Zenisky and
Hammbleton and Sireci,2002 (
ﻪـﺤﺭﺘﻗﺃ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻟﺍﻭ، )
Chen and Thissen,1997 ( ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺎـﻤ ) 0.20 ﻭ -0.20 .( ﺕﺍﺩﺭـﻔﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻻﺍ ﺭﺜﺄﺘﺘ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺩﺠﻭﺘ ﻻ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ لﺩﻴ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ، ﻲﻌﻀﻭﻤﻟﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﻪﻴﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺸﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ . 3.1 . ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺘ : ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺤ ﻡﺘ لﺴﻠﺴﺘﻤﻟﺍ ) لﺎﻴﺭﻴﺴﺎﺒ ( ) rpb ( ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻟ ﹰﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍﻭ ،لﻜﻜ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻬﺌﺍﺩﺃﻭ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍﻭ ، ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ . لﻭﺩﺠ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 2 :( ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ . ﻥﺎﺜﻴﺴﻤﺍﻭﺴﻭﻨﻭﺘﻠﺒﻤﺎﻫ ﻥﻤ ﻼﻜ ﺭﺎﺸﺃ )
Hambelton and Swuminathan,1985 ( ﻲﻜﻟ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺅﻓﺎـﻜﺘ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻴ ﻯﺩﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻥﻤﻀ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻠﻟ ﺎﻬﺘﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﻭ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ) ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ = 0.15 ( ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤﻭ ) 0.32 ( ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﺘ ﻯﺩﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﻥﺎﻓ ) 0.18 ( ﻭ ) 0.49 ( ﻡﻴـﻗ ﻥﺎـﻓ ﻲﻟﺎـﺘﻟﺎﺒﻭ ﺠ لﺴﻠﺴﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺜﻟﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﺘﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻯﺩﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤﻀ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻤ . ،ﺓﺭﻴﻐـﺼ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻟ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺤﻨﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻗ ﻙﻟﺫﻜﻭ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ .
4.1 . ﻥﻴﻤﺨﺘﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻋ ﻲﻨﺩﺘ ﺽﺍﺭﺘﻓﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻟﺍ : ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﻻﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ) winsteps ( ﺭﻴﺩـﻘﺘ ﺭﻓﻭﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻤ ، ﻙﻟﺫ ﺏﻠﻁ ﺔﻟﺎﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻁﻘﻓ ﻥﻜﻟﻭ ، ﻡﻴﻗ ﺭﻬﻅﺘﻭ ﺩﻭﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺤﺘ ﻥﻴﻤﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻤ " ﻰﻨﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺨﺘﻟﺍ "، ﻥﻴـﺒ ﹰﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻪﻤﻴﻗﻭ ) 0 ﻭ 1 ( ، ) Baker,2001:28 ( ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋﻭ ) 0 ﻭ 0.35 ( ﺔﻟﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﺕﺴﻴﻟ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻕﻭﻓ ﺎﻤﻭ . ﻡﻭﺭﻭ لـﻀﻔﻴ ﻭ ) Warm, 1978 ( ﻥﻴﻤﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ) 0.2 ( ﻙﻟﺫ ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﻭﺃ ، لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ . ﻟﻭﺩﺠ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 3 :( ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟ ﻥﻴﻤﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ . لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 3 ( ﻥـﻤ لـﻗﺃ ﻲـﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟ ﻲﻨﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﻤﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻗ ﻊﻴﻤﺠ ﻥﺃ ) 0.10 ( ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺩﻋ ﺎﻤ ، ) 4 ( ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﻠﺠﺴ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ) 0.12 ( ﻲـﻓﻭ ﺭﻔـﺼﻟﺍ ﻥـﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻗﻭ ﺔﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤ ﻡﻴﻗ ﻡﻭﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻫﻭ ، لﺎــﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﻥــﻤ ﻼــﻜ ﻩﺩﺩــﺤ ﻱﺫــﻟﺍ ﻥﻴــﻤﺨﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻴــﻘﻟ لﻭــﺒﻘﻤﻟﺍ ) 112 : Linacre,2012 )( 184 -164 : ,2003 Steven ( ) Baker,2001:28 .( 5.1 . ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻋ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺭﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻟﺍ : لﻭـﺼﻭﻟﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺓﺫـﻤﻼﺘﻟﺍ لﺸﻓ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﹰﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺩﻜﺄﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻭ ،ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺽﺎﻔﺨﻨﻻ ﻁﻘﻓ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺤﻴﺤﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻟ لـﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕـﻗﻭ ﻕﻴـﻀ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﻌﻴ ﻻ ﺭـﻬﻅﻴ ﻡﻟ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﺃ ﻥﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻼﻟ ﻡﻬﻟ ﻲﻓﺎﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻟﺍ ﺓﺫﻤﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻁﻋﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻥﻋ ﻙﻟﺫﻭ ،ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺭﺴﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﻴﺎﻔﻜ ﻡﺩﻋﻭ ﺕﻗﻭﻟﺍ ﻕﻴﻀ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻟﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻯﻭﻜﺸ ﻱﺃ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ ﻱﺃ . 2 . ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺞﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺸﺍﺭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺄ ﺭﺘﻤﺍﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺤ ؟ لﺍﺅﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻟ ﻡﺘ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻟﺍ ﺓﺫﻤﻼﺘ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ) Winsteps ( ﺝﺫﻭـﻤﻨﻟﺍ لـﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟ ﻡﻤـﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﺃ ﻱﺩﺎـﺤ ﺭﺘﻤﺍﺭﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻟﺎﺤ ﻱﺃ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻡﻟ ﺔﻓﺭﻁﺘﻤﻟﺍ ، ﻟﺍ ﺕﺤﺠﻨ ﻙﻟﺫﻟ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻤﺠ ) 28 ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ ( لـﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ) 577 ( ﺓﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻭ ﺍﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ . ﻥﻋ ﻡﻬﻟ ﺔﻤﺀﻼﻤﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤ ﺩﻴﺯﺘ ﻥﻴﺫﻟﺍ ﻱﺃ ،ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻠﻟ ﻥﻴﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﺒﻭ ) 2 ( ﻥﻋ لﻘﺘ ﻭﺃ ) -2 ( ﺕﻤﺘ ، ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ لﻜﻟ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻤ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ،ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻑﺸﻜﻠﻟ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺍ ، ﻱﺭﺎـﻴﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺄﻁﺨﻟﺍﻭ ﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﻤ ﺱﺎﻴﻗ ﻲ ، ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﺍ ﻡﻴﻗﻭ ، ﺕﺎـﻌﺒﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻁـﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻲﺌﺎـﺼﺤﺈﺒ ﻪـﻨﻋ ﺭـﺒﻌﻴﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ . ،ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺕﺎﻌﺒﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﺈﺒ ﻪﻨﻋ ﺭﺒﻌﻴﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﺍ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺕﻴﺠﻭﻠﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺤﻭﺒ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻤ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﻤ لﻜﻟ ل ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ .
لﻭﺩﺠ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 4 ( ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻕﻓﻭ ﹰﺎﻴﻟﺯﺎﻨﺘ ﺔﺒﺘﺭﻤ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺅﺎﻁﺨﺃﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ . ﻥـﻤ ﺓﺭﺭـﺤﺘﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻠﻟ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻋﺍ ﺕﻤﺘ ،ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍﻭ ،ﻥﻴﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺩﺎﻌﺒﺘﺴﺍ ﺩﻌﺒ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍﻭ ﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺭﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻠﻟ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ . ﻟﻭﺩﺠ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 5 :( ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺭﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻘﻠﻟ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ .
ﻟﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 5 ( ﻥﻴﺒﺎﻤ ﺕﺤﻭﺍﺭﺘ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺭﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ) 3 -21 ( ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﻭ ، ﻎﻠﺒ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ) 0.30 ( ﻎﻠﺒ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺤﻨﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺕﻴﺠﻭﻟ ) 0.84 ( ﻲﺒﺎـﺴﺤﻟﺍ ﻁـﺴﻭﻠﻟ ﻱﺭﺎـﻴﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺄﻁﺨﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ،ﺕﻴﺠﻭﻟ ﻎﻠﺒ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻟ ) 0.04 ( ﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﺎﻤ ،ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻪﻀﺭﺘﻔﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺏﺭﺘﻘﺘ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻲﻫﻭ ، ﻰـﻠﻋ ﺩﺍﺭـﻓﻷﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻗﺩ ﻰ لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻤﺴﻟﺍ لﺼﺘﻤ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫ ﻥﻴﺒﻴ : لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 6 :( ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺭﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ . لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 6 ( ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻎﻠﺒ ) ﹰﺍﺭﻔﺼ ( ﻎـﻠﺒ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺤﻨﻻﺍﻭ ،ﺕﻴﺠﻭﻟ ) 0.93 ( ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺕﺤﻭﺍﺭﺘ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺭﺭﺤﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻗﻭ ،ﺕﻴﺠﻭﻟ ) -1.61 ( ﻰﻟﺍ ) 1.46 ( ﻱﺭﺎـﻴﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺄـﻁﺨﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ ، ﻎﻠﺒ ﺩﻘﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻟ ﻲﺒﺎﺴﺤﻟﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﻠﻟ ) 0.10 ( ،ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﻗﺩ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﺎﻤ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺔﻴﻨﺩﺘﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﻪﺘﺭﻭﺼﺒ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﻡﻟﺎﻌﻤ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻡﺘ ) 22 ( ﻴﺭﻁ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ،ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺔـﻴﺤﺠﺭﻻﺍ ﺔﻘ ﺔﻁﻭﺭﺸﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻰﻤﻅﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺄﻁﺨﻟﺍ لﻴﻠﻘﺘﻟﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﻕﺩﺃ ﺭﻴﺩﻘﺘﻟ ، . ﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ لﻜﺸ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 1 ( ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ لﻜﻟ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺩﻭﺩـﺤ ﻥﻤـﻀ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﺭﻭﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩﻟﺍ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﻁﻤﻟﺍ ) ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ( ﺔﻴﺠﺭﺎﺨﻟﺍﻭ ) ﺔﻴﺩﻋﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ( ، ﺎﻤﻜ ﻤ ﻲﺌﺎـﺼﺤﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻗ لﺎﺠﻤ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ﻱﺩـﻋﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎـﻌﺒﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻁـﺴﻭﺘ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺝﺭﺩﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﺒﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻗﻭ ، . لﻜﺸ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 1 :( ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟ ﻲﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭﻴﺩﻋﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﺒﺭﻤﻟﺍ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﺍ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ ) MNSQ .( لﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 1 ( ﻥﺃ ﺭﻭﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ) 22 ( ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ ) ﺭﺒﻌﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﻭﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ Measure ( ﻁـﺴﻭﺘﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﺼﺤﻻﺍ ﺔﻤﺀﻼﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻠﻟ لﻭﺒﻘﻤﻟﺍ لﺎﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ
ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻭـﻫﻭ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻪﻀﺭﺘﻔﻴ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺜﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺎﻘﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﻋﺎﺒﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﺒﺭﻤﻟﺍ ) 1 ( ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻪﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﺤﻭﺍﺭﺘ ﺙﻴﺤ ، ) 0.84 -1.13 ( ﻲﺒﺎﺴﺤ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤﺒ ) 0.99 ( ﻨﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﺍﺭﺤ ) 0.08 ( لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫﻭ ، ﻥﻤ ﻼﻜ ﻩﺩﺩﺤ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺞﺘﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻟﺍ )
Wright and Linacre,1994 ( ﻡﻴﻘﻟﺎﺒ ) 0.70 -1.30 ( ﻡﻴﻘﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ) 0.50 -1.5 ( ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻌﻗﻭﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻴﻜﻭﻠﺴﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﺴﺤ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻲﺌﺎﺼﺤﺇ ﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﺩﺤﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻘﻟﺍﻭ ) ﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﺨﺘﻟﺍ لﺜﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻁﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺀﺎﻁﺨﻻﺍ ﺔﻌﻗﻭ ( ﺩﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ . ﺔـﻤﻴﻘﻟﺎﻓ ﻙﻟﺫﻟ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ) 1.0 ( ﺭﺸﺅﻤﻟ ) Outfit-Underfit ( ﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻭﺃ ) MNSQ <0.7 /-2 ( ﻲـﻓ لﺨﺍﺩـﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻥﻴﺎﺒﺘ ﺩﻭﺠﻭ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺭﺭﺒﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ . ﻥﻤ لﻗﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺍﻭ ) 1.0 ( ﺭﺸﺅﻤﻟ ) Infit-Overfit ( ﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﻭﺃ ) MNSQ >1.3 /2 ( ﺝﺫﻭـﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﺼﺤﺍ ﻡﺨﻀﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺒﺴﺘﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺭﻔﻤ ) William j et al,2014:166 . ( ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺸﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺩﺘﻭ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻅﺤﻼﻤﻟﺍ ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺏﺍﺭﺘﻗﺍ ) ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻕﺒﺎﻁﻴ ﻪﻟ ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤ لﻀﻓﺃ ( ﺭﻓﺍﻭـﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻨﺤﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻟ ﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﻙﻟﺫﺒﻭ ﻭﻤﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻗﻭﺘﻤﻠﻟ ﺓﺫﻤﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻟ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ﻥﻋ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﺔﻤﻠﻌﻤﻟ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺝﺫ . ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﻕﺩﺼ : ﻭﻫﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻻﺍ ﺏﺠﻴ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻼﻟ ﻲﺌﺎﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻕﺩﺼﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻠﻟﻭ : ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ لﻫ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " ؟ﺔﻠﺼﻔﻨﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻡﺃ لﺴﻠﺴﺘﻤ ﻲﻤﺭﻫ ﺏﻴﺘﺭﺘ ﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺔﻁﻴﺭﺨ ﻥﺎﺜﺤﺎﺒ " ﺕﻴﺍﺭ , Wright " ،ﻲـﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭـﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘـﺴﻤ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﺨﻻ ﻲﺌﺎـﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺞﻴﺭﺩـﺘﻟﺍ ﺩـﻌﺒ ﻼﻜﺸﻟﺍﻭ ﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 2 ( ﻙﻟﺫ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ : لﻜﺸﻟﺍ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 2 ( ﺔﻁﻴﺭﺨ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ " ،ﺕﻴﺍﺭ Wright " ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺞﻴﺭﺩﺘﻟ ﻻﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨ ) 22 ( ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ . ﺔﻁﻴﺭﺨ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ " ﺕﻴﺍﺭ " ـﻟ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻜ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻ ﺔﻤﻤﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺄﺒ " لـﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " ﻯﺭـﺨﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﺜﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻟﺩﻷﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ لﻜﻟ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺔﺒﺘﻋ ﻁﺴﻭﺘﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯﻟﺎﻓ ،ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴﺘﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺍ لﻴﻤﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ
ﺍﺩﺘﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﻥﺃ ﻻﺇ ﻲﻤﺭﻬﻟﺍ لﺴﻠﺴﺘﻟﺍ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲـﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺭـﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻟ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺘﻋ ﻲﻓ لﺨ ﺭـﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘـﺴﻤ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﺔﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﻥﻜﺘ ﻡﻟ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻟ ﺎﻴﺌﺯﺠ ﻯﺯﻌﻴ ﺩﻗﻭ ،ﺔﻠﺼﻔﻨﻤ ﺕﺴﻴﻟ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻲﻨﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ ." ﺔـﻴﻤﺭﻫ ﻥﻭـﻜﺘ ﺎـﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﺔﻌﺒﺭﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻏﺭﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻤﻭﻤﻋﻭ ﹰﺎﻴﻌﻴﺒﻁ . ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻟﺍﻭ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " ﺔـﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺎـﻬﻨﻭﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺩﺒ ﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺕﻗﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺓﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺩﻴﺍﺯﺘﺘ ﺓﺫﻤﻼﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺭﺜﻜﺃ ﻊﻗﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻫ ،ﺔﺘﺒﺎﺜ . ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﺼﺤﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺩﻨﻋﻭ " Winsteps " ﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻔﻟﺍ ﻡﻋﺩﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻥﺄﺒ ﺔﻠﺌﺎﻘﻟ " لـﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " ﺭـﻴﻜﻔﺘﻠﻟ ﺔـﻁﻴﺭﺨ ﻥﻴﺒﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻠﺼﻔﻨﻤ ﺕﺴﻴﻟﻭ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻟﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﺭﻫ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ " ﺕـﻴﺍﺭ " ﻡﺩـﻋ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺔﻤﻤﺼﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻊﺠﺍﺭ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺭﺒﻋ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﻡﺎﻅﺘﻨﺍ . ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﻥﺎﻓ ﻡﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺒﻭ ﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺱﻴﻘﺘ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎ " لﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻓ " ﻙﺎـﻨﻫ ﻥﺄـﻓ ﻙـﻟﺫ ﻊﻤﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻤﺼﺘ ﻡﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻘﺤﻻ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻘﺤﺘﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺩﻴﺯﻤ ﻕﺤﺘﺴﻴ ﺫﻭﺫﺸﻟﺍ ﺽﻌﺒ . ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺜ : ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻭﺼﺤﻟﺍ ﻡﺘ : ﺹﺎـﺨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎـﺒﺜﻟﺍ لـﻤﺎﻌﻤﻭ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺎـﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺎﺒ . لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺍ ﻙﻟﺫ ﺢﻀﻭﻴ : ﻡﻗﺭ لﻭﺩﺠ ) 7 :( ﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻸﻟ ﺔﻴﺭﺎﻴﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﺎﻤﻫﺀﺎﻁﺨﺃﻭ لﺼﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻟ ﺹﺨﻠﻤ ﺵﺍﺭ ﺝ ﺩﻌﺒ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻ ﻲﺌﺎﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺞﻴﺭﺩﺘﻟﺍ ) 22 ( ﺓﺩﺭﻔﻤ . لﻭﺩﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺢﻀﺘﻴ ﻡﻗﺭ ) 7 ( ﻱﻭﺎـﺴﺘ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻥﺃ ) 9.20 ( ﻥﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻲﻫﻭ ) 2 ( لـﻗﺃ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﻲﺌﺎـﻬﻨﻟﺍ ﺞﻴﺭﺩﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻟ ﻲﻤﺭﻬﻟﺍ لﺴﻠﺴﺘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻜﺄﺘ ﻲﻟﺎﺘﻟﺎﺒﻭ ، ﻲﻫ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ لﺼﻔﻟ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ) 3 ( ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻟ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ لﻗﺃﻭ ، ) 0.90 ( ﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻲﻜﻟ ، ﺔﻤﺴﻟﺍ لﺼﺘﻤ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜ ﺕﺍﺩ ﻲﺌﺎـﻨﺒﻟﺍ ﻕﺩـﺼﻟﺍ ﺊﻓﺎـﻜﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼ ﺔﻴﻤﺭﻫ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻟ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﺔﻴﺎﻔﻜﻭ ،ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﻴﻘﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﻸﻟ ) Linacre2012:644 .( ،ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﺨﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺭـﻔﻤ ﺔﺒﻭﻌـﺼ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻁﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻰﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺸﺘﻨﺘ ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺎﻓ ﺍﺫﻬﻟﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﺜ ﻊﻤ ﻲﻤﺘﻴﺭﺎﻏﻭﻟ ﻡﻠﺴ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﺠ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺭ . ﺔـﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺔـﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻲـﻓ ﻪﻠﻴﺠﺴﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﺔﻤﻴﻘﻟﺎﺒ ) 0.99 ( ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺜ لﻤﺎﻌﻤﻟ . ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺕﻐﻠﺒ ﺎﻤﻜ ﺭﺸﺅﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻸﻟ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ ) 1.32 ( ﻥﻤ ﺔﺒﻴﺭﻗ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻲﻫﻭ ) 2 ( ،ﺎﻤ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﻲﻫ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻟ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ لﻗﺃ ﻥﺃ ﺙﻴﺤ ) 2 ( ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻭ ، ) 0.80 ( ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻜﻟ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻴـﺒ ﺯـﻴﻴﻤﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﺴﺎﺴﺤ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﻴﻋ ﻰـﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﺸﺘ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻻﺇ ﺎﻤ ﺎﻋﻭﻨ ﺔﻟﻭﺒﻘﻤ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺕﺎﺒﺜﻟﺍﻭ لﺼﻔﻟﺍ لﻤﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻼﻜ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﺤﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻓﻭ ،ﺽﻔﺨﻨﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﻤﺎـﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺩﺭﻔﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺯﻤﻟ ﻲﺴﺩﻨﻬﻟﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺔﺠﺎﺤ ) GI ( ﻭ ) GP ( ﺏﺎـﺴﺤ ﻡـﺘ
