'p'r~iousIY 'eoPY;'i~hted mat~rlals (iour':-'I,'~ni~lesi

:.f '

I

_I

'p'r~iousIY 'eoPY;'i~hted mat~rlals (iour':-'I,'~ni~lesi

published tests,ete.: arenotfilmed.

La:

qUBlitlLdc1lnpreUiOnd~^{ce,u'inespages peu t} laine;'!desirar,s urtoutsilespages originales onl

ere

'd.actylograpnih s -i!' I'lIide d'un.ruban useousi,I'uniyer-

sitenous a,fait,parYenlrune pbctoeoplederlllluvBise

,qualitli. '

. . ', '.. ' ,, '

: L n

document '

'q~i ,'i~nt 'dej~ ' I'~bje~ ~i'u~'di~~t

d'euteur(artiei~sderevue,e~amenspublies,etc.lne

. ~,~~Z$=::~:·,

^mime,

~;tiC:'~~'L ~'i'~rOf;;~

..est solimise!18 lol eanadien na,lur'ledro itd'auteur;

.SAC,1,~7 0,c.C·30.VeLliliezprend reco,rlnaisSlIriCl:d1es'"

formulesd 'aUto~isationquiaeeompagnent,ce!te,th,eSll,. ', :. :,.,':":.' " """"

.".::~,:,:' ~ ~A'T~,ESE A

^{'ETE" .,',:':,'.}

MICROFllMEETELLEQUE'·

NOU~^{L'AVONS"AECUE}

re p e a t ed. eye-closu res.

t .

•4> .

.;

,

.," ' i

1 .3

-:

'- ' ,- '

' .

Inter.llct~n"'l ana_l.~lIilil·'of~the ~a.~~rB -tha~ infl ue n ceor: dete r mi n e h y p notJ za bi l i t y."Two se rle s of' rapid'hypno t i c in du ct i o ns ''';''ere deve·l.oped~ in one ., the ~tnduction8were . extr""mely.varied' and ,c ons i s t e d »e thr e e'unct:mventional induj::ti~na, and in, -th e" 8eco~ll.·s e r iee, thre eeucc eeedve

"" eye ..;6l.0'BU;e

rnductl~na ~\re'

admi n is tered.

\

.~^-Itwashypothelli~eQ'^that"the rewo ul d,bean- in t eraction betwe en_'t.h e, pe r sona l i t y··variable of extraver donanathe

,me tho d , of'hypno sis. Extra ve r ts wer e hypot~e 81ze d to

grea ter- hyp n o t iza b i l i t y than in tro verts in.' respon ~ e'tothe

,varied

hyp notic i~d~ct ion whil e i t~~ae. .~ pre di ctedt'hat the'int r ov ert swOuld res Po n d.IIlOr e strong l yto

, , \'

Sixty'un ~er e ityBtude~t s'we~e divid~d in to ~i9h' an d low'extraverei'bn gro"'u p oonthe'be sLeof'th ei r extra v ersio n ecore e', T'i"elv eof thesewe: e drawn ~and orn ~yand,assigned,to an-ex te r n a l contr ol gro up. The rema in i ngsubjectswere

SUbdivi~ed

^'and

as(ig~e~ ,

^{to one}

o~

^{the two induction}

'c o n dit '1o n s. All subjectscomp i et edanintere str<I.t ingscal e a-tthe en d of theexpe rim ent.

introvertB~

w~re mOr~ hyp.ooti r;abie·thim introverts. The'",pr~~cted

~'YPo~8i:' ^{'w a\ .-} no~ '

conf i rrJIed; but. . an unantJ:cl. pllote d.: .

int:racti~n" wa~

^-apparen<t7'' . ' . i.' t"

The rapid.

uuc:ee:p'o i,"e" V~i'tOy.ction

.'p·ro<r~rea pr()du~ed

^{_,gr ea t'e r hypnotic}

~ .,. ~

^in'

"~xt~averte._whe~ th' ~r,loorell'lo'~re compa.r~l1-to tlohe~xterna l

con tro l .group .whi ch received a,'etand ard.eye-closu r e indu ct ion only: Thi:

_. d1f~erence

. ^....'^e...

B~6t

"e vide

,..

nt

w ' i t h ' re~'rd

As

p~~dicted. hypnot.i~ability

^{Wall found}

..,-to c~rrel'ate wi~h

ⁱn t e -:ll.at.

Th~ .dif£~rencelill ~~n~ 'the ,

^{gro up}means, £ o r

th ~ ' i~tere8~ r~t~n91l!1 'were -l<h~

^{",same 'asi.}

~h08e, '~' '~he

.hyp notiz a bility sc ores. Theee re s ults were di ll c us s e dwith i n

J-. . . . . • .. . . .

the fram ew ork'.of Ey s enck ' 8 theo ry,or extr av e rsion . I,n ad d ition; methodo l ogi c a l dif fi c u J,tie s wer.e·.discussed and ,s u 9 geat ions conce l:nin g f ut u r e reeee rcnwer e-made .

,I: i

' ?

I

I

i !

. ....

'.,.;:,..', .

- - - - -. -', - -- - -_.

.;'cl

j : .'1

l, .- .

.

,.~^. -.:,.. , '..~.

: •TABU-OY'~!S,

... .

~

... .

ME~~~ect ~ .

^{.: :•••• •1'30}

. MllIt,srials.·••• ••••• •• • •.•.••• •••••;••"••• •••• •••••• ;••.••••• •:'32

•sec ceeer e••• • • • •~•• • • .• •;••• •••,•••••••• •••• ••••••.••·:.'34 ,

RESU~TS

. ,: ' .' . . " . . . . - ",,: .. Analy.i.of hypno t lta bil. i t yeeeree•••.• • ••••• •••• •• •• ••36 .. Ansl.y.i.o£int.r•• t rat1ngll••_•••••••• • •••••••••••••:_36 COrr 'lht ionbet_enhyp not izability and1n t .re.t•••••••37 compariBo!"ofeJ: per1~ent.landcont ~ol~nd 1 tion.1I•• •• ••.37'

-. ~:::~~::~ : ;.:.~.:: ::::: : ': :: . :: ' : ': ' :::: :: _{~~ ~ :.: : ::::.~ :: : .~.:.}

~ERENcES~ ~ " ":" ' "

^{.;.•.• ••;•• •'"••}

:'~' " ~ .:

^••••

~

^{..',••'. _ 55}

~P:~=~~~~

_{AppendiJ:·B•}

A

_{••• • ••·•}

:

_{•••••}

:

_{•••• •}

::

_•

.:

_{• •••,•.••• ••;}

: . . ~.

_.,

: ' 61

₆₃

,

' " ~~:~~~: ~: : : :~: : : ::: : : : : : : .' :: : : : :'::: : : : : :: : : :: " : : ^{' :: , ::} :': _;~

~~:ri~~ : ~: :::::!-:::> ::::::::::;::::' ::::::::. :::::'::::: : :~ .

.Appe n dix H ••••••·••••••• •• •••••••••_••• ••••••••••• •• ••.•• 98

Appendi x I'~: ,,~.,

; · '

:.~. ~ "; 100

'.

~.'

- " , ~.);.=, . ,-" , - '" --

:Comparison.~et....een't he combinEld:9'roup~an d thecontrol.oronaiti.o~forhYEno~i.ul~ ilty . scores •...••••••••.• •••• • ••••••...•••• •• •••.•..-•• 45

~:~pari.~on

^{•.:b e t....een th e'}

·~~bine- d ~roup. ~~d

the co ntrol'condit i on for interest- .:rati ?9s.•...•^I ;~..~ ;~•••• •:.~••• •,••• ••• TABLE"

TABLE

a

+- ~ "

===~>/-~- -

^{1- - - " - - - . ; /}

!Ll S TO;,T ABLES -.

I

I . , I

Meana'an det andard'dev i ati on s of ':' .

,

::::::::~::::::::~~:. ~::;::~:~::~

^{•••:••••• •••}

~

³⁹

' j

hypnot izab ili.ty.Bea,r e s ••••• • • •;•• •••• •••". : . . .. .. -

' 1

~~~:~e ~~~r:~~~~:r~o~e~~:~~d;t of .' . -: - ,.-,

e~per lmental,gro up s•••.•••.••• • •. •0'• •••••••••••••41 · ~ ,TABLE.4•tUrM\a ry of an alysisof varia nc e on.

_~~i-'--~"---~ ~

. intere s trat~.n91l. '".;•. •••.~•••''':~:':~_'_'.'-P-;-f>'~.:42 ",,.

I

TABLE 5 CompariaonBbe t we en the fo ur'experimentll l"

I

gro u()8 andt.h e contro l·condi t i on,f o r

hypnoti :z:abll ;tyBCOre S••••;.'•••• .~.;0"•• • • • . ;• • •~. 43 TABLE6 'CompaJ:"l s ons'b etween the four experiment a l

~roup8 and-t he.con u roj,co ndition for,' . .' .~ l.ntere8t,rat i n 9s••~.:.. • ••.•••,~•. •• ••.~." " " ,;",

,.., ' ,",

.

.INTRoDtlCTIOfi'

.~.

Int.roduct ion .:

... .

-'it

- "

., .. The

:1,I~pose ~.\. ~hi.':.J;per ilDen~, .

WU.t.o"U Be ss"

th~ '

"co n t r ibu t ionof car t.ai l'!.inh u en c e . tot.~ehypnot1:l:abi l it.y ,of

··I ndiv idual a ;-

.'The••

are the ind ividua l's

' parBon~li ty,

th e

s1t.uatiO~~1 inf1~q".n d

^the

rrr:

^{'btween thet.wli' "'}

Re s e a r ch in't.h e are. .of hYPn o si/. tn.o to treat h.ypnotizability u a singletra~ tordinie.nl n,.Ilnd 1=:h1:is, r'ell e cte d by the refineme nt.,Of ,sta n dar d i z d hypnoti c :su s cep ti bili t y 8cale s.. However, clinicalhypo,tists,~UCh

as Mil t 'On Er i c k soD, aet.i :--ely hyp n otic inducti on s .in orft e J:

thei rsubjec te .

modify-"lupe ct s of their

- "-

to lIea t.theunique ne e dsof

Eric kson'8 ut ili z a t ion approach"'&cJtnowle~ges:

indi v i dual' sattitude. , •• pectations,IllOtiva t ions , andot h e r cha r ac t e r-is ticsaffect the de gre e to"'hlo;:h'h y p notic trance

~~.,n

^{be induced.} "n e t e f o r e , it is

sU~gest~

^{that 'the}

~y~noti ;t

^{prese n ta}

tai l~~.ed ~et.

^,ofins t. r uct i o n e

w~iCh

^{su i ts}

the unique

"~r.9nal~~f

^{'thesubject .} Deepi t e his

det~iled

~lin;cal'

a5ou'nt's ,

~c~n

^{does not.}

~~~'ort

^the

reSU1~8

^of.

controlled inv'; s t.igat10n or oener types .o f empi rical. ve r i li c at i on . Still• .there'ex ist' adequa te e. pe ri llle nta l paradigms which perr ni t 'r e s earchers tospecify,th e un"iqu e con t ribu t. ionsoft.~esub je c t ' .personal cn.i"acterist ici .,t he'

"chypno~i c situat ion, and the.i nte r actionbe t ...een th eset.wo

# 'lI_ ', 0'

In the

l~

^{'dec a d e,}

PBYC:hcil~i8~·i. ha~.

^{v·oiced'4 .}degr"ee

( . . " '

. .

.of

,di a sll.,tisfllc t i o n wi t h,tr"aditional trai t. appro achesto

.'l, . .. ,t o .

conc eptu~l i zin'l'personality. .A811llilar l~cko~f 8at~ sfactiari. can benot,edwith

reg~rd' ~

^{t he}

,,~

tuationist.'pd Bi ti o n-

~~d ~l . ,,;. ,'mo, _t~

^io.,row'.,

th.oret;r~l i~t.re.t roncer~in~'

.'

the interactiori bet....een '\>eraonality; ~r 'organismic , variables,r""n~ l(Ilt~a~ional iil.nuenc~e.\.A ,.tat iati c a l' asses sm ent ofthes efac t ors is achieved bypart itioningthe total-

v~ra.nce

Of a dependel'\t

var_~abl'e

^{int.'o: th.e.,vadance'.}

explained/byth e influ~ ~ceof t.he "per8on~, the- variance'due to the "sit uat i o n",an d that which 18 duetotheeta t i.stica l 1\

'inter~~tion' b~t:''''~r

^thetwo".

~Y ~ernaining vad~ce

^{j.'s:d u e,}

to-unexplainedvariance. By using_t he anal ysisof ,variance

fra~ework. ,i t is possiblefQr.a nexperi7~terto ~va lua t 8 theinflue n c eso~.diffe tJnt aevei.e-ofa,p eno n al.ity variable

~hi,:..~.are ^{4,cross ed,wi th}, 'd i. f f erentle vel sof,asit.uat ion~l va r j.a ble. as well ee the int e r a c ti on between the two •

.Throu g h such analyds~ ~linica~applications~pnoB ia~ay

~i o te rl c -tional mooe l.~h no tizab il bebetter understood.,",

Peuonality"p.y~~ · 8 at t emp t ,t o 8pe~i fy t.he

: determi~ant

^,

~aviollral varia ti~n

^(Endler'"

M~gnusao~,

ove r 1;/mani f es tati ons of personality ; the mealurement of

v

significant determinant of Bthaviour. .An impOrtant

~ ~d,;,r::atiVe)Of th~ t£-a~~Odel-l.S

^{that the}

p~:80nal~~Y Of ,the

in divi dualis.thebasis fo r consi s tency,in behaviodt.acro1rs

. .

. .

situations . Investigat o r s,of this theoretic al perluasion .c~Jnpare indiv:RliJ'ns'inte rmsof the,degr ee to ,which' they d:!,.ffer .ond~meneions-of reJ ative.ly end~rin9ten d e nc iesto action(Monte ,

'197 7) .

Al iport(1966)·sUgg~ st8 ^that trait~

".accodnt.for

th~ i~dividuah'

^{e sty1 e.e,of think i ngand}

mani fe~t

be ha viou rs .

.' . . ~

rh e-traitand'psycho dynamic rnodeJ.e,'a r e si lllilar

in

^the

. . C · O ·

sens e' that a ~8 ic,per s o nali ty.~c ore· ie see n 'asthe"'

rpAG~'-; ^{. ,}

^1,'-

i. : ^-;

t _

~ers·~na;:i.ty ,·iand,lhedevelopment6f "pe_r.son~ty.

.Magnuuoo'(19 7 6)'oistingui sh fOl,lr-"model s-,~n 1=.h ! a area l.

t r ait.;

PlIychOdynam~C_ (p~YChcia~~~Yt~Cl " ~ ~itu~ti~n i~~'

(beha viourist ) ;ll~d i.nt eract \oni,et . • ,. .

~...

. .,

'I ' . . - .

The~,rai~chi,8.d~stinct ~ rdm ot~er'Illod elson.the ba sia__.of-·-t he follo....ingthreeassumpti ons(Su ndberg.197 7).

~~:~.

^{thetrait'model}

assumes .~h~t·

^a1 1 perso;ne

~~veaim.:q.a·~'

^•

bhar\locte~isticB

^bUt. differ,in the degre'e to

~hich '

they

.

-

^'

.

'I?os~es~'^{these. ,secondiy,} trait ~'^{ar e relative ly per manent:·}

~~d .finally, .be h aviou :-al ,~,ei!!leur e s m~y•. be _':lse f u1.

\~"dicators

^{of theextentto}

wb~Ch

^an

i~df\.idUa\eOe~:,ees

sp e cifi c trait;' Once , II tr~it/ie inferred' (th r o ugh

" ,-", '..

.

mea s ureme:tJ~i ~',~,~.US,7 60untfor obt e rved behavi ou:;a l con."een~:-":~_:68 ).

"" . . ..enU., eeetuxe

o~

"5

•• > "._,_. _ . ._...._ _. _'-'-~._-'---'----

to

Si~~ationi"

^is'the..e.ntith e si·...ofth e tr dt-'

-~;prD"'C~"""

....

'(E~dler

^" "iagnuuon.

li76 )'~ :' ~a~c:terhtic.

^of.

s .1~~~ion. ~.

(Iettillg's ).:re..

h~l d

^{to b/ the}

C:hi~f d.t'U·1I~~nt. ";

^-

~f '"

~lndividua.l..behaviou r• .It 11c1e ar hOlithillllIOd el.dif f en, f~onithe trait mode l~' variati~nBinbeha viour are' obee r v e d

. . ' . , .

IHIaflJnct~n.of

rr;

^among..st.,i mul i intheII'nV.irOllll\en~.

Themodelo-hn- l uro o t lin -.ti m ulul'-.relponse" c;~riceptionl'

. o f beh~':'1our.

^and

th~

^lIIain

~ropO~lInt

^ot

.~hIi-v!ewpo·.int:.

^{'h ..}

,B.·F.Sid-nnn(953 ) who.

~~e~trused

^the

~o~t~Oll.i~g

'<$l

.r~

'~-'.

.: ... . ~ I: ^{_ _} ~~ ~ .:~ ^{. .} :~ .~~.7 . : . .

-':-'-~ '-.~

^,

'p~~ ~~~~ ~-::~;! ~ ~~I

... . ' . .. <:« " [ . \ ·· · r

~

^..

/P':~oa~h

i8..' " lU1Mrence.to

f.

^Vl.•

~~n.t U:~b'-'9i.ve_D;.

^.:-.

~~ . .~. t . •

il me<Uure on a tTaitlilIle n s i on, bellaviolll' canbe pre~lct:te'd' -

• '.. J.

"

----' ~~.'

.":

"

. .

. . . '

.

. i

infl.u,:nce'·of ,t.he env ironment arid,iu ro i-:'ll8 th.lI1%IO.,l'

important dete_rlIIinant.,ofbehavio u r: ,.r\UIIb<IIr ot.!';r.~a l:i ty

lheorh t a. SUCh..a8 MisChel .(1968 ) . ha v e appl..i.ed.,·t h ia perspeet.i.vet.ofOI1llIll.lh.or.i.. e~_£·P.F .~~l1ty·a ndbeha"io~.

.. ' .

The thir d-od.l. II.i.ntet a."c t i onlBl11. 'Thl"1 part.ic ular .c:oneequence·of. dis lI&ti. faclion:,!i t h. the t.rai t ecde L, .In-!..number of

.I tudillll .

·'Iltlelllpt~ ~avi .~een llI4d~e~n:.in. t.h.".~~nt

^ot

va.z-Lenc e..ace ounud·:forbyJ.ndi.vi d uala andt.he alll6u nt,due t.o .•a1tU,l'tions.

, In

lIlan y ca..,,; t.h egrea tlu t'

..

. .amo~nt^of:v;tri~ti~

is·,ac coun tedfo r by,tha pers on-s i.t.ua'-ion·in teract.iona.

au t. ho l'

ha~ lI~~'llrize~

the re'aul t. s,

~f

elevlIn

p~n,on-lI~tua~ion

st.udi es.,:"bich u. .a:analye i e·o f_va r i a n CI to;·iSllte~ine

. ·"ft

, :~::~::~~~:jf~:::,:n~:'~:~:::~':::::::~::n:';~:j!::::

' .'. :~97.~:_~.: ~'_~;r~',:eUg?,e~~~~ ^: ~ha~,_~~~e': .~?~n ayall~~l ^{• .} .'~a:.a/a~l~e~~. \'. ~.

" .toindlsa.t.e~h.~8U~d.odtr.^Of.ei:th~'r_^{,t h etr ai t..}~pproae_~__':_OJ;_":'.-'

~ . ; . .".. " th e _· ·~ituatl~~.~ ; :;P.-l~~on. '~ · : ;~ :· t.~~~.~ '~i.v~~ . • tu~le~; -'~:.~ .. ;' '. .

A~'':,;'':: ·:d :: : : ; _~:r' E~:1~f22::;~::t ~~tr~~i:::;t::~'.ioL:;:::: ·

't'.- . :, ' ,:.. . . •. , ,' :::;::~t;:o~::;it:'f~~~~;:i::~.::~t::-::;:::i' Z::::i/::' . .

'·r';:" ,: ":;'" ..:. : " : .'.... ~it:~:~~i:'n. i!l£e~~C·f;.i~~·'·~~:a·_;:20: .1. ⁷ t'!'~~~~nt" ^{,". .-;:. , ,}

, I ' , ' " ; "

^{I.' . ",}

: 'OPhl~:::::;i~~~~:~~;:~:f::v\::::::~~:::nt~:;;:q:::" '.:i ^'.

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^-....'

1';' ,; ",:=~::;;i :i:'~::;·::;~·:~:~o~t~::~::::/:':~::2':Y ;:;:, '

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f j§ 5 \ . ';~E22~fuE!.2~lfE~ ~:~t f;~'i:

' : : ., ' . . _:~: " ;:;:r~~;.~l:~'~::i::)::·,~h:r::::::{:::·:~~:~::::::', ' . .

··.·'·.1-:···,···,a•.fol1ow. (Enln.r .Magnu••on.- 1 97 6h_~ : ' · :...;. ' :. '-; .",_:.

" ·: ," .: ~ ^..i,,',. i;: " 'l:,~E~;E~;I:::~i1t:::~r~:::~:::t5~:::::~S::~f: ^'.

-._. _-, '-"... ... -.

~:·int.er~~ion·

proce.s ..-:.::." ..:;' :

:~

^l.,;'

'-'-~:

^.:••

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= =,, = :c ' ''' ' ''' ' ,,,, '.:c . ':';:':.. . ..

:~:- '

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' " " ':,.~:<.:~:. ":'~"~"" ^,- 'R~:~~'~Y ;

,t h e:r:-e'n a v o\e e n

.ma ny: . ~~·~~'~~~gi"ng·: 'ati.~Pt'. ~

^..to'..

",'~

^1"

",,".,-,:: .,"...'.', .':' ":'".":'" '~',:

.:

.~'~'d1f~ ."hypn~t.i6·'reBpon~ivity';

Thi• .

'·are~":^of;'reB ea~'~h

;'~ ;[s4 ~B~;~:;~~~~2 ? 8:~{;

:8usc ept i tlfli t y8cal e sareobs ~r,~Bd-eo'.inc r e aseDle a n in gfully.

'.<

···. ::::,::::t::;~: ~·:;:~:::::) =::;t::;:~.t.;:j;::::Y OUr .:. . . ' . ;4: 1

···.. ' :~~.;,ific •• t ' 'ncr... · " ·; ";" o; ·obt . ' •• , f~,," ^'thoH arv.rd.,..' .: ~~:;j

,

,·~cale

Of.."ByPn?tiC

sUB~.ePti,~.~li:~.

^{..,' :':.:'., ...}

~; "

^{.', '..}

':~ ~'." '

^{.. ,:}

';~.:

^.

. ,:-:'A

..:;'.: :-.. ',"." .'. -: .-' \ <:::::: ':' ,:.'~ ~ ~_ ..

..

.

~".

,":' ,/:,:.'

:''0;

'"

^....

:

.• :::::~:t;:::"iVj,::.:::~ po::::h vt::. t:t , . • ^<•• ;e't. i!kelih~

:,<; '.\':

~

.

.,., .:.'>:('. ,.: . . .; .

"

~if~~r,' a.c~~'diri9. ^to: h~.~~ibkl~·

^..

-~~~i~i~

^..

:~~~.t~~c~i~:~~·.·: a~e

. ·,'~~~::F:~~·~t~:~:::E:::~:~::E:::E:~::~~i-:n;:·:~: , ';""",,,',' ^,",!

... • .,.'. -: ;.... .' . , J ;: ,: _~'. . . .' _{~ ".': ~.~.} I

. ,. 't~.ti~e~:::::;t~::::~on~~::::~::t:h :.{:;:n:~::: "

."".

·~~·le'2~ ~~ii.~reeea,~~hed 'per'i~nal itY.~ di.~~.,:,~ionB ·wiliCh ' ~Y" ·'be·

~8e:d,:,~6,: de,f in~ 'p~ r~on 6r, cir9~n~e~ic ~~r bbl.ee,~< i~additi~~~

^.

.'; ," . I~l~rac,ti~n~l. " Con:~id~ratio~e-' a·;~l:, en~hrined' . in.:··.- th-'

,::~E:~·:':;;i~::~:~;~::}~:~::·~l::~S:;:~::o2;t;~:: : · .:;,

.... ~p~i~;C:~t.~~n.~·

^The

~.t

,;,idely <:i'eo5advoca t eof

~'tilbation ~"

. '::: ~ ~~C~i,q~e~· ^.."

^{i• .}

~l'l~~~':, ~r.i~~io'n".: in::·h ~

^•..

IIlO~t. .r,e'~~~t~",~.~k:,:/

Er.j,ckBo'nha~'.·de.cdt>e'dthh'conceptln9'~ea:t.detail~no5'-,:ha'liI"

", ~:::~:::~::.:~:~:::n~:~::~:··:.:!::::~n:~~:2::::~ f::1: ,-.

"~'::'~'~'~~ri~~i~~r' ~f ' ~," ~~~~'Od ~~~'~h:)J "._~_· '~a . ·'~: s~~r~4; ~it~;, h~p~'b~.£~t;

.'.,,~, .

..

^.

." .? :,;.: t.~.::~v'er ,t~~~ty., year~

^{-,:, •.}

i "" ' . ' _" ,._,<~.'; . ',:.;., -'

',''-' ...' ", ".... ·':i····

':"<-" .

:.•. ' : : .~~ ~: ':~~~l~' .'~::ti~l.:.~ ~.~ek~o~·"':(i~67J ':'~r~t';'

^of the',.

,

,'j:>~, ,'

^{.;' ;..}

~ : · ~"~.,: ,r:'

,. ".,.,,: '

,.

:.'.':.:.:

^•....:

.

r~.:"~.::;:

^..

L~,k~i~"i~~k.;:7~l,;~',.'· . ~~~~ . . ~,-::.~~~~~ ,::~~ .~.: :;.: _~~: .. _\~:::.:

.;..." ..,

..

^:

,--: '.',

'

.~.

'-, ..

^'

....1.

.:.~

-

J'

,

^'

.,,~-t .'-;

'j

~ ---~-_.~--~--

-

...,....:..."'. :,dU~lculty of hypno ti z"i ng "d iU e reTlt'.

.. ... .

. .

.

. ; - .

ob t a iningco mpa r a ble d",gree a ofhypn os is:

. . ..

^{- , " ,' , '}

.

.fac't that:hypnosi~'1e'largely\dependent upon '~1n1::el:'- and'

~~.t~ap~~~o~~~ ~eiat~on~hips ^M:'

^{' Th,:se}

,'r~~'~~io'n'~hi~a:' ~ha~~e -:~B"

lI:fU,~lcti~n^{'e e:}an 'i ndivld~al'^B-pers o_nality:reac ti o ns'"to-

;'v a rio ua-

-asp~'c\.~ .

"o f'

hyImo'~ia

...The

~~st import~nt

is s u e

....;..

·:.~fBed by ' ~~is

viewpo i ntis

'~hi!l.t

^{"ind ivid ua l pe}rsonali ties

-; :;'r'~:'

unique', ',and''t ha t

'one c'a~' ~xpect , a

degree of

vari~tion

in

. .' ,

. '.

^",

pa t terns'ofapon t.e n eo ua.andrespo ns i v e,beha v i'Ou r. ' ., sug ges~ath at.,s UChbe havi.c:'l:'rva,~iesin~~!_a.~ion

t<:'

t'i~e~ the .par t;i cul a r aituatf ,on" 'th e therape u t i c aims ,

l'

..

^~~..

_

^..-~--_._--'--'--~

PAGE11

~Urpo8eB fO,Q~in9. hy p h o t. i.r.e d . Brl~k~;cm ^add.'thatthe, :pre,:aili,ng elllpha.llih

1 7.

^on;e~ter.nal. fll.7tor.• and.thelubje·c:t.',.

,·~;·.'re~.~n8 eto.th~ '.~:.,", .~ -" '~" . .', ."

..-

_."

. .' . . ' ","

"An ineI'~Iil'ri~ced hyp~otist

te'nds t.o alterthe' res ponse

·

~f

^"t

_.

^{h e}

'~UbjeC~

_:

t 1

^{fit,'h is/}_'. ^her

' conc.e~tion.

^{,0 ;110";;t.h e}

.ubj-~~t

.;- .

·~ihoul d·re spond(E.ri ck8on,196 1) . One1111.9ht 8uggee t:that

' " , '- . , .

·th e . subj ec t.bec ome. a vehlcle,~hroug~which'thene.e.d s Of.~ hypnot i s t are/lis t . rathe rth an.t he ne'!'d e of 1;.he pati ent . The illlPli~ationof.thisprccese ieth a t techn iqu es·fo cus.on-.

.

.

^~'

.

-.

t,he acti on s oft~ehypnotiB~.whilet~. ~t t.n t lo,:,de vot.ed to

,"t h e .subjec t~. ac't iy~t~e~ ande~perience~ieinadvertent ly

!I!~,.ni';ized'^.";.'

Eri~ke?~ ~ ~lIter'

^{propoeed 'tlle}

.~pp:i~atioP .·

^{of .th e"..}

"~natur~li~tie .Pp;~c~- .

ec:llyp n o d..

i~

.contras t'"to tlle: .. ,

-forma lb~~ rituali~t~c procedure~

^{',of trance ind u ction- "}

(Er i ckso n, 19 58)• •Tll.

t~rm -na~uraU.~ic"

refers··to Ute"

> ;Pnot'is t'II

a'~cePtance o~ th~

^{sit uati o n}

~itllout ~ny', :a~~emPt

~.,'.~~.-. ' re~t.r~'cture

^{i t}

psy~hologically. Tra~c.··

ⁱn Csuct ion

'i~

^,

~i~ed·^by.th ebehavi ourol,the pati ent Hl,t.hertha':l 'hi n d ered:· This te r m is ac"t ual lY',

t~e , 'for~r~nner : ·~f · ,tll~ te~~

~·~t.il ii~~i~n"" ,Erie~.on pr~vid~8 nu~er~u8 ,

^ceee,e xamp l e s in

·,.a·n',

eff~r't· · t~

^.:

"~~'ifY hi~ ~ .~ollition ~nd

^to..

ill~~~r~t~

^tlle

.proce;~^••.•:Int.·~e~·ti n~ lY' ^this met~~.,^{di rectly.-,:n fleCts} Erick son's generalapproa c htops y chotherapy"(Hal ey;1973);.

-/

,.1

;~"

"." :

t.. ,"

Eri c k sO n fOrffl~lly:'int.rod u c e d the

' t ' ';; ' .

~'~ti1i&ation

·

~eChnlq~e8 · ~n

^{i9S 9. 'Hi.}

ex~1(nat10·n _ l. preh~~d ~y h~"

aC:knOWledge~~nt^{tha t tra n ce·}inductl~n^{procedures .ate' balled.'}

" ~^, PAGE12

. . .

,a c t.lv it le,s an d~n. the sp eci fic in.tructl~n•• '.The.ch ief

I

c ,

J' .

requireme~t'.~f such an app ro a ch, .ii'th~tthe',~ubjectb ac c epti ng: of an .~.xtern~llY -imposed. f.crm of behaviour• ....hether,_'activ e or 'passiv e (E r iCk ~'~n . 1959 ). Erl c kllon'8 theBi~ rests upo n-the premise that. there, man y'

.

.

ind i vid u als who appea runre s po ns i v e, perJ:lllplI r_~8~.tan~.to the .normil lhy~ not i craU i Re s,but,infac ~ .th'!sepeopte may

~e-.amenllbie ·t~. hy~~oticexperienc~a . It·isreallo~ed.th·.i't..

,Buch ind iv idualsdo not. ha v e the_.llDility.to"coo perate in

· ;

~r4er

^{_.fo r any •}

al~e~ation

^:

t~ ~cur ,

^.

Tech~.i~~·e~

^of uti l i~tion; .wh i ch .ollletbles· t.ake'·'.the 'f~rm -ee simple

· , ' . . ' . ,

·~~:v_e.r.s_a.~. of ,no rmai,hypnoticp~_oce4ucoe~,. lIlY bea~~.l.ied:.t'o

~e:ett'he:ne e ds of thea.individ u ah".Th•••t.ch n i ques ha ve I

i~ 'c~

^{th e}

hyp~oti.t ·

^s

ac~owled~~ent . .

^{and-acce pt}.^anceof the in div idua l ' .beha v !-o ur despit.e.it . adver . . charact er.

Suc h'·behav i o ur lc'ft e n' in the

.-fo~ :~f-- ~eaiBtance;

^is

.;'

' incor~ra~e4·' -int.~

^the

~roce~88'

^of

_ ~r;ince inductio~~'

, . ., . ' ,

The'uti liza ti on~pproachto trance"in'd~~tion.and u'tl l,izati on of :he patten'!:.!~'presenting'behav iourJ~ar"see n .

~8

ce nt- r alto-the,t h erapeut ic

p~oce8s . lInd

the'·el abor ation ..of ..th es e .cQnlpone nts rlilp~~8 ent. ;Er i c k.on·. 'ori gina l ..

~o~t:~ ~~~~ion ~

the

f~~14

of.clinical:

hYP~o.~8

(Eric kson ,::,

I.

:

^.

I~

-~~

., .,

..

^"

.'.', .'.' , .,', '.'

•-7,-.,..-.- -- _ _

;1-'. .(Eri~~8~n ".,..' oug ht.

;": 1.::Ai:e-'pt.in,g ' and

udlh.i n g·manif e llt.b.haviO:ur. . -";.,

: (2.-,Ut.il iz i ngemerg,eneyl:ituat.i onll . . ' ....-. .:~

.,..~•.\lt~lldn~·~~e..per,son's inner,'re all t.i e s .;:., .__>:"~~:'::"

.

~ .'

^".

';

....''.

:: ..

.

:.

~:' ';i~n'if~~a~~':feat~re ' ~f: ~e

^{'more 'rec e nt}

f';;~~latl~~.

. .-" . . ' .'.1 - , .,: .. " '. •. ;. , .

account.1I"conc e rns..the incr eased n\Ullber of ullefu l. appli~-"'t.iQns

of

tlle ut1li~at1on· .approach~ .In a f'urther

· .ci~~i'fie4tio~ .,

^":

Eri~~~on .a nd ,., RoII~l' " (l ~'7~'> ' h~~e' rio~~~" th~t

t.hr6~gh-t.1l1ll.appro~Ch ;'tlle"att.·entio,n·^of"t,lle'8ubje ct1~'·fixe d.

.

^",.', . ' '.' .": ". ' -': '" "' :,', . . ',',: ':,";;';

on:'an import ant.asp ect.of,his/ll e r pers o nality'and be ha,vlour,.'...',,'. .

',

" " .

. ...

.

~

^..

, ~; ~> ^{.. >.}

4. util1ii nq"

r~~hra~~e~

^{•."," .:.. .}

5•.Utili zingne gative'.fl e et••

.-,6"-':Jt.ili.dn9t.h~?no'• •Y1DP.toa;~;

YAn '-'~lt~rna-t~ w~y,

^of

--i~l~'ipr~~~~{-:: ~dCltl

^{'I ', :coach}

.'.'

can -~})::

^{-_8Ug 9 . .}

t..~

^•...

·p~noDl1it;,,-d~~ferenc~.'

^mOD

h~~~t1C

",".;...,: ~·~b~~d~,11 ^{_ .._:.: :} , .Ob~i,~.;·' ^.: ~\~o~~~q~ent::'.~ :: co~.re.~pondi~9iy ^{,: " ..}

",' :difie r~~t .indu~o_n.,',tech ni yea ar enec~euryto'fa~~at~·"'

h;t~not~c_,tra.ne~ ,. "..lnmeet~1'I-9

ria

r_equlre~ent, t.heh~pn?ti~t ."&/::t i ve l y.mani pu la t e • •1tuetion a ;!. rec ecre.

'to

acc ollUllOd at. e

· ~h.~.· ·· 'nhm~t' _{. . ...}

^{'nd ' V; '"''}

_'

^L

_I

^{fm nc••'}

_·

^,n

_{· ··} b.h.vi~ur _{. .} ·

^and

_,

per.~~a~ ~ty. To,8Pf,l Yadigh.t l ydlff.ere~t.-·tenlli~Ol~Y...th~.,

:_~~~no.t~

^•.

t ._~.r~~lde:~

^a

.~.t. ~f. .-I~n8~ru~tl?n~

^or

'~': _

proc edure.:

~.,;

^.::

·, whlch · ~lnterll.ct."

^...ith.the.per. onal1ty ll.ndbehavlourt!ofthe .:

.·.u~_j.ec.~.

^,-:

~h

^',

_~~~.~i~.~~~~n·. 1:~':P~~~b~Y: ll.ff~~t~·: ~~

^,a.:.:

~.~~r

.,o~f__~:dd.~t:i~~.al.fac'~,or~ ..•UCh. j~~;thelI~b~~~,~ : ~.at.tit~~e." "

the.pu~. eoftlle'hypno lli ll .eIl8 10n• .Hypnotictranceeeeee

~c ~nc'ePtu~liZ;e<1:~. 'the ·~lI.bi'ned·~eifict··o f th·.<,pereon "•

.:-

~hllr:a~~erl

^.•

~~C.II.' .,nd'·~. ~~n.o~~c. r~u~.i~. .

^.'.

I~,

^..th.ie

~~

^.•

~~:;':

^_

.theut l1iz;atiort approa ch Cllnbe·d e f in ed all..11prde e ••'wh ereb y·

pet"B~~;~., .' ·,char·a~t.rl~~ib8~

^;.'-

ar~~~;~_ i~:~t:i~l.'d · . ',

^{by .}

.

~ypri;;ti~t.

:...

;n d ." , then';.1nte9"r~:~~d ·int~ ih~' hypno~ic ~i~~lltio·n.

in,ll..

··mllnn~~- whi~h ia.U~~l~~ ~a~ilit'~t.'~ hyp~~tlf. trllnc~.:· .~~" ~

- - - ---"-'-"-'-- "-'-"-'-

:"':".,,"' .re-r-v-»..:'

ther~pe~t.ie"

h¥pno'siso

- M08~' ~f hiB-" in~ight8

and

elabor~tioii8"

a.r,~ , ', .i1 1~~,t~~~~d'- -~h~:~~h: ~iim~r~U8 .:~,i!l'8e. · ~~~p~e~ :' Vl~id:~_Y

de. eribe~throughouthiswritings." acve ver ;i fhis ap proa c h is ~;"~lu~ted

in

te r msof'th~inte'r'a~t'ion of^{',t w'o'( o r.lllO r e)}

·ch~r~'cte~ iat1cs .·'-then th~re--fa a"Bt~;'~9 ~0881bility-th a t,t l. e

• ' - , " -," . .v " ' , .

··pil:n~iples..nia.y_'\j~

..

openi.t·io~i!ll1 zed ^and subjected

:~~th,~~9~, t~.e ~~n~,ePt " o~, ~~~:r:averSiO~_~o~s' tl~~V-~S8ib~Y::

hundreds .o fye8:r~ii t,wasCar ~,^{Jung who_}'f i rs t Used the-te r m'.

in the:

~omb;mp~rarY.JP~y.chol~9·ica l li~':r<~~~r~_~ :' " In ' 1;2:~, J~~~, "

"1' :' def_~~ed " e~_traver.i~n

^:.as,_..

~~ outward7tu.~~~n~

^of.

~ha ~~o.,.,

1 .~-7-l-"""'''''=~ '

^{,:"tate,i':1whi c.han.}

ind1vi~ual ,tJ:links.

^{ac ts'.,,__}

~,-_

PAGE16

parti:7'"

~;~~~:~

^..

f:t~~~;~r~ee~: t~O~~~:l;~opi~k~ci

^..

=:-:

>-. talkto ;'anddoes'not likerea din g or.tudyin9 by~'. ' ~

~~~:e~~.,

^the

H:pu~1i~;e:~.ee~cit:~~n;rid-·tt:ell'$~:~~~~~' ~ Y~"

an Impu LaLv e indiv i dual. He is fond of prae;.t.ical': . jokes,alwayshasa,rsaqy answer, and general ly 'li k e s, ch a n geJ 'he is" .c are free, easygoi,ng,

.

~i,:~:~:tit6 _ :~~pl~:in:oa~Ja~~~n~n~h~~9:~r~~~~a ~~ :

^{, . :}

~

~:etn~:tJs~;: a~~/~:;~ ~~~e;e~i;~~ ~~~~~~r~nd~~: ~'

i'a no t alwa y s'a'reli a b l epe r a on . ' ._~-.

.The

'~ypiCal irl.t;.~overf -' i;:--

a quiet.retiring

.sort 'of pe;-_son,---in t ros p e c t ive . fond,of book s ratherth'a rCpeople; hels res'e"r v ed and re t i c en t exc ep t·with. int i mat e fr i e n d s•.!:Ie ten d sto plan _,__ -..':..,.-.-.

~:;~1i~ '1~~~, b~~~r e'.~rn~~~:e " H:n,dd~~:~r~~~~ )I~:

.

^,, . .

. _~ i~~:~:_,,~O th~

^obj'ect

(JUng~, l9~4l.

^{I t.,is " Wo u t :?ing}

transfe r e nc eof'int erestfr om the subject to the objec tW,

c'.''''' , . .. . - . ."

On ,t h e other.hand, in t r ove rsio n~a"t urni n g-i nnof the

li b ido , whe rebyint~restrecC'd~stowa:rdth~sub'ject', and the.

object re c ei v e sonly'a.-,second~va~ue, -.

, . ' '

. .

'r n e.~OCU13of the pre8~nt revie~le'ontl~.J.EY~enck'.8

·'·'·'concept-~~.:. 'Ey a e~ck,~aa^{pofnte'daut't}h e differ.enceab~tween

his definrtionof extraversionend th e defin i t i o n propose~

by Jung.(Eysenck&Ra.'cWn,

'1 973).

In fact.Eys enck te nds

.

.

'~,

',.

.

to give far,greater credit to the pione ers of factor ana lytic methods',(t h an.toJ\.1ng and his predeces sors ,'n9t in9

.1

---~-'-,-~-'--'-,'-::::''''~ '1~"

.Q

of the,-acaie .andwe r e

forllla both rec e iv e d gr.oupa

. I .

ellc it.e llle n t,tak e e lIIa't te r scif every.day life wi t h .proper aeriou ~ae,and11k••'awell- o r de r e d mode--'

of Ufe .' He ep . hi . fe .lIng. under ereee

control, ellldoaa have Bin an'a99reBsive Da nn e r•

.anduee• .not loae his te lllp41r. :eaa i ly. He.ia . . ,) :..re l i a b l e, and,place s gr eat'-,va l ue on et.hica l

atanda r d a. {p; JSI -

.',Two

:"'\

, "

The'abov edescri ptio ns refertoth e Charac t e ris ti c s of.'

jex.traYel"6to~

" "

,i!l~;OVllrs10n

^{•. Howev u,}

~~k·~II _iy.~m

Invcf vee a bitmore compl e xity.,

Ey.ene~_.)19C<;) -

^{8 " .}

that the cxt r llive r sion dfeien e . eat e d to thele ve l of

~~citation

^{o ' •}

l.ndividUa.l-~B .~'y.~em;':---- E:r;traver~.d

• . viduah

8hP"....,-~J:cit4tQry-;nd ·

^{IItro;;g.inh i b itory-.}

~~e.r~a:

^•.

tri~ 8hOW .~t9!-Y-;-!nd

^."'.

. • wea~ inhibit or y~~~~~,~~o-t1ii B .r e~~

. '"." inv e . t i gato~ h.veendeavour ed..to·con ti n. the.--nottbn"t hat .

:" .

.~nc~· eondi tlon· - b,jtt-;~a~. in la~ratory

^.-

~ eJ[pe~iaent~' (~q;.;~

^{De"s;: ; ; :}

t~~'-

^lucinating

na~ure

' > -- '

~

". ," , ' . '

;-:-::..--...._.~l--'t:he8~ formul.~lon••.•th~..pre~.nt diac:u. . ion ~

~~~ .~onfined to asp ect.-o~ II/ ,e z:e l on whlclr-~ate .t o.,·

Inte rp erao nal·chac ll.cteril t i clI. . -:'~

.,..;:.-/

1 -- .

.i- > :

_. -Thel!lOet.POP~~/!l.en-t.---d1!Vcei~'t.h.ia.are.a ia t.h e E9uenCk pereonalit.y Invent.ory (EPIL..·('Eyunck' &EyBenck,

\ 196 8).

'I'h~B :

^{ecere fa-.}

~n,_~ ext~~~~'

^_

~i< , ~he J111U~.ley . ',t,

Pe rso na lit. y

Inv~~t~;' (EY,8enC~,

^{.19 59 ). The' scale ....u}

I de velopedthrough'rep e a t e df~ct.or.'ana iY~es . u~ing,Bey.ra~

I , .~c.

^"te..

f,~

^{ea r li ec}

que.tio~na'~

^{•• 'Th ec eare two. ,o=a'of.}

t ~~e BCal~, ~tJ:l 'Yield~ng

^{h1 9 h iy'}

aat.i.racto~y

rel1 abili t ies.

PAGE18

factor (Mor ris , 19 79 ) . Sociability is at e {y one yea r la~~r. Forthefirst group'

he,t es t-,rete s t,relia~il itiesfo r FormAarid,Form

B'w ei;"'~82andr•.•85, respe~t ively'. Fo r th~.second

9i6~;

^(N

~

^27)the,res pe ctiverel1a bll i t ies,werer·.=-97 and

, --- .'y" ,

r_=,.8o' ,(E~Se~clt , 1968l,~~,~al1dity, hll;e:'~e~n, establish • athfac't~rilyas we.ll;and,Ey senck andEys e nc k, 1968 ) re po r t'a number'of 9t ud l es 'whi ch atte s t to the

~factoriai . con8t~ uct,andconcurrentva lid i t yof't:h~^{eevace ,}

", < 1 '

me "t<a~enion dime~"on

^{h ••' bee n}

^I

. :b ;.ct; .

, , ' " ~" , ,

nlJ!'le~ous,vfac tor ~~alys,eS',b.y~~~f,lnvest i9ators.

t~~s,e!1c~aDdEYS~.J-H~rived·twofact o rs .. s~Ci~bllity

'i rnp ulp v-eness. .In othe r a,na lys'es, ,t he 'a o c i a,b ility ,

emerge~

^{wi t hl' gre a'ter' co}n si ste ncy than the

9~neraliyde fi~edlI,8:particlpatlon anden j oYment , in ,so~iai 'a c ti vi tie s. Vagg.'and

Hammo~d (197~ )

recentlyevaluated',the EPIsco r esof 552 subjects andre ported two la r ge fa cto r s,

~euroticiBm

and'sociability . N'eur"otiC1emill

~et~a,lly

on eof

.

. .

t

h,e,

t.~ ~' .''?r

,dimen's io n s

~h~Ch

,t!"eEPI-PU.,

q~or~s

to

~easur

..e;

p tbe finding te nd s tosup port.th e fact orial val id i t yof

. t

j .

,f

heEPI. , , , " " '" .

.

" . '

.

.

,Ey se nckandEyee rick

{~977)

^have

',rec~ntly

^{tak e n"a mo;e} critical "l OO\t:,at-'the'

'lm~~l.~~eness ' f~ct.or.

This,was ne e e a ea e ybec a use not"all'in v estigatorsfou~dthis

to '

^be·a

factor ana lys e d

..,:.'

.'. '.. ipAG~~~·.' : .

.;".

•• -::.0

~-'

.,.

.;..'~

.

'~·.in~:

t....:;:.

~, H~::::::,n

__

.'_~~ ,

_

:::}::::~:~.

_ ' . '

n L"

_ ~

, :~~:1t

^__

.,::~ ,.d(:.~:·:.)'.·~~~i:.~,'?~

^{_ ,_ _ '.}

. :"

:' ;1 ~~ ~.~~~.~~ :. ..' J:ll~k ~_t .r~lation~,hi~' b~t~.n hyp.nOti.~~~,1itY;

...::,:a'~d.:.~xt.tave~·8ion' "(u8fn~^--

the-

_EPI h:..~n~t:.h'~',j,,~tlc:l~' ,r8~rt.ed.:..

.. .. ;,; .

:

I

;

"l

;.>; -:

... ... .. _"

_{:~. "}

_-

1 . r ' .... ' ..,.'.:' .. ~t::.t::·_::s:,;. ih.t:i.bili~Y: a::ro .~ ·.u~ee~'ive< -::r:r~:·::t.;;;t:,;~::-.;

^".

~_p~~

^••

:::.:.'Th.Y:-'·&h~ ^{.. ·} !tat~

^..

:;~

^'..;

. ...: . ,::, >~. , ~-.t,

^':

utca~ier';-·io;;'·:".::~oul.d :_

^nat_

'-'ye~ '; ^b't:;

^{·_:.,u8ed.'t o}

· pr;'di~t

^...

> , ' : , , ~;';'no,,~.~iiitY' ^{: ,,:' .} '::'.<' .: " ; ',J

:'<, :'" ' :"'. ' ..o'tfe"n~\~porte"av';· f""b~r ;iou': •• _{' t~. : !;~U., ,'}

^e.,.

.'>: . ~.i~'8o·n

^,:

~~~'~ :.::':~_~~r~~;._ (~,~~.~ .) i~ :,~1~.·~~·:~ • . ~~,dY:·~~~n9:'~~~·~~;~~.j~c_~t;': -:.":.

found'. ~ialila:r. ;relatlon'~i~."to'tha~',',propo.e~,._~y,:-.l"ur n:aux Gib.on._..~( 1961J. th~., t~~__;.:~~.7~~~~^{on the}~~I...~n4,tll.

:: . . ~,""".:. ".-~, ', .:'.,: " -":'-' ;.'- . ~

^.

.-/--: ..

,. :. '

,.- . • ....

, . ':.:.':,~":'<.;',.-:'.""" ^.

~~:

^..

~; :','--

^{:-:. :.' rc •'. .-}' . . . . ,:,:, •.<. ,••:... - • :-,;'....:.:: ' .

'..:..:.: _~.~;'." ',-~'- ~-'-'-'-~..:'

~.

:

.

;,;':

,':

~-;

;' . P AGs: :2/ '.· ·· . ,

·

r,~~~1on~hlp .:::,~~ ve;'n~"::' e:r;t·~~;;e;.i~~ > .~d: " h~no~l~'biUt;~ ';"'.'~."

~,thO~9b.~~er~

^.

.-~~.~~t~>~.~. ~~.~~1l1t): ~at ^{;, tli•.} ~~.~~.~e~~,e ~,~,~.f,::·

^.:

eitra v e rll10n 111 IIlOdllra t e d'by .a aec!ornfdineneil!ln:(euch ae

'.' ' . , .' " ' . - ' " . . .., " . ...." .

·

n'e~c:"~id-:-~.<:-

.uctt

~> ::View: ,.~II>nOt. :.h·':l~. .';"l~h '.:, Una~~. :

. :, ;~;pr~~,:L.·:i.:: E~~.~ ~ . • ~ .. • uc~ ~,~~a~:fo.ri~_hi~_. ,~~~:·:r~~~~~.:~ ~~~:~r

·,.~ctu~~

^..

P~~~~~.i.~,a;,,~~~

"b,

v~~y . ~~"lt.d.;

^{.....:::,': "':.-: .•}

· ~~:t ~:~:~r':.:~:~~tt:p:~i:~:;:::::~;.::,:::::;;:~~;~'i: ".:.. :~ ..'

·::;~~:~:,:~'\1¥~~iIl1~9.;·:.':t~,~ ~.~for:,e

^,•.

'::t~,~;t,'.·~~.~~:~~:I1~~.~i~,~~,~

^:0" "

',:~;II :~~li'

·per.ona l i ty,,'"diJrien~1 0n.'Whi ch·hae,re c.1ved·,at.t,en tion',fr Olll

.'. t~olS~'>~ Ii,:ar.c~::~;~:;f~dlC~~~ ^.• ~,~.~', \~Y.P~ot:i~~~llit~·~. ~',De~p~~e ^{... . :} >'

" ' :1 .... ",.. ^{v: '.' '." .:'..} :~. " ."

^{i .}

' ••:.' . " .;•',.<...; .

~

^{-.••-•'"}

~.:.

^...

~"

...: ' : : •.' •'".. : : •

'.,: - v..

..

...;.~·~

...

,~....,...~.:.>~,.·~ '·T~;:

.... : ..

',.:;:..:.:-~ .,.;.;~~:~.~.,-.,.~-,:

,

..•,,"u r d . e l'.'(1 9 ? 1 ):.

~ -On~ " h~cSr.·4

^..';4

~i~;t~.n

^{"' -.}

-~:.:

^{.', :}

.

_.~~~~ ~~~

'rece,lye4":

~th" Clinic:.al: . ~~1~8i~" · ou~ri:l0?nat.f_1I

i~lhee;; :

^'"::·c.:

" .

^tte

.

^{ll•. ·:1971 )}

.

^:

a~d

'th e"Harv:^{' ,} r d.:G..r oup'sc a1.e'." ' ."'ot

._~p,:,O_~lC_ su.c;.Pt l~ni'tY. ~·Notln9;~. · lbi1:ed::

.•.

~ee;•. ^i·

^«e.,

th~ .

cor ~.latloMl

. ' .

',appro a ch^{' ;},^.':th e &e'^- aut.hor^' e facitor llrial yud^{. '. , -.}thil1r dat a .

on. ··~f

^the

~..:o-

facto r.Obtained_'.'CQIIlpoe ed'ch iefl y

'. .' ~_~ . :~~.~~~~'~i~~:: ^....,.. ~e,>~_~~~~ ~:'~_~'~+~~~n~~ }~ :i~.i~}~~~.~<~;~ . :~.:." .,

V "'.".-. w.re "~eed>'or r!~e~ ;

^{"'p d"high}

hyprr~b<lltY·. ..o.~.. .

^{' - '}

. ' _< ;;:;i;:E~:::in:~:::~~:IE~:~:r::j~~}t::::,::~:t:';:! . . ':'. , :

: : k',' ' ... . _' hypnotiz~hillty.

^{bet>ot the._ e t '.e·' t·do. . .ot·co.trod.' Ct .:}

^{:i .·. , >'.:,,(}

"t.--_{. .}

~~~h _-~.~ric"tlon.

_{' .}

^,." '~;'::"

_.

^'.\. ' .' & '~:" ^{' "\':} , ~ ",,,',.

:'. '.

. . '

". .~'.

'~,: ^.' .~~ ':::'~~~~~~~."\'~',_·d,a~~').~~,~:;,:'~~~~~ p:~ ~'~.~~ ::."".:'- ~le~~~:~"'''' :

.-,. 1-"

"'

" ""

pred,ictabl-e','.well-;-Ordered,:--.

~x Pec t e d.::·-·

.

' .

·--;- A~.','·~~;~v'L'~~~~·~ --di~C'U~~:~~,,~::' ~~:· :~~~~L:~o~· ~~~' .

.,". ~.,~~~,i~tB;-:~Of < ~,':_:,.~_~~~.~ '·.~-~_'~··:., U~_~.~:~:~ ^{' :} '~~.;: P~~'B~~iii,~y~ '>,}~ ^{. . '} ~~, ~-

,~..~ttlport~ ~ t·.to,spe,cif!!,a,1I p,recisely118,Faeible"th~ asP.~ct:..;?f

..;-'ex t:ra'v~_~si,~n....,'w~~Ch

.:

is..-e.o..

:i:;e

~.u;ipuiated.~ ··.re~he,pr~lI8.nt."',:

':'

.. ..., ...v. ,, : , . ,. ' .-: , ': , ' ,' .. '

'e x p e r i me nt"twolndUCtions,were'd e ve l o pe cl. which wouldpermit

"; ',..-:." ":'" ^{, "'-}':.,: " '-,'" .. "

hypnotizable.~1;ilisession..was_".rej?etitlve

.. (uni nteresting

-i-: ..:'"-,'.' .

.,In.tli~.·p~ es~nt·, :~~per.iinent-"^{"t wo}:·ind~ction '8 n.uat10R~

,~:',"' '""': .,' . ,'. ';l ,.'",-,--",'''. ': ,:'; :'" ,'".,.:'.: ''-":- .-,'..'.

wre:",coRetruqted.·.•Ellcll 'e1tul!-tiOR1:lpneieted of,t,h r e e r a p 1 d'.

;.':'rep~~'t~d hri;;:'~~ic .in'~·~'c;:t:J:ons; ian·d 'ell'~h

^.

~~e th~'~ 'f~ilp~d :'.-:;;~~.

^:1-.'

an":1lB;'~~,me~t"^{,o f}:,h~pn~ti. :z:~bl lity:-,_very,:often';':'hy;notis'~~

::::-:~~::p:::::"~::n::;i~::U~::~:-ini:uc::~::::::t::···· · .

"~eth~ -~i~''i~fer~:e~" " ~~ t; - ')~~~~~i~n~ii~~':' ': ,/ ~~~i't:~~~~~'~i~'~~:":

";': " ' " r.

';., :.;'..,,_.:'~~_'=c=c,-,-,~~~~=

..

'.

-

.

;

. . .. •. ^,

^"

;: -~ ..:: > : .~.:~O~c~J~·~~>th~e_;.ba~~~::~~i~"~ lteli~~d .t'~i·~·:'~,~t~·:·~~~'i~~~f::- .. ~" ..: " .."

:::;::~:~~:~::~::E:;:::::t~t·:~~:;:~~:E:::;:E~!:Y', ::' .

. ~.~~~~.~j~r·,;i.~~" ~~~O~~_~~.h '~111~ ~:."~.l~~'~fri~!~ ^.. J

t.he

·:~

^..

~~_~~~.~e.~,

^{:... '"}

Inheren~"111-.:Clinl~al_ ~ap p llcat.i onaof h.n:mQ8h.ucli'u··the '-~'.-:

. ;.:

uti.l~&~~~'l:~ t~ch~l~ue:- P~~pO;.d . ~"'Ml'lt.~·· Erickeon :>"" .~;.~"< . ;;': ' . .."

.," ', .

.-:-) '

. :~.'.

^./..'..

- .

',"

M~HOD

. ...

_____ ._ '---'-_'--_-

^-'-'--C_-_-:,-··~"l··.

Ilorl'liathe 9rooJ.P'

· . rc.~~

uver::b~::~~U:t~::t~:.~~:o::Y '~:::::::~~Ji

. ~l'~B _'.n~

³⁰

fe,~lu. i:l.~·(I:lie~·~.~:W~:~ ?~~ .9-._, +~~~ ^{.. ;-'.·.:} ~ ^{. . , . : "}

,or,ty-eiqht of..

"?" . ••

rve_~/a.1S,U.~·j,c:~~,,:-i.n_~e..2£'"fol.lr':. . .~/.

·.u~eZ:iine~tal.con~~ti.on.:. ~.:~~_ r~~1nln9

^{.1,f "·}

~~)n.~~t~t.el ,~~ ', .~~ .:.;: " : "

· ut.~~.na.l,

^control

(~~~UP,

^....

h1.c:~,. r . oc.o. .,., .

^0".OM.'"

<n'".'l-~~n .: . . ,.... :.~. _ ' : : ', ". ' ~.' ... . - _ "

a~~,_

a

^{,hy p noti}z a bilit y,',BC,a.l. e ;..~n~.co~p~etl,t~

t

ⁿ int:1~~':~"

' . .

,~~ '

:

.,tlI ti. n^g sca l e . ,~e",⁴⁶IIUb? ect~_.we~ed~,V.~~~d'i:n~o.~~.9~. \:d;~:',.... ,",, lov-,extrav eniongroup l-baBed:OIIthei r'extrav e r sion'. sccree, ~.. .'"

·::::~E:2:::~"=~~;::~::::E:io~!::~ ~:::~:~:::j · ^. I ...•

'I~- ~hi!~II~n

^..";th•.

~.~xt~r,,:~q. "eontr~l

^..

~~~~. ". ~·erv~~ -~·.· · ~

^..

".~

Theexpe rimenter adiltni.u t eredthe' · ey..ecjc Pers o nali ty,

In~~rito7Y ^.. '·(EP:r"):., .wt:'.ii~

^at-:

".t~~

^.:"

·".:a~ '·'·t~:. "'pr~vtding .-~~~"

^.

.•tud·en~^{•.wit.b:a:·'tonil':"ponwhich,.theyHcoul d} l.ndl~ate th~ir"

·:·~il~~~gnee·~ '\c;> , .~ p~ rtld~~'~' · .i~<:~ a, ~i~~1;'o~.~

^..

":'hYPno;' ~lI

eJ:pe ri~nt•..Tho. .who war e··wtiUn q··were ••ke d to· p~v1.d~' .,

t.~e:1:r· ^name. ·~nd· :'t~ l.ePhon~":. n~ber~:. ".··· ~~'d "·t.h'i~· 9~~P

^of

~-

_, .

~

^-

.,.~.-

.

.

'~_.._''''':''':'';~~;

v -'·

^EPl'

fOrm~:'lInd f~r ex~cutin9

^the

~'ss'i9·~ent· piO·C~dU:r~. " ~e8li;"

" ' s:~~'~~ ~';~~otaK:n:" ~~ . pi~v~'~t' " t~e' ,u:~e ri.;

^..

nt_e·r';J!"r

1.nfiuunc.edby

.,a~y. k..~OW,ledge Of ,~h~,EP~ , s~reB:.,_O.f BU?ject_~ 'f .: , .

,, th e'~xper illlen t .·,Th e·,c.oll e a9uef i,rst Bco red tl.le'L;ie .sc;al ell,;_''

.

J'~b;'" , ~ac'~~:,::o~ ' the " ·~ubiecu.

^,

'I~diV'i_d:ua.~.B:~~~ose ~+hB ' ~:~~",~ .

greate~ ^than'fouf.w e re r e mo v ed f romthes~bjectpq)Cn: A f,t;er.

, " _ <: ' ;: .", '.'. - _ ' ' - ';

"1",', ",,:.,::

.,s c0J:: ~ng.t.h e. ,e J;tt",:v e l;'.l o n 8ca J. e ~_12/lJ~b.j~ ctBW"er~ dr~~ n,at', ra:~d';llI~t(:"for:n.'th e nor':at i ve

g ro'up ,:,;

"a n'd'::-these','i:ir.diVid~.lal,!I

~ontll~ted,"

:a nd', .

'g i ve n'the"st an.dlltd':l~du'ction'~'

.:

'hYPn~t1.z~bil ~~Y BCal.~

^..

-:~n~

^'th,e

:_in~~i'~~~ !~ ~:in9".~a~e;·

~' :.

:,:L~_'_ _''~.:.o...~ .

..'. '"-. -.'

co'rrel~~lon

^..

·b~t.

^....

~.n:~vPnot.babilitY,

^and:

i~t.;

^{. .}

i~:

-, . ,i-.:.pe a"raon

prOd~et.-JfIOIlent, · .eor~dlLtion ci>.ffid~nt · ~~~ . .

··eom~t-ed" :'for.

^:

th.·....

bypno tl:r.ab1 U'ry···

.eo·r~"';'~nd ,th~:,"i~i'e~;.~' .

.:.

. :~~~tri98

^'

.. .'Of

' ,^I

~~".·~:~~~~e,

'

.. :.an:~~~,:' .

^'

^{(N . ,} _4: ^.. 6 '6) ^{\ . .} ~' ^' . ~~-,~:.~~~u~~,(!

^"

: '~~i~~

,.w as

"r =:.50 ,'lln"d:thi.,'WiU 'ai gn l f i e ant'at''t he~001:lev~l•._"

... : . :'. "' . ,<>. ';.-. . ., ..,::.::; • •... ..: .:.,.:;... "'''1''''::::

. '." 'ch~~'~i~:o~',~' .~pe'.~~~~~t.~~·" ,~:,:~ontr~'{:,~~~di~~~r:~~':\:· ^. "~',( ^{: , ':.}

.../ .. _··:.··. :.L:::ie:er:c:::u:~:~;~e::~;s:~t\t;~~~L ·::~£:f: r.' .. '.'

:·:·r :;~,,,.. .. , ^{I'" '}

'!.:' ..' ""e.th'~' ~' net ^'th~~~ .". "f;e:,~nC08 ;' ~.t~,~~" ; ~h~ cont<.el.·: . . . ',' .

" gro up and

eeen

of the .;perlme nLal gro'upa,.e v.ralt-test..'

." ^: ~;c. ~·~~""e.~. . F~,. : ":'th : hYP~OH~~~ll1t~·.;: '~cu ~n'« < I .

':int,ere~t.,r":~i~9~,.,t~~ mean~ ~f-.ellC:h..ex~.:.~ental 9~o~p'were:'"j~"'~'

. .comparedindividua llywith

the',me~

.-·hypnoti U.bi l i t y'..

:scor•• ".~ .',..". t

.. .:"'. ~ .• :::;n~:::'t;::,::~~:j:~t;:~:~;~~:; ~:::r~e~;:::. ·::: · '· .'

. ...

::

:"'~

.. ..

'.,.

~

- --- - -- -

^-~~-~=~=

./~'. of."

With

...

. DISCUSSION

PAGE47'

;:; "

.'" ,_. !-., .

^{J: .':'-} >;.~

',

:,.:":"-.

,.., -'.

->.

f . ' . -"

The'~ajo,:hypoth e s is . thatext.raY e ni~nwould int.e ~a et

'~ith '

^{the't ype}

ot hypnotic '_~duction :

^{WlUI not}

',con~irmed '

^When

·.~i.ffer~nceB "b~t.w.~n

^{','th e'}

:c~biried'" ex;raver~ -9rO·up'-;~n~ , the. ·

·.exttl:rn~I. CQntro.i

group

~ugqes_t

':hai;-

tber~ wa~ a~ .1.ntera~ion·

'.bet.ween the''pere o nali tx va riabl ;.and-tl) e'"typ"eof--hypnotic

p~~~~ure .!·~~~~· t~o~9b', 's~~~"an-'inte~act{o_~';'~'B ~~t a:ppar~nt'

~~ t.h~ ba~i,"',. O·f. ~h'7 :··prei~f?a~y >~ie.i • . . - ·.

^The

hyPC;the~i~

...'tha t'"

: intll~e~t_'

.,.,

wo~id

t-

·co~~.la;e

Aluiou~ u·ria.lticipa1;-~d~~" ci~-: ::fi~~_~n9 ~~at ' :~~l[tra~~it~' . .

_dem.~!l8t~~.t~

^{- .}

!!~.e.~er

^..

,:·.~YPnoti~biH.~,~ ~" ~~:~'" ~~~~~~~

^.,

~o' t~e

" -..,

~?~ac.t.i.~:~.iI~~~,~: , ~e,~~.n~.~~·l!~·.--:, ~~a~1 ~.e

^.

' :N~,,~:~.:~,~~~,iJ, .' _~~~~ :_. / . s:. . ^{:: ·:a-n, .}

. :'-.important''.o ne . The ser,esults

.neve

not:a lwllylJbe en.ob t a i ne d

.

:".

',," ,:-',.;

" \

. ,;;~~ ...

.~

^.

. "

':.i

-.,.. "

: fi .' ...,..

^th

^e. _p~;;., ^{. •}

^d".'••-:

_.o~.ver~ ^{' t!>O}

^SUb••

^qu.nt" _'nsl~'.s

':.1

J !

dire c:t

- : , ~, I

~·· l

": !

.'.PAGE49

'. '-.'-'";\- ..." . ... '... <,: ,,; . ::.:.,. ;.',:::':.-' ' .;

""':.,:_,~:,:~.~ .

'--,- '-:-r-~'-'-:--:.....

1 . ' . .-" . , . . . . "

.theory of elttravera ion .it wouldbeexpected that elttravert• .

.are IaOre

·hypnoti~bl~. ~;~t.~?:' .~••~nei~~ty: · ~u~~ .:.ti~ · ·

'. .d:1::::. ; ' : _~::~ ;'::'V:::'1~ur"'.°2';:~ ~:::~;~:::<:~: ,-

:.

in~~~r8pn41 ~~,~.~~ur. "~~v~r:~~

rea pon .tv i.ty

,WOUld- ~~·.~~;

^{.,' ,:}

", les s.pr o no unc e d"f o r: tho Be'8ubjec t s:.who',are·..:-l"e aer ved and :'~

.... ~~t:icent. -, :~~-·~.~~r.:~~·i~~ ),p~·.the:.:~~~~;~.~?:~·~~,:·4.~~:t~·; ~~'n(:~::,:,''' '

~ ^{, '·r} ·•...•••...• .• ;. ~:~~::E~:!n~:~::fa;fB~;i:::;l~:~:~;:!::~:t:d::~~"!:.'.' ••..,. ..•..' I::

.:,· V ", :. -: An~· hYi:)f~otip :r·ea~~

^.•

~lVi~Y·

^{-.: ':}

::~

^..'...'.

~,

^.•

~; .,

^{C·I..- ,',,'.}•• ..'... ...

:.::,,~.; . >p.~

( , ' , _. " , " ' . ' 1

< \

^{The co}rre la tionbetween liltereat and hypnOtizabi lit.y . . .

I

....and.;;.the ,r e8u;t.

~f

^the

CCIII~ris~nB~ w~th

^thecOnt.r'Ol

9~OUP

^{,". • '.}

':..- . '. : ~. i~~l~~~e, ~~~·::~~tr~~.~~ .·d~T:'~:~nd· ^{.. . the....} :ra.~t.~Dfa,~~on 'a~p~o.~~~ ~.: 't: .:.'Y'~"

. ...

~

,, '. ·,i.

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