Draft report on the ECA/KAF joint workshop on the problems of the effective use of radio forums/clubs in rural Africa

ECll-lOMIC CC':"jV;ISSICll FOR AFRICA ECA/ KA F Joint _Wor~8hopcn the Problems of the Effective Use of Radio ForQrns/Clubs in Rural Africa Addi s Ababa, 1 - 9 December 1977

DRA FT REPORT

q~ THE ECA/KAF JOINT WORKSHOP ll-l TIlE PROBLEMS

OF THE EFFECTIVE USE OF RADIO FORUMS/CLUBS IN RURAL AFRICA

.M77- 3220 SDD Run-200

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OF

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EFFECTIVE USE 2F IlAD!9F,QIlUlr.s!S:LUBs !N.RURAL"FRlCA .'

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PART ONE

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.. .:ORGAN lZATI~" OF'.TIlE J-/ORKSijOP.., ; ~ . _{';"Jt;·," I·'·~} (. +

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1. The Workshop on 'the':J>r()b1em";lo'r) tliei Ef~eative'Use" of·'·Radid' Fofiirits alid"Clubs'

in.~~r.al ~f~;ca,was held i~,Africa Hall, headquarters of the United Nations Econom~c

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COJll}lliss ion for Africa (J;X:A) in Addis Aba?a, Ethiopia. It was organized under the

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joint pon s o r s hi p of the _EC~ and.the. Konrad _A~enauer Foundation (KAF) of _the'F~d~--'

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2. T"e purpose of the Workshop was to enable the parti'ciipants"'hairtn,t"llll"b'road"'.

a dial ue as possible about the problems encountered and the solutions to th~se pro~e~sf"Jand"to.'-Ij'orll-.."out, prac..~ical '8¥ide.l.jJ;\es;J,to..be..~~ in countr-Iea..,ll} r " ady ha;-;-- ~

~d;'o- , fo~/c ,~u\>s, :al' ,

"ellalil.:in,

-f'O~t~.j..e!,. vh~re ,

^{such.schemes are.}

envi~~edJo

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th~.:fJ,Jot'Ure-4f ' ';.:. : ;.~~; .:1 .,: :':'::',,~'rn ^{.:c,;'.I.",·f·'I'jO_ ';:.} ..~:. ^::, ~;.' ~ :-': ,d·.'~~ ~ ^{;;,1 ,.:.•.}~ ^{!"'!', ,}-v-;

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·_·3 -:, ','Thl':C\lI\f l' ren pe:waEj:a,ttel' deji.,by J 9:deIegates .~epr,eSI'Jlt;~ ~hI'Aoll.?"'i~ll"2~;^It .,c. : cOJJntries"...,~.in."Bo.t 'SWana,.,.)lu!"UJ;1d;i •.Cape,.y,<;r-?~ , Chad, .~ongo ,. EgyJ't, I;:!llipl'ta"1.' ,,:

Gambia, Ghana" Kenyal ,L~ be.ria ,A,es~t~a , ..!f,a daga s ca r ,.,l·:"li,,Ni.~,r,. Rwajl~ !, ;;~eRa ~':.,

..;Sier",,"Le C!1e ,:Sudan",S.... zj.).and,.,,Uppe""V,,,,l;t,!-,<lr;>f1.Za-mbi~ ~ ".?bseryer~-f,o~,se~en, in>t~r­

" na tiona

1 " tllt'J':"govemmentaL orl!lm,iZi'tion"! . ~~~y, fAP,,

^{}l.P!. UNPP,}

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OAU. an .f..-o",'f Ive..inteJ:'lllltional.voJ.unt:aryagenc~!'".:+!.<;~,.ft.COSCA" Agri:-:S~r,y~F~. :':,.

(Ethiopia), ASWEA, International Institute of Communieal;·;lons

(rrc) ...

UIlTNA, par,t,ici- pated in the 'furkshop. (List of participants atta"ch.,.;'''

' :~nn~x

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4.

The Conference was opened ..at ;!J.,a.m • .~ .Thl.l~sday,.l De;c~mber;

19'J7., ;

by.~:r. Da vi d C. Ganao, Deputy.Exe c u t j ve Secretary of ECA. In his opening address, Mr . Ganao

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stressed that the problems ,of ;t he._e£fe~ti:v~

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/i>{ rad i g::f orums and clubS'·:aU -ec ted particularly,th.ose countries whi.cn _already,.t>av<;·ra~o ~o,.rums.and ::;ll1:bs, ._~.u~,.beca"Q~

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they coul~ also arise in countries which .~nte<;l,'to have them, the participants of the workshop would be compleine"ting."idqILQ.~l.ie": and,togethe':'.:tr,y:to find realistic solutions to the many pr-obl ema.t h e y could..Pli"d{~.~ussi.ng.

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the lack of interpersonal relations between th~ pr?gramme producer

• . • • """,,f , • ,

end, and (3) subsequently ·:t he: pa i-ti c i pa t·i ori'··of lie emphasized these major probl~m areas : .( ~ ) the fact that pr-ogr-aemes of radio fOrur.ls/clubs are not and should not be

fnerely '

informative, and that because they need to be educational in substance'.tb.ei~jbo\lld,:,cQIif!ilt.il..tQ,.cer-ra tn conditions which needed to be defined; (2)

and the rural folk at the receiving members of rarl~o forums/c~ubs:in,the

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IH t h these substantive remarks, be concluded his address by underlining ECA"s

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intention to draw the attention of member States, throup.h its work programme and

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medium-term plan, to the importance'o f'mass' media in effecting change in rural areas, a decisive factor in acceleratinp' development in Africa.

(Full 't~xt

of his address is reproduced in..Ann ex .2)~^{t-,.. , , " ,.:. ', ",;. "'..}

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5.

Si>e"Klng.'at'the Same i:eremOt'ly·on·beh~t'fi<if !<AF and hisowll Government, the Ambi.'';;'ador ·of· the Federal''R e pub l i c "bf!Ge r mimy ;' J"r.' ·Hans Christian Lankes; said that OCA and T(,\F had established a close co-operation primarily in joint activities··and projects on mass media in gene ra l and radio and publications in particular. He added that al'1:hou~h ^their c6~operaH6h be~an ^cn l y recent l'v;

tt

has bright, pr'omf sd ng pros- pects' related to a willevarie'tv·

i,f'

projects:der"tved ·-f'r-o m,OCA^IS work programme, ' provided c1'os'e iiaison is maintained between both or-gandzatIonevaa was rhe'tca se until,very. re·centi

V•

He also recalled his·Go~eminen1:"s"siJstained·assistance·to OCA's programmes, citing "amonq other'exampl es ;' the ag'reeinent'·recen·tly "c onoIuded on the promotion of the activities·

or'

OCA^Is Afr i can Training'andResear-ch Cen rr-e for _{Women ~'} (Full text of his address is reproduced in A~tiex'

3}.

: ' . . ..

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: .., El e c t i on of officers

s.

^{'The W}or k s hop elected ·t he· foll~wirig ·o t f i c e r s Chairman

Vic'~lia i rman

'

. . .. .

Fr . Robert 'Ow~su , Assistant Controller of Programmes, Ghana Br-oadca ati.ng Cor-por-ati orr • ..

~!r.' Baba Halaou,· Chi ef Rural Radio Se rvi c e , Fa l i . Rapporteur r:r . Sam Pule, Assistant Lecturer, University College

of Botswana, Di v i s i on of Extra-Fural Services, Botswana.

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. . .( 4) _., .O~g";,!,i~~ i ~ . :and

^.stimulation of

iriter":persoJaY'c~~uni~

^{tic:;, at 'the}

gr a s s r oot levels and rt h e'p r o bl e m'of"'fiedbac1< ;'

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Adoption of the Agenda

':"' -;':' 1' " 'f~n',~ II~ 'J;~...

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^{"':~':":'1':)'~:" : ", ' ." .'.t; , ,·,}

.7 . ·.· .TheiJfol1owing:a~"'nda''\la s adopted by the !to r k s h'?P I

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~( l j _{"' C~siderati on} of. co~~rr. r~po!",t s; :. ,

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." .'( 2) 'New develop ments and tren d s in U.e:use of.radi<>,foruins/clubs ill" p romot tng'

;v.;·.~~) \: ~'~" 'r~ ~·l;:.'dr:··"I' ^{!Ol:': ,} ," :" . •·1-'·.'·~ ··':'· ' ^{" , ' -} ~'_ " " ', 1' '':"J ''~ ^{" ' .' ;':'} rura eve op menrj . ' _ ,. ' '!" .' "-n"1 : ;I ,. :':~...:r.. :•.•.~ ',:.: ' " '\,"

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'-J,' ..' (3)' Q;ogani za t i on and administration of..radio f9rumS/clubs .( c o"-oro i nliH bn^T

j,1ti /

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governmen t services); . . ;~,", "'.'

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childr.~,. women, .e tc.,)"

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Any other bu sines s (q)

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(5) Programmes for radio forums/clubs (target gr o ups.

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I ....~·~·.l · . "" ..",:' I!<C·"'. , '.~'~'_",' ",. ".', ,

,...(t.:) ' Teac h ing aids and technical eJluip!"en t,; ~ .., ., ; ..

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(7)

Questions of training of : (a) St a ff

" ,( b ) , 'Membe r s,'of"radio'?dru;;,s/ciub~( '

. "l ~ ^{• '. . " ..,.} :,"r·.. ·~ •,: ) .,""('1' i:" ~

.'••'On

9

De c e mbe r '

1977,

at the invitation .()f ~hl',.J:i:t pio p i a n,delegation>to 't he Wor ks hop ,

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al l 't he pi}fi~ipant; ~ere'abie ^{to visi t the} Cen t re of Ed uca_{:. '.'}t i on a l_, '~s~_{.• ;."'>}~edia S~rvice_{. .} of:

,tlt~ ^..

^th i o p i a n.Ifin i s try: 'of

Edtl'cii-iOn ." " " " . , .

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",,;F UID,INGS AND CillCLUSICllS OF.,THE :WORlCSHOP"

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Agenda item

(1) :

Consideration of ol>untry.repoi-ts

8.

^The

they had

de~\,ga.tE:s^••of.mo~,t ^{of,th e count ries''1"epres·en ted·'i.F ' t ile',Wo rks hri}

p

_"s~~d t'hat

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radio forums and radio clubs, although in·some'cases the forums and clu bs were called farmers'.s _~orum~ .'~r.~i.s:efl+!l~J~.I:'1)JPs, ,t he

. , • .. •.......~ ^{. I ' • • . '. '} ~ ~" ^,

group s other"than' tbose of farmers. . ,. . . .• "

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9.

Participants were informed that in SOme countr-i ea radio forums andvcIuba had been in existence for some 15 year-s (a;' in'th:i;'t"..

~~ 'o{ th'~ G-~;;;Cbi~')' : '\~ s~~~' f~r j~st so~~

mOnths (as in the case of the ConRO) wh il e:i ,,· others;~as"irr}Lesotho ^{or Cape} Ve~de ) , they have not been::.t."! l:.! :f:"!l t .If .: ~-JI ~' ...

,'i's~ap),i"h~

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. yet,.

^{,I t was,,;however; ap,reed·that radio}

forum~iclubs

helped to create awarene~s amon~ the rural folks of the problems obtaining and hence to accelerate.np-al,. dev(:lopment •., It.wasalo;O"'.agreed"that r-add.o..fortinis (or farmers'

'''!.' ;"" Ii '~I':I"" ' -' ~"" - - . ; . -

forums) were almost ev e rywhere for fanners and animal :breede r s as'wEol1' as for members of co-operatives while 'radio clubs, wher~ve~ they pad b~en.established,.were for

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school children, young~fAnners .And .other .yo ut h gr o ups • . ..' : "' ..:" ,.•..- :r". .-:,'} " , . • '..,

.

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1<)•.^r, Pr o pl-ems: ,.Tl1e·fact i<a:s'·estabh';h<.d' that' _the~e were problems of different types

,

. ,

and magnitudes in using radio forums and club... effehtiveiy';""I n' ;"6sei:'.;u,;t~ie~, ^.there was the problem of , '; . " -;II ' :~^{•. ..; '}

(a) insufficiency of trained ..manpower to prope:ly prop,rammes for these radio

forilln';/~lub ~'; ;

^{. "}

;r-; . t : \

plan and supervise effective

'd':' -:.' .., ",: .:",' \.' .!

(b) wi th the ex c e p t i on of Tanzania and (to a certain

~~t~'t) \{~~;..:

^as

~e

^{11 as}

,".

the Arabic-speaking countries of Nor t h Africa, there was a problem of lack

.

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_o.,f a. common.. , Language..f'o n whole 'po pu l a't :i:Ons 't o'Understand' tii-e"'"z::bgramnies;

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, ,,(e )' .beoa d ca sfs coul'd 'nbt' be hear-d all over a country for which they werl!. me;lJlt"

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because of transmitters being not pow~rful' ~nou~h;

(d) lack of funds made it impossible to _or~anize more radio forums/clubs in areas which do not have rhem] "' 'T' I -, "

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(e ) some radio fo r ums / c;l ubs ,beca.. e defunct .be c a us e fhedr- members lost 'i n terest in them due to

th~- forUiii~ ' ~;;~ ' i;i~b; '~~i~g -t;;";i~id

^{by not being inj ected}

"j I"

wi th any enter t a i n men t _{ele.".ll1E[n~.: .ljk~ ,~\Is~,G ;}';" ,c<' ,I ; ' .' :

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(f) supervision of existing radio forums/cl\l\>s due tp. lack of adequate me.ans

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of transport fo r the staff; . " , ,.': : ,:

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(~) ^, la.c*,.~f.J()l ~ow-L\P,a.£ter ^radi.o.{orums!ciluos 'Iia d'·'b e e'i-i es t a b li s hed and t'h-':"

subsequerrt feedback led to their inefficiencV"61"a~'tual deatli'; 'a nd . ^,~.

(h) the difficulty of ge t t i ng the best time for broadcasting programmes which is suitable to all members of radio forums/clubs.

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11 . Soluti ons. The Uork shop a~reed that for radio ,fo rums/ c l ubs ·t o succeed,or

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be popular.; >-... . ..

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: ; (a)

(b)

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^(c)

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Leade rs of radi o forums/ c lubs must be trai ned in gr o up dyn a mi c s;

Progra mmes.shoul.d ,be.prepared wi til rhe.co-operation and consent o{"'t h e

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peopl.e for "hom they are me ant ; ,.. ... ".,.;, ~ 'J'.

fr~~rammes

^{for rad io,foruffis/clubs.should not·c}ontain material

~clu sively

about'f crums/ clubs

bu ~ :

^{-,shcukd be interwoven with ·bi}

~s

and pili'des

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'·c mu s i cal and cul t ura l top i c s ;

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(d)

(e)

(f )

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Apart from the 'na f £ ona l' Umg uarii; of'a '~ount':'y, programmes should 0.1so

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,be prepar ed,in other 'lia rt'gl!li'iie...·or dialects sp oken 'in that country t o

" • . ' '.; . ' .' ••' .; • ~.^{'< ',:" •';}

ena ble'all, people ben e fit fr om those'programme s;

Rad i o forums/clubs, sho,:,~d n?t, I>e;.li!,"ired t,o agri:c;:u~t,ure , anima-l 'hus'bandry,

•.._: 'l '" , .•." ',_.~ : .'r>: ! ' " f l \ " " ., .

'and'co- opera ti ve s but also to ot he r such fields as,hea l t h , nutrition ,

c~it~;:'ai ac~iviti~;; 'y~~t'h :a~~ i~i~ies

and political/c ivic education ;

~ ..•. .' .... OJ' . • .~ ....: : .I i ·.;",;: i '. . . " .' .

'Lea ders'shour d re g ul arl y visi t these for ums/clubs andveva Iuate.thei^l' wo rth ines s;

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Le:ul.e rs'of,· r" di o·'for u.rls /clui;~ sh<><ii~" ^{no t}

' ;;;'k

ⁱn isola ti on but shou ld

, '..;: ' "

, Bet both' admin ist ra tiVe

'a~d po ii'tic~ i

^l;'" d e rs to be interested in them

. : •. . ; ~" "' 1

;to o;,··. ^t :.~ ^; -.

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~f r~d:i~ fo~~ :s/~l~~~ " Shou~d a~oid

^{to i}nclude in their " p r og rarnmes

• _. " ' , ' , ••: : ' •1 ..',.~(.. - ",I(.,. , " •

'mate ;:'ia l ";h i ch is' oui:~ide the field which i s offici all y requ ired to be .

c ove ~Cd '

^by

' th;;~~ f6~~~/;;I~b~ , '~pa~t fr.o~ , t.he entert~inment

^{.a s p e ct wh ich}

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, has 'a l r ea dy bee n mentione? above; an d

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(i) Ra d .io forum,,/ clubs, shouId ncr be sta r t ed fromscr-arch but ^r should be

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built on some ex isting social or economic association/gr oup

, ' ".. ..." i ",,..,\..\: ",.:' : I .. ' .,. ; .to:.. ~

:cc--opera H ve 's o c iety or 'a'you th' cl ub of some kind •

. ,'f.' l."I': !

. ." . .~ . :' .. :' i ' :"_.' ; . " "

Coun t ri e s which ha ve not start ed ra di o forums/c l ubs but whic h want them 12.

(e.p,. Lesctho and Ca pe Verde) were ass u r -ed by inte.r:n,:,ti ona l,.orllan iza.~i ons and'U.N. '

..' , . '. -" , :," '; ' ; ;.: ,, ", t. ", ,", "',, : i • I:','.':! . '" •

agencies r-ep r-e.serrt'ed lit +~ " ~Iorksh?p t!, at.they w<;>u~d ,I:>e:rea~y, :t:0.(a"sist them in organizi nll radi6

' fdr,;,ins!

^{cl ubs"i f'.}

_{o ifi~i ~li.} y ~~~roaChed ^{f or}

^{.s uch an,}a,ssistance. i

-.",'0 . ' ~ :. •,i ,.. ': ........~. ..' .' ,.,~ .;. , " .. .

c.

•

•:J , .

. I

of .Ge nnany

~ i !

underlined

. . ... .;:>.: r.:

.r'~" ^{";', ::' .'}

" ';

. .'

:':',';'

.

_{."(. (~I}

.U!,deJ;" this,.agenda iitem,.'tw<:,''WOr ki n{

doc~ents

^were

pr~;';'red '

and circula t_{.. :}~..-,

~d

in due course. The

~uthor

^{of the .first}

paper~JD.

^{R. ¥e ye r,}

fr~m

Radio Voice

. . ^{- '} ,~.'\ ... .

(Deutsche !f'l l l e ), _~int-rodui:ir1g ,the substance 6f'hLs paper to the participants

. ." I . . _ . :•. • • _ " ! . " . - ;: -. .I . :.

the following..j'acts".wbicILwere'a ll noted by the participants :

,

.

• . , "•.' : I :."

13.

Agenda' CHem.

(2) ':' :N'',;w' d~v~lopme~t

and trends in the use of radio

forums{~

in promoting rural development

• " . ' . . I . . ' ::-;' : ", : ,"~ ' ^{t '}

• _ '.' ... . ;~ ^{",•_, ' :. '}~~ ~^{I ' • ' . • - . .1' . '}

.... ..(Z).. Ruhi.l'broIldcia.stine should be r-eLated to other deve Iopmenf .efforts, and

." , ' J;ii6i.:1ii bJ! aea'lt

^w:!.'th

~~ '~ " ~e';~ :c~. amo~3 ' ~t~er

^extension

s~i<;ll's,

^{as i t is}

. . . .: • . \ ' . : . , :-. . . .:.. . : ~ "." j r.: . . . . - .

"'an"i riteg ra l parI: of"the communication process.to create,awareness, parti-

cipaH 'o,i:;a:nd"f~ed~ck:

^{. . .' .' " . ' •. . ' , : .",'}

Mass media's role in deyelopment..coukd- .~ ·be t t e r·enh iin c e<! through the

., ' . f:.. : .'::'" .",: . . •\ \. ~ . .

e~ltab.H:s..~:"ent,

o f

radi~ ^for.urns/clubs <in.the.:rural'areas; H6w'e'v~r'; ^authentic participation in development has a pre-requisite, i.e. participation in development planning . It is not through bur-eaucratd c instructiQIls, :no r

• , I" , .•'- .• , '.'" ~.'J : .^{I, ;. ." : " , . .}

."Through.experts• inl:<;rvention t.nal:. peopde" s Pi'rticipation in development

• • . .' • i ', ' •. ' . . I•

."p l a nn i ng-could'De' secured. I t is obvioul'/ _a"~so,. that reeiona·Lplanning

I" • •, I : . . , • ....';••" . ,I ;~,. ^{f, 1 .•••• •}~ ^{, ' . ' \ . . •}

ar1d "programmin~ is required

.

i f the material disseminated by

.

^{," . ., "...' .} .mass media from

their head quarters is to be made Pai'atable and accepted in all.parts of a counj;rye • ' . .: " " ':."'~ "! ..", !

,.L.'n:

\ .' "' .\:il:.'. .' ..^I:

..

^{; -'}

..

I t might-b e advis~qle tp.consid,,~,.integrating radibforu';"'/clubs ·jiith social

~ '. \ .

.

clubs in,t he rural areas, as the use of radio and availabilit y of receivers

.

. .. . . . . .

^;-."

!":".' '.'

:" ': ,;

: ".'" ! " ,~

is nOW widespr.ead,in.rur.a,l ,a r ea s. ,'d'.:.

j');lj !;: f~·" ' .' ,. . '," " '. ' .' , .

,

• " ", t \ . . . : ~ ^{• • • •• '} .~: =.'" ^{I,.:. :.: ":'j : ',:, ; ... . • '}

When'plann'Ln~ for radio forums/clubs, _{~heir .}pro~rammes ~np ·e f f e c t i y enf's s ; 'ieedblck'

: aJd'~oth~r r~la;~~ ~~ble~~, ' :ese~r~~ ~o~~ ~n~itsf:indin~s .

^{must .}

. " . •.. ' .•'. " ,, ' , ; . •: .!....: j: :.\ " ,,,': '.:. • ' ; ..'••

be't'aken'into con s.i.der-atfon in order to know who is to say what, to whom, for what purpose, when and how.

- 7 -

(fi) Concerning feed-back, i t seems necessary for .pr9.~ra"·me.producers,:

a

^dviSei-s,

;.U

~ ' 1 '!

^{' :"glr o up'}

lead~:rs '- t~ ~ 's!~cif a~'d mati~~~i~ ~'lose c~oR.eration

^{with.local-adminis-''.}

,'." . ,,·t r a t l.on·'f.'nd

ad;';l.n Tstrlltive~:et'::~ps.

Ot he r wi se , it might prove difficult :,'

.'" ,. ·'t o··

~athElr

^:t h e pebi>ie, .the club/

fo~um

members and.to ee t their^l react ions. \,

It,was·dls o·')'jo t e d

i«' ^..'~'I

" " ^{' '- i.f}

"

... .

^,

^{. ..}

. '.

(a ) that, as in the case of Ghana, radio clubs can also be used for educational

• 4" 1

purposes wqen mo~t ^{a£ their.members} a~e ^school children/stud~t~ ~h~ ^can

!,:j ~')~'.. ,._ '. • , ,:' " • . . , I , . . . _~ ~

.

iin,.' ~~,~ _~~" ~th,, ~r,?"d"i'st

^"a t e.ria l for enl'ightening their'

<Pa':~nt's

i f the'te"

happen to be illiterate;

.

.. ..

".-

: •t :.! !

t~eir deve~opmenta.l .purp~se,p,~?r,~r~Y' r~~iof?rll!Jl,s!clubs COinmunica'tion betwe·'m the organisers/leaders/the... .' " "

" •',.. . ' -,... '. .f" ; " . , '~^{•• •'.\ • .}

'(Do'; umeh t is~reproduced in extenso in Anne,!,

4).

r~" .' " _'" r- ., ;) .

.i;;~

,'. l '

and that to serve ,),"us t"be'a .t wo-wa y

I • r:j >.. ..

(b)

'.' ,->:"a u t h o r i ties'a ndi·t lle·m'!illb~rs.

- i..(.· •

. " ,

14. .The

,secondw~rldn g

dO<lillnerit

pi'ipar(,rl '

by

th~ i,it k'~~'tion~l

Institute of, .,C ommuni- ca t,lons,(IICLwas presented loy'% ";: W

;F:', CoI~;,;;,'n'; "me:mbC/'of

^{"th e}

fuard

^of

T~s ct~~ .s

^{or , . ,}

nc. ^In,

^{tlle s e,}introductory remarks·,' ·the

'fol'l o'~i;;'~

'sa l'i en t

' poi~ts

of the substanc:;e of .,

• .. ·~ :;^•..!~l. .~. ! ^{>", -'"}

the paper were r-eca l.kedrt- ^{t I.j:. ••.:....\."} r , !~)'^{, "}

,(1) :There.a r-e"f ou r' basic:i'approachec to'human co-nmunf c atLon in present 1;hinking:_{· ri:.'.}

),,1 } ,' ,

:' '. "

il(: ... .

>,

.', .

c !• ,;

.~.ⁱ .,~ .: :^{' , '}

of information

social inter-action and relationship, and

. , " -'.. -.: ': •!.

a s ,an~ .instrument'of'·soc"i'a·l~·'e c onomi c and political communication

. , I . ~.: ~

change• . . ' t

• f _'I ..' .,. l ' .,JY~ . -.' ,

(a) commund catLon as persuasion.

"P..... ,) .' -. '::-" _. . '.: I:.l·.· ~. ~~ 0 ' ... -

(b) commurifcation as transmission (c) communication as

. .

^: (d)

(2) Countries offering examples of planned and imaginative use of radio

t • j '-,

communica ti",:, for devcl,'.'l'.m~~t. arc..Indd.a , .,Ind one s i a , 'Gua tarnala, Colombia, Brasil, Philip';l.nes ,.China

'~d

^Ln

.Africa,

_, ^Tanzania.

. ~ , . t! , .~

^{< , ' ;, -}

. ,I '; ..~ , .,! ^{I ,}

In Ind i a , a pilot..;p;ojc~t··of radio rural farm forums launched in

1956

was expanded to become a national scheme in

1959

because the forum groups showed as an impressive ga i n in knowledge, because group discussions were successful, and because