Membres du jury
Monsieur le Professeur LEGRAND Erick | Président Madame le Docteur DERNIS Emmanuelle | Directrice Madame le Professeur BOUVARD Béatrice | Membre
Monsieur le Professeur CAILLIEZ Eric | Membre Monsieur le Docteur GOBRON Benoît | Membre
Soutenue publiquement le :
2018-2019
THESE
pour le
DIPLOME D’ETAT DE DOCTEUR EN MEDECINE Qualification en Médecine Générale
How to conduct post-graduate formation of the general practitioners in performing articular or abarticular corticosteroids’ injections in the knee and the shoulder joints? Analysis of the current training courses, literature review and implementation of a new training program
Comment améliorer la formation des médecins généralistes aux infiltrations cortisoniques articulaires et abarticulaires du genou et de l’épaule ? Analyse des pratiques, revue de la littérature et mise en place d’un programme de formation
VRIGNAUD Arthur
Né le 3 novembre 1992 à Le Mans (72)
Sous la direction de Madame le Docteur DERNIS Emmanuelle
ENGAGEMENT DE NON PLAGIAT
Je, soussigné Arthur VRIGNAUD
déclare être pleinement conscient que le plagiat de documents ou d’une partie d’un document publiée sur toutes formes de support, y compris l’internet, constitue une violation des droits d’auteur ainsi qu’une fraude caractérisée.
En conséquence, je m’engage à citer toutes les sources que j’ai utilisées pour écrire ce rapport ou mémoire.
Signé par l'étudiant le 20/05/2019
LISTE DES ENSEIGNANTS DE L’UFR SANTÉ D’ANGERS
Directeur de l'UFR : Pr Nicolas Lerolle
Directeur adjoint de l'UFR et directeur du département de pharmacie : Pr Frédéric Lagarce Directeur du département de médecine : Pr Cédric Annweiler
PROFESSEURS DES UNIVERSITÉS
ABRAHAM Pierre Physiologie Médecine
ANNWEILER Cédric Gériatrie et biologie du vieillissement Médecine
ASFAR Pierre Réanimation Médecine
AUBE Christophe Radiologie et imagerie médicale Médecine
AUGUSTO Jean-François Néphrologie Médecine
AZZOUZI Abdel Rahmène Urologie Médecine
BARON-HAURY Céline Médecine générale Médecine
BAUFRETON Christophe Chirurgie thoracique et cardiovasculaire Médecine
BENOIT Jean-Pierre Pharmacotechnie Pharmacie
BEYDON Laurent Anesthésiologie-réanimation Médecine
BIGOT Pierre Urologie Médecine
BONNEAU Dominique Génétique Médecine
BOUCHARA Jean-Philippe Parasitologie et mycologie Médecine
BOUVARD Béatrice Rhumatologie Médecine
BOURSIER Jérôme Gastroentérologie ; hépatologie Médecine
BRIET Marie Pharmacologie Médecine
CAILLIEZ Eric Médecine générale Médecine
CALES Paul Gastroentérologie ; hépatologie Médecine
CAMPONE Mario Cancérologie ; radiothérapie Médecine
CAROLI-BOSC François-Xavier Gastroentérologie ; hépatologie Médecine CHAPPARD Daniel Cytologie, embryologie et cytogénétique Médecine
CONNAN Laurent Médecine générale Médecine
COUTANT Régis Pédiatrie Médecine
COUTURIER Olivier Biophysique et médecine nucléaire Médecine
CUSTAUD Marc-Antoine Physiologie Médecine
DE BRUX Jean-Louis Chirurgie thoracique et cardiovasculaire Médecine
DESCAMPS Philippe Gynécologie-obstétrique Médecine
DINOMAIS Mickaël Médecine physique et de réadaptation Médecine
DIQUET Bertrand Pharmacologie Médecine
DUCANCELLE Alexandra Bactériologie-virologie ; hygiène hospitalière Médecine
DUVAL Olivier Chimie thérapeutique Pharmacie
DUVERGER Philippe Pédopsychiatrie Médecine
EVEILLARD Mathieu Bactériologie-virologie Pharmacie
FANELLO Serge Épidémiologie ; économie de la santé et
prévention Médecine
FAURE Sébastien Pharmacologie physiologie Pharmacie
FOURNIER Henri-Dominique Anatomie Médecine
FURBER Alain Cardiologie Médecine
GAGNADOUX Frédéric Pneumologie Médecine
GARNIER François Médecine générale Médecine
GASCOIN Géraldine Pédiatrie Médecine
GOHIER Bénédicte Psychiatrie d'adultes Médecine
GRANRY Jean-Claude Anesthésiologie-réanimation Médecine
GUARDIOLA Philippe Hématologie ; transfusion Médecine
GUILET David Chimie analytique Pharmacie
HAMY Antoine Chirurgie générale Médecine
HUNAULT-BERGER Mathilde Hématologie ; transfusion Médecine
IFRAH Norbert Hématologie ; transfusion Médecine
JEANNIN Pascale Immunologie Médecine
KEMPF Marie Bactériologie-virologie ; hygiène hospitalière Médecine
LACCOURREYE Laurent Oto-rhino-laryngologie Médecine
LAGARCE Frédéric Biopharmacie Pharmacie
LARCHER Gérald Biochimie et biologie moléculaires Pharmacie
LASOCKI Sigismond Anesthésiologie-réanimation Médecine
LEGRAND Erick Rhumatologie Médecine
LERMITE Emilie Chirurgie générale Médecine
LEROLLE Nicolas Réanimation Médecine
LUNEL-FABIANI Françoise Bactériologie-virologie ; hygiène hospitalière Médecine
MARCHAIS Véronique Bactériologie-virologie Pharmacie
MARTIN Ludovic Dermato-vénéréologie Médecine
MENEI Philippe Neurochirurgie Médecine
MERCAT Alain Réanimation Médecine
MERCIER Philippe Anatomie Médecine
PAPON Nicolas Parasitologie mycologie Pharmacie
PASSIRANI Catherine Chimie générale Pharmacie
PELLIER Isabelle Pédiatrie Médecine
PICQUET Jean Chirurgie vasculaire ; médecine vasculaire Médecine
PODEVIN Guillaume Chirurgie infantile Médecine
PROCACCIO Vincent Génétique Médecine
PRUNIER Fabrice Cardiologie Médecine
REYNIER Pascal Biochimie et biologie moléculaire Médecine RICHARD Isabelle Médecine physique et de réadaptation Médecine
RICHOMME Pascal Pharmacognosie Pharmacie
RODIEN Patrice Endocrinologie, diabète et maladies
métaboliques Médecine
ROHMER Vincent Endocrinologie, diabète et maladies
métaboliques Médecine
ROQUELAURE Yves Médecine et santé au travail Médecine
ROUGE-MAILLART Clotilde Médecine légale et droit de la santé Médecine ROUSSEAU Audrey Anatomie et cytologie pathologiques Médecine ROUSSEAU Pascal Chirurgie plastique, reconstructrice et
esthétique
Médecine ROUSSELET Marie-Christine Anatomie et cytologie pathologiques Médecine
ROY Pierre-Marie Thérapeutique Médecine
SAINT-ANDRE Jean-Paul Anatomie et cytologie pathologiques Médecine SAULNIER Patrick Biophysique pharmaceutique et
biostatistiques Pharmacie
SERAPHIN Denis Chimie organique Pharmacie
SUBRA Jean-François Néphrologie Médecine
UGO Valérie Hématologie ; transfusion Médecine
URBAN Thierry Pneumologie Médecine
VAN BOGAERT Patrick Pédiatrie Médecine
VENIER Marie-Claire Pharmacotechnie Pharmacie
VERNY Christophe Neurologie Médecine
WILLOTEAUX Serge Radiologie et imagerie médicale Médecine
MAÎTRES DE CONFÉRENCES
ANGOULVANT Cécile Médecine Générale Médecine
ANNAIX Véronique Biochimie et biologie moléculaires Pharmacie
BAGLIN Isabelle Pharmaco-chimie Pharmacie
BASTIAT Guillaume Biophysique et biostatistiques Pharmacie
BEAUVILLAIN Céline Immunologie Médecine
BELIZNA Cristina Médecine interne Médecine
BELLANGER William Médecine générale Médecine
BELONCLE François Réanimation Médecine
BENOIT Jacqueline Pharmacologie et pharmacocinétique Pharmacie
BIERE Loïc Cardiologie Médecine
BLANCHET Odile Hématologie ; transfusion Médecine
BOISARD Séverine Chimie analytique Pharmacie
CAPITAIN Olivier Cancérologie ; radiothérapie Médecine
CASSEREAU Julien Neurologie Médecine
CHEVAILLER Alain Immunologie Médecine
CHEVALIER Sylvie Biologie cellulaire Médecine
CLERE Nicolas Pharmacologie Pharmacie
COLIN Estelle Génétique Médecine
DE CASABIANCA Catherine Médecine générale Médecine
DERBRE Séverine Pharmacognosie Pharmacie
DESHAYES Caroline Bactériologie virologie Pharmacie
FERRE Marc Biologie moléculaire Médecine
FLEURY Maxime Immunologie Pharmacie
FORTRAT Jacques-Olivier Physiologie Médecine
HAMEL Jean-François Biostatistiques, informatique médicale Médicale
HELESBEUX Jean-Jacques Chimie organique Pharmacie
HINDRE François Biophysique Médecine
JOUSSET-THULLIER Nathalie Médecine légale et droit de la santé Médecine LACOEUILLE Franck Biophysique et médecine nucléaire Médecine
LANDREAU Anne Botanique et Mycologie Pharmacie
LEGEAY Samuel Pharmacologie Pharmacie
LE RAY-RICHOMME Anne-Marie Valorisation des substances naturelles Pharmacie LEPELTIER Elise Chimie générale, nanovectorisation Pharmacie
LETOURNEL Franck Biologie cellulaire Médecine
LIBOUBAN Hélène Histologie Médecine
MABILLEAU Guillaume Histologie, embryologie et cytogénétique Médecine MALLET Sabine Chimie Analytique et bromatologie Pharmacie MAROT Agnès Parasitologie et mycologie médicale Pharmacie MAY-PANLOUP Pascale Biologie et médecine du développement et de
la reproduction
Médecine
MESLIER Nicole Physiologie Médecine
MOUILLIE Jean-Marc Philosophie Médecine
NAIL BILLAUD Sandrine Immunologie Pharmacie
PAPON Xavier Anatomie Médecine
PASCO-PAPON Anne Radiologie et imagerie médicale Médecine
PECH Brigitte Pharmacotechnie Pharmacie
PENCHAUD Anne-Laurence Sociologie Médecine
PETIT Audrey Médecine et santé au travail Médecine
PIHET Marc Parasitologie et mycologie Médecine
PRUNIER Delphine Biochimie et biologie moléculaire Médecine
RIOU Jérémie Biostatistiques Pharmacie
ROGER Emilie Pharmacotechnie Pharmacie
SCHINKOWITZ Andréas Pharmacognosie Pharmacie
SIMARD Gilles Biochimie et biologie moléculaire Médecine
TANGUY-SCHMIDT Aline Hématologie ; transfusion Médecine
TRZEPIZUR Wojciech Pneumologie Médecine
AUTRES ENSEIGNANTS
AUTRET Erwan Anglais Médecine
BARBEROUSSE Michel Informatique Médecine
BRUNOIS-DEBU Isabelle Anglais Pharmacie
CHIKH Yamina Économie-Gestion Médecine
FISBACH Martine Anglais Médecine
O’SULLIVAN Kayleigh Anglais Médecine
PAST
CAVAILLON Pascal Pharmacie Industrielle Pharmacie
LAFFILHE Jean-Louis Officine Pharmacie
MOAL Frédéric Physiologie Pharmacie
ATER
FOUDI Nabil Physiologie et communication cellulaire Pharmacie
HARDONNIERE Kévin Pharmacologie - Toxicologie Pharmacie
WAKIM Jamal Biochimie et biomoléculaire Médecine
AHU
BRIS Céline Biochimie et biologie moléculaires Pharmacie
LEROUX Gaël Toxico Pharmacie
BRIOT Thomas Pharmacie Galénique Pharmacie
CHAPPE Marion Pharmacotechnie Pharmacie
CONTRACTUEL
VIAULT Guillaume Chimie Pharmacie
REME RC IEM ENTS
Au Professeur Erick LEGRAND,
Je vous remercie de me faire l’honneur d’avoir accepté de présider ce jury de thèse. Je vous remercie également de la volonté et de l’implication qui sont les vôtres pour transmettre votre savoir, tant aux étudiants qu’aux internes et aux autres médecins
Au Docteur Emmanuelle DERNIS,
Je vous remercie pour votre accompagnement pour ce travail de thèse et pour les autres projets que nous avons menés ensemble ainsi que pour ceux en cours et à venir, pour votre bienveillance et votre soutien. Je vous remercie pour la passion et l’implication qui vous caractérisent dans toutes vos activités, que vous avez fait en sorte de me transmettre et qui sont une réelle motivation au quotidien. J’espère que nous continuerons à collaborer longtemps ainsi, que ce soit auprès de patients mais aussi dans le cadre de la recherche et de la formation.
Au Professeur Béatrice BOUVARD,
Je vous remercie de me faire l’honneur d’avoir accepté de prendre part à ce jury de thèse et de me permettre de bénéficier de votre expertise. Je vous remercie également pour l’importance que vous attachez à la formation des étudiants et des internes, tant en cours à la faculté qu’en stage, et dont j’ai eu la chance de profiter.
Au Professeur Eric CAILLIEZ,
Je vous remercie de me faire l’honneur d’avoir accepté de prendre part à ce jury de thèse, de me faire profiter de votre expérience et de votre point de vue de médecin généraliste, qui me semblent fondamentaux dans le cadre de l’évaluation de ce travail. Je vous remercie également pour votre investissement dans la formation et la transmission de votre savoir aux futurs médecins généralistes dont je fais partie.
Au Docteur Benoît GOBRON,
Je te remercie de me faire l’honneur d’avoir accepté de prendre part à ce jury de thèse. Je te remercie également pour la patience et la bienveillance avec lesquelles tu as su m’accompagner comme un grand frère lors de mon premier semestre d’internat, pour les bons moments que nous avons pu partager pendant ces six mois formidables. Je te remercie pour tout ce que tu as pu me transmettre, à commencer par cette passion pour la rhumatologie. Et je compte sur toi pour venir fêter la fin de ce cycle à mes côtés !
A mes parents Martine et Philippe, mes sœurs Margaux et Anna, mon frère Justin,
Je vous remercie de m’avoir éduqué, accompagné et soutenu tout au long de ces années, de m’avoir supporté dans les moments plus difficiles, d’avoir fait de moi celui que je suis aujourd’hui. J’espère que vous êtes fiers de ce que vous m’avez permis d’accomplir et vous en serai éternellement reconnaissant.
Il est certain que je n’en serais pas là sans vous !
A Antoine, Benjamin, Geoffrey, Florian, Jean-Pierre, Matthieu et Pierre,
Je vous remercie pour tous les bons moments que nous avons pu partager et qui, je l’espère, ne sont pas terminés. Je ne pensais pas que des études longues et réputées difficiles pouvaient laisser d’aussi bons souvenirs ! Il ne reste plus qu’à en créer de nouveaux, puisque je n’ai pas prévu de vous abandonner de sitôt !
Aux Docteurs Amélie DENIS, Bénédicte HAETTICH, Guillaume DIREZ, Jean ESPARBES, Jean-Maxime PIOT et Jérémy CHATELAIS,
Je vous remercie pour tout ce que vous m’avez appris, pour votre passion et votre gentillesse qui ont participé à l’ambiance formidable qui règne dans ce service hospitalier. Je vous remercie également pour la confiance sans réserve que vous m’avez accordée et pour votre implication dans les différents projets pour lesquels je vous ai sollicités, à commencer par celui qui découle de cette thèse…
A Emilie, Faten et Julien,
Je vous remercie pour ce semestre magique que nous avons vécu ensemble, qui est passé bien trop vite et qui me laissera tellement de souvenirs inoubliables… entre raclette au château, ponctions de cheville nocturnes, accents du Sud, sushis à volonté, attribution de surnoms sympathiques et naissance d’un petit Simon tant attendu entre autres… Je compte sur vous pour venir tantôt fêter la fin de ce cycle comme il a commencé !
REME RC IEM ENTS
A Anne, Eglantine, Florence, Kévin, Sabrina et à tous les autres membres du service de rhumatologie du Centre Hospitalier du Mans,
Je vous remercie pour tout ce que vous m’avez apporté tant professionnellement que personnellement, pour votre bonne humeur et votre bienveillance. C’est avec un immense plaisir que j’ai passé ce premier semestre à vos côtés et que je reviens régulièrement prendre de vos nouvelles. En espérant vous revoir nombreux dans quelques jours…
A Mesdames Anne PRISSET, Bénédicte GABORIT et Carine VILLAIN,
Je vous remercie de m’avoir épaulé dans de multiples projets et d’avoir répondu à mes sollicitations avec une réactivité et une efficacité remarquables.
A Roselyne et Patrick, Anne-Sophie, Cédric et Julien,
Je vous remercie de m’avoir aidé à grandir et à me construire, de m’avoir accueilli comme une seconde famille. Je vous remercie pour tous ces souvenirs formidables et tout ce que j’ai pu apprendre auprès de vous… notamment mes premiers pas, les bases de la maçonnerie et du football…
Aux Docteurs Aurélien SUTRA DEL GALY, Cécile ANGOULVANT, Dorothée BROSSARD, Gérard MAZE, Hikombo HITOTO, Laetitia RAVE, Marie-Rita ANDREU, Matthieu CHEDANE, Nicolas VARACHE, Pierre LOZAC’H et Stéphane FREZE, au Professeur Jean-Ralph ZAHAR, aux autres médecins et co-internes avec lesquels j’ai eu la chance de travailler,
Je vous remercie pour tout ce que vous m’avez transmis au cours des stages que j’ai pu effectuer à votre contact, pour les valeurs et les principes qui sont les vôtres et qui m’ont aidé à bâtir ma pratique débutante. L’un de mes modèles m’a dit un jour que chacun d’entre nous avait un ou plusieurs maîtres spirituels et il est certain que vous faîtes partie des personnes dont j’ai pu m’inspirer.
A Benoit et Anaïs, Antoine, Benoist, Jean-Luc et à tous les amis que je n’ai pas encore cités,
Je vous remercie d’avoir été à mes côtés et de m’avoir accompagné toutes ces années, d’avoir su vous adapter aux contraintes de ma formation. Et je ne doute pas du fait que nous aurons de nombreuses autres occasions de partager d’agréables moments.
Aux Docteurs Christelle JADEAU et Jean-Christophe CALLAHAN, à Mesdames Diane PETTER et Véronique JEAN, à Monsieur Olivier BOSSARD,
Je vous remercie de m’avoir accordé une telle confiance pour tous les projets passés, en cours et à venir. Je vous remercie également de m’avoir déjà fait l’honneur de me permettre de représenter le Centre Hospitalier du Mans à plusieurs reprises.
A Audrey, Awen, Emilie, Nathalie et Pauline, aux autres personnes que j’ai pu croiser tout au long de mon parcours et qui m’ont soutenu et aidé de près ou de loin, aux équipes de jour et de nuit, à tous ceux qui comptent pour moi et que je n’ai pas encore mentionnés,
Je vous remercie pour tout ce que vous avez pu m’apporter, pour toutes vos qualités dont vous m’avez permis de profiter et dont vous avez tenté de m’imprégner. J’espère avoir été à la hauteur de vos espérances et que je le serai toujours à l’avenir.
Liste des abréviations
BSDQ British Shoulder Disability Questionnaire CME Continuing Medical Education
CONSORT CONsolidated Standards Of Reporting Trials EQ-5D EuroQol-5 Dimension
GP General Practitioner(s) IF Impact Factor(s)
NSAID Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug(s) SF-36 Short-Form 36-item health survey
SQUIRE Standards for QUality Improvement Reporting Excellence
STROBE STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology
UK United Kingdom
USA United States of America
WOMAC Western Ontario and McMaster universities arthritis index
Plan
ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHTS INTRODUCTION METHODS
1. Physicians’ survey
2. Literature review
RESULTS
1. Physicians’ survey
2. Literature review
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDICES
How to conduct post-graduate formation of the general practitioners in performing articular or abarticular corticosteroids’ injections in the knee and the shoulder joints? Analysis of the current training courses, literature review and implementation of a new training program
Arthur VRIGNAUD
a,*, and Emmanuelle DERNIS
ba Internat de Médecine Générale, Université d’Angers, UFR Santé, rue Haute de reculée, 49045 Angers, France
b Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, 194, avenue Rubillard, 72037 Le Mans, France
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (A. VRIGNAUD).
Mailing address: Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Service de Rhumatologie, 194, avenue Rubillard, 72037 Le Mans, France.
Phone number: +33 (0) 2 44 71 08 49
ABSTRACT
Introduction: While several former studies have shown the usefulness and effectiveness of articular and abarticular corticosteroids injections performed by the general practitioners, the main limitation that has been identified in expanding the use of these acts in everyday practice lies in a lack of training. Thus, this study aimed for determining the best settings for training courses concerning this subject.
Methods: Our study was composed by two parts: the first one consisted in a survey interesting the improvements induced by the ongoing training courses in the context of continuing medical education on the participants’ skills and degree of confidence, the second part was a review of the published literature about this topic.
Results: As expected, the whole training programs analysed through our survey have generated improvements in the participants’ confidence in performing articular or abarticular injections. Furthermore, these findings are reflected in an increase in the proportion of such skills that the trainees complete by themselves. These results were reinforced by similar findings raised by the literature review. Moreover, this one have highlighted that hands-on training courses seemed to be the most efficient and that the use of synthetic models appeared to be a suitable alternative to human bodies or corpses, surrounded by less ethical and logistic concerns.
Conclusion: This study supports the expansion of training courses for the general practitioners about articular and abarticular injections. It also suggests that these ones should be based on a hands-on training design, possibly with the use of manikins.
HIGHLIGHTS
The lack of training has been identified by general practitioners as the main limit for expanding the use of articular injections in their everyday practice.
Training courses have shown efficiency in inducing improvements regarding confidence and competence in performing such technical acts, with an impact on the clinical practice.
Hands-on training appears to be the most suited and efficient design for these programs.
The use of synthetic models represents a reliable substitute for human bodies or corpses, then avoiding significant logistic and ethical concerns.
The findings of this manuscript are supporting the development of training courses about articular injections, with the aim of improving patients’ care.
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, musculoskeletal diseases are one of the main reasons to seek for a general practitioner's consultation. Several previous studies [1-4] have demonstrated the corticosteroids' injections efficiency in treating plenty of such conditions and that is the reason why injections take place in the patient care, either in the first line, as an alternative therapeutic tool or as a complement of the pharmaceutical and educational treatments.
Furthermore, these medical procedures are achievable in everyday clinical practice. As a matter of fact, studies about imaging guidance [5] has shown its usefulness to achieve a good needle placement but its involvement in improving the clinical results of the procedure still remains to be shown. Thus, in most cases, the use of ultrasound or another imaging guidance doesn’t seem to be recommended as the first approach regarding to the ratio between the involved extra costs and the limited hypothetical clinical profit. As the contraindications to perform corticosteroids' injections are not abundant and are easily identifiable [1], and as the significant complications are unusual (notably the infectious risk which remains still lower than one case among twenty thousand procedures) [1,4,6,7], the execution of corticosteroids' injections as part of the primary care thus seems to be practicable. As it has already been demonstrated in other countries such as in United Kingdom for example [8,9], this behaviour would allow a better use of the health care services from both patients and society points of view. Thus, beyond the patient's satisfaction of being treated by his family physician [10], it has been found a significant clinical advantage that lies in the achievement of a fast symptom relief (that is actually unfortunately difficult to obtain in regard of the current delays for access to the specialists' consultations) and in the ability to withdraw quicker the other treatments, particularly the general drugs (thus limiting their adverse side effects, such as those of non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs for example) [8,9,11,12]. It should be highlighted that, despite the increase in the proportion of medical technical acts provided by general practitioners, the studies related to this issue have not shown any deterioration in the quality of the delivered patient care, as documented for example in the field of dermatology by the rate of skin samples that had adequate margins regarding curative resection acts of malignant skin lesions performed by general practitioners [8,9,11]. At the medico-economic level, such behaviour that consists in making corticosteroids' injections in the context of primary care would permit a decrease in the costs to society related to iterative consultations and repeated treatments as well as a reduction of the cumulative duration of sick leaves [8,9,11- 13]. Furthermore, this consolidation of the primary care practitioner leading role would also allow an easier access to the specialist as a resort for complex cases by avoiding an overload of their consultations' slots due to situations that could be handled by a general practitioner [8,9,11]. Despite all these advantages, coinciding with the declared will of most of the interviewed general practitioners to perform this kind of procedures, the execution of corticosteroids' injections remains uncommon in the field of primary care [14,15]. Previous works about this subject pointed out the lack of training to perform these acts [10,14-16]. In addition, these studies and doctoral theses highlighted the request of general practitioners to be trained in the aim of subsequently modifying their practices [10,14,16,17]. This change in the patient care has the primary purpose of allowing the family physician to reposition himself as a leading actor of the health care system. In that way, interviewed patients massively answered in favour of a training of the general practitioners in performing corticosteroids' injections, showing by the way an assumed commitment to receive an appropriate treatment in the first line [10]. As the current model of the medical formation in France and student demography don't permit a sufficient alternance to ensure a hands-on training at the bedside in specialized departments during the initial training, it seems
appropriate to pursue training in the field of continuing medical education [18]. Our work has been made towards determining the best training approach to teach corticosteroids' injections to the general practitioners as well as setting up a training course on this matter.
As it represents a broad topic and in order to enhance the probability of finding significant results by limiting the potential bias, a decision was made to reduce the field of this study to articular or abarticular corticosteroids’ injections in the knee and the shoulder joints. This decision relies on the fact that these localisations are the most frequently involved in the execution of corticosteroids' injections [6,14,15], as these ones are also achievable in the general practice setting on the basis of anatomic landmarked guidance determined by inspection and palpatory examination.
METHODS
In the aim to determine the best training method, this study consisted at first in an analysis of the current courses including training on or exclusively about corticosteroids' injections, ongoing in the field of continuing medical education. This evaluation was designed to be conducted through the dissemination of a survey to each general practitioner that either attended to a training session in 2017 or followed an online training course at any time during this same year in France. As it was clearly identified that the design of this survey (lying on voluntary answers) was responsible of a risk of weak responses rates, as experienced in previous studies and doctoral theses, thus representing a potential significant selection bias, it was therefore decided that this first part of the study would be analysed in the light of a second part consisting in a literature review. This one was concerned with the efficiency of current training courses and learnings policies in other countries as well as with studies on new technical skills acquisition, such as those related to basic acts in the surgical practice. The main evaluation criterion was the efficiency of different training courses models in terms of technical abilities of the trainees and benefits for patients as well as for the health care system.
1. Physicians’ survey
In order to ensure the comparability of the different training courses, we took the decision to restrict the analyses to those certified by the French national agency of continuing medical education, because of their asserted quality due to the imposed requirements specification.
Through a screening on the corresponding website (www.agencedpc.fr) of the former and currently available training courses concerning exclusively or partly the corticosteroids'
programs carried out by 8 training institutes. There were 9 on-site training courses, divided in 19 sessions, and 1 online training course by e-learning. The main characteristics of each training course are summarized in Table I.
Table I: General characteristics of the different training courses ongoing during 2017 Title (translated
from the original French
version)
Predetermined modalities of the
training course
Medical specialty of
the course instructor
Number of sessions delivered in
2017
Maximal number of trainees in each session Injections in the
main articulations
On-site training consisting in workshops, exclusively
about injections
General
practitioner 2 30
Injections in general practice
On-site training combining theory lessons and workshops, exclusively
about injections
General
practitioner 1 35
Injections:
indications, contraindications,
methods
On-site training, exclusively about injections
General
practitioner 6 40
Shoulder, wrist and hand
diseases
On-site training, approaching injections
while speaking about musculoskeletal illnesses
Sports physician and
general practitioner
2 30
Twists and tendinitis in general practice:
from references to practice
On-site training, approaching injections
while speaking about musculoskeletal illnesses
Sports physician and
general practitioner
2 30
Technical acts in rheumatology
On-site training consisting in workshops on synthetic joints models, exclusively
about injections
General
practitioner 3 40
Injections by the general practitioner
On-site training, exclusively about injections
General
practitioner 1 20
Technical acts in primary care
On-site training, teaching injections among other
medical technical acts
General
practitioner 1 20
Non-traumatic diseases of the
knee
On-site training combining theory lessons and workshops, approaching injections while speaking
about the knee diseases
General
practitioner 1 35
Injections in everyday practice
e-learning, exclusively about injections
General
practitioner Not applicable
A survey (see translated version in Appendix I), assessing demographic data and interviewing on changes in perceived skills by general practitioners that had taken part in one of these training courses and on the impact in modifying their practice, was addressed by electronic mail to each institute. Repeated phone reminders were also performed with the aim of obtaining a higher rate of answers. Statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft® Excel and the BiostaTGV online software. It consisted in a Student t-test or a linear regression as required depending on the type of data, the degree of statistical significance () was defined as 0.05.
2. Literature review
Concerning the second part being a literature review, a global searching was made inside the Medline database using keywords arranged in the following request:
(((("arthrocentesis"[MeSH Terms]) OR "biopsy, fine needle"[MeSH Terms]) OR "injections, intra articular"[MeSH Terms])) AND (((((((("education, medical"[MeSH Terms]) OR
"education, medical, continuing"[MeSH Terms]) OR "learning curve"[MeSH Terms]) OR ("task performance and analysis"[MeSH Terms])) OR "teaching"[MeSH Terms]) OR "learning"[MeSH Terms]) OR "general practice"[MeSH Terms]) OR "rheumatology/education"[MeSH Terms]).
Only articles written in the French or English languages with an available abstract were retained in the initial selection. There was not any other restriction, particularly no limitation in the date of publication as well as in the age of the involved subjects, veterinary studies
were also considered. In order to complete this screening, it was there implemented by additional published studies, attached to the previous ones when identified as similar, if they were judged potentially relevant for the actual topic on the basis of their title. After the duplicates removal, it represented a pool of 160 articles. Then 108 studies were excluded after reading the abstract because they did not evaluate training methods for teaching injections. Similarly, 33 other studies were excluded after reading the full text of the article for the same reason and 1 more as it was the preliminary study of another one included in this literature review. There were thus 18 remaining articles. The whole selection process is depicted in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Flow diagram of the literature review (adapted from: Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009 Jul 21;6(7):e1000097 [19])
ScreeningIncludedEligibilityIdentification
Records screened
(n = 160) Records excluded
(n = 108)
Full-text articles assessed for
eligibility (n = 52)
Full-text articles excluded from
analysis (n = 34)
Studies included in the synthesis
(n = 18)
Additional records identified through further investigation
(n = 36)
Records after duplicates removed (n = 160)
Records identified through database screening
(n = 132)
The methodological quality of the involved studies was appraised using either CONSORT, SQUIRE or STROBE checklists, as required according to the design of the study, and regarding to the publishing journal last available Impact Factor. These considerations are represented in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Assessment of the included studies methodological quality [20-37]
An exclusion of the studies with a poor methodological quality, arbitrarily predefined as a score lower than 60 percent in the convenient score (meaning a score lower than 15 points over 25 using the CONSORT checklist, than 12 points over 19 using the SQUIRE or than 14 over 22 using the STROBE one), had been envisaged but none met this criterion.
Role of the funding source: No funding was required for this study.
RESULTS
1. Physicians’ survey
We obtained a total amount of 56 answers to our survey, thus representing participants of 6 distinct training courses. The mean age of the responders was 42.8 years, ranging from 30 to 70. Meanwhile, the mean post-graduate work experience was 13.2 years, with a minimum of 1 year and a maximum of 40. The population in our study was made of women in a proportion of 28.6% (16 among 56). Regarding the referral habits of the practitioners in the cases they did not perform the injection by themselves, 83.9% (47) reported they preferred to address patients to a rheumatologist while 10.7% (6) referred them to a radiologist, 3.6%
(2) to an orthopaedic surgeon and 1.8% (1) to a sports physician. The mean declared delay to obtain an appointment for the patient with the concerned specialist was 4.6 weeks. Before they took part in a training course, the mean rate of corticosteroids’ injections performed by the general practitioners was of 31.6% in the knee and 27.9% in the shoulder among the whole indicated injections in these joints. Meanwhile, the mean self-evaluated degree of confidence in performing such technical acts was 3.34 on a Likert scale ranging from 0 (weak) to 10 (high confidence) for the shoulder injections and 4.34 for the knee injections. A summary of the values concerning the judgement criteria is given in Table II.
Table II: Summary of the received answers about the proportion of completion and the perceived confidence degree in performing joints injections
Mean value before the training course
Mean value after the training course
Mean difference
p
In the whole population of this study In the knee (n = 56)
Self-assessed degree of confidence 4.34 6.07 + 1.73 0.007
Proportion performed by themselves 3.16 4.59 + 1.43 0.040 In the shoulder (n = 56)
Self-assessed degree of confidence 3.34 5.48 + 2.14 0.0006
Proportion performed by themselves 2.79 4.25 + 1.46 0.029
For those that evaluated their level of confidence as null at baseline In the knee (n = 13)
Self-assessed degree of confidence 0 1.92 + 1.92 0.030
Proportion performed by themselves 0 0.92 + 0.92 0.208
In the shoulder (n = 19)
Self-assessed degree of confidence 0 1.42 + 1.42 0.001
Proportion performed by themselves 0 2.58 + 2.58 0.032
For those that declared they did no injection at baseline In the knee (n = 22)
Self-assessed degree of confidence 1.45 3.59 + 2.14 0.017
Proportion performed by themselves 0 1.73 + 1.73 0.028
In the shoulder (n = 24)
Self-assessed degree of confidence 0.50 3.29 + 2.79 0.0003
Proportion performed by themselves 0 1.63 + 1.63 0.008
As expected, the training courses have permitted a significant improvement in the confidence of the participants in performing joints injections in both the knee and the shoulder.
Similarly, they have also led to an increase in the rate of such procedures that are carried out by the general practitioners. Moreover, these positive findings were slightly better when we restricted the analyses to those that did no corticosteroids’ injection at baseline. By contrast, our study has not been effective in finding any statistically significant association between personal characteristics or concerning the design of the training course and the improvement of the abilities in performing a joint injection. These results are reported in Table III.
Table III: Analyses of the association between personal or training course characteristics and improvement in the perceived confidence level or rate of completion of joints injections
Improvement in the self- assessed confidence
Improvement in the proportion of completion
Depending on personal characteristics
Sex p = 0.423 p = 0.873 p = 0.320 p = 0.373
Age p = 0.080 p = 0.506 p = 0.528 p = 0.226
Post-graduate work experience p = 0.110 p = 0.737 p = 0.394 p = 0.136 Delay to obtain an appointment with
the specialist
p = 0.703 p = 0.340 p = 0.622 p = 0.596 Depending on training course design
On-site training VS e-learning p = 0.296 p = 0.950 p = 0.956 p = 0.712
2. Literature review
In order to ensure a standardization of the analyses, based on the reported values in the manuscripts, calculations were made to determinate odds ratios regarding the variations of the judgement criteria in the trained subjects in comparison with the control group. These results are depicted as forest plot diagrams in Figure 3.
Figure 3: Induced variations in confidence (A), theoretical performance (B) and practical competencies (C) among participants of the analysed training courses [20-37]
As represented in the corresponding charts and as it was also expected, both confidence and skills in providing a joint injection were improved by each one of the training courses.
Accordingly with this illustration, it appears that hands-on workshops seem to represent a
more valuable training method than instructions, either by lecture or video-taped. Going in that way, the mean odds ratios were 1.17 concerning the improvement in the theoretical performance and 1.33 regarding the variations in the practical competencies for the training courses lying on instructions only while they were 1.66 and 2.54 for those including a hands- on workshop, but the observed differences were not statistically significant as the p-values were 0.16 and 0.13 respectively. Moreover, the efficiency of the training courses seems to be slightly better when these ones involved practice sessions on human bodies or corpses than those using synthetic models exclusively. Indeed, the mean odds ratio reporting the variation in the participants’ confidence in performing joints injections was 2.56 for the training courses involving human bodies or cadavers while it was 2.42 for those using manikins, there was no statistically significant difference as the p-value was 0.81. Concerning the improvement in the performances, the calculations found odds ratios of 3.06 for theory and 3.93 for practice in the first ones while they were 1.38 and 2.34 respectively in the second, but the lack of data (with only one study [37] in which human corpses were used) prevented any statistical analyses about the observed difference.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
While the lack of skills in performing a joint injection has been identified by the general practitioners as the main obstacle to use it in current practice, this article highlights the efficiency of training courses in improving both their confidence and their competencies.
Thus, it can reasonably be expected that a development of such training programs would permit an expansion of these procedures in the primary care setting.
In this vein, the results of our survey have shown that taking part in a currently ongoing continuing medical education training course is associated with both an improvement in the confidence in providing joints injections and an increase in the proportion of those that are performed by the general practitioners. Unfortunately, we have to deplore the little amount of received answers to this survey, thus preventing us to find any difference depending on the design of the training courses because it failed to achieve the required statistical significance due to an obvious subsequent lack of power.
These considerations are consistent with the observed results in former studies about this topic. Indeed, for example, Leopold et al. [25] have demonstrated that any training course, regardless of its design or its intensity, provides a positive impact in improving both the confidence and the performance of the participants in performing a simple task such as a knee injection. Similarly, these findings were also reported in other studies such as the one conducted by Vogelgesang et al. [21]. Furthermore, while they have agreed with this conclusion, the authors have also highlighted the fact that a hands-on training course has shown better results than learning by the way of lecture only. In their article, Fox et al. [34]
have depicted analogous obtained outcomes with significantly better post-training procedure
achievement competencies for the students that have been trained on a cadaver or with the use of a manikin when compared with those having followed the textbook instructions. The authors have thus concluded that a joint injection simulator appears to be an appropriate teaching aid to allow repeated training with the aim of acquiring the technical skills and confidence in the abilities in performing such procedures. This assertion substantiates the findings of Chen et al. [38] that have pointed out the efficiency of simulation training in improving both the subjective comfort level and objective measurements of the skills in performing injections among anaesthetic acts. Meanwhile, the results from the studies carried out by Berman et al. [32] and Gormley et al. [22] suggest than practicing on a real body or human corpse provide slightly better learning curves than the other designs of training courses, while the differences have not been found as statistically significant in the article of Fox et al. [34] when comparing the cadavers group and the synthetic model one.
Our literature review has not either pointed out statistically differences about this point but the data were limited by the lack of published studies in which real corpses were used.
Moreover, neither our survey nor the literature review has permitted to appraise correctly the place that should be assigned to the use of e-learning. Accordingly to Preisner et al. [33]
and Galland-Decker et al. [39] manuscripts, it seems that its characteristics conform better to a role of retaining the acquired competencies.
While it represents the most fundamental aim of such training courses, the published studies have also demonstrated that these enhancements are reflected in everyday clinical practice with some implications on the patient’s care. As an illustration, Bellamy et al. [20] have shown statistically significant improvements in the patient’s related outcomes after a viscosupplementation treatment if the general practitioner who performed this procedure had
attended to a continuing medical education training course about this skill. Moreover, accordingly with the results reported by Vogelgesang et al. [21], as they have observed a strong positive correlation between the trainee’s level of confidence in providing a joint injection after the training course and his competencies in the realisation of this task, it seems reasonable that physicians allow themselves to perform this skill as soon as they feel confident in achieving it. As a consequence, an induced increase in the number of the procedures realised by the participants after the training course has been highlighted in the study carried out by Gormley et al. [22] as well as through the results of our survey.
This study has several strengths. First of all, its quality relies on the association of a systematic review of the literature about this topic and a survey that had permitted an update and lightning of the data. The external validity has also been ensured by congruent results with former studies. Furthermore, the findings of this study fulfil a request coming from both the patients and the physicians, and they reflect in concrete implications in everyday clinical practice.
It has also some limitations. One of them relies in a possible selection bias concerning our survey as we assume that less than ten percent answered it. Unfortunately, the lack of some responses has prevented an accurate evaluation of this rate. Thus, it is likely that the participants having taken part in our survey are also the most concerned and pleased with the training courses but we assume that, as these ones relies on an optional and voluntary participation, these trainees are also those being targeted by such training courses.
However, the subsequent lack of power raised by the low number of responders has surely prevented the highlighting of some differences depending on the design of these programs but the literature review has remedied to this failure. Still, it remains some points that
require further investigations. Lastly, this study has also publication and retrieval bias, inherent to the design of any literature review.
Based on the conclusions of this thesis work, a training course has been implemented in the Le Mans General Hospital with the aim of teaching the knee and shoulder injections to the interested general practitioners of the whole department. While the best educational performance has been shown with the learning on a human body or corpse, the current scientific evidence has raised that the training using synthetic models is also a valid and efficient solution. Accordingly to ethical considerations and logistic feasibility, the second option has been chosen for this training course. For each session, the size of the participants’
group has been limited as it has been suggested in recommendations [40]. A future study, currently ongoing, will evaluate the efficiency of this training course and its impact on the involved family physicians’ practice.
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