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Construction Technology Update, 1998-07-01
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Sound isolation and fire resistance of assemblies with fire stops
Nightingale, T. R. T.; Sultan, M. A.
https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/droits
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NRC Publications Record / Notice d'Archives des publications de CNRC:
https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=ff2bfe42-7d10-45ca-b926-86e114705d87 https://publications-cnrc.canada.ca/fra/voir/objet/?id=ff2bfe42-7d10-45ca-b926-86e114705d87b y T.R.T. Nightinga le a nd M.A . S ulta n
This Update examines various fire-stopping techniques that meet the intent of
the National Building Code of Canada (NBC) w ith respect to fire resistance and
that do not adversely affect the sound isolation of the w all assembly. The
information is derived from the results of an industry-sponsored consortium
project led by the National Research Council’s Institute for Research in
Construction (IRC).
1C o n s t r u c t i o n T e c h n o l o g y U p d a t e N o . 1 6
Th e Nation al Bu ild in g Cod e of Can ad a (NBC) 1995 requ ires th at w ood -fram e con stru ction h ave a fire stop (a m aterial th at is p laced across th e con cealed air sp ace in a w all) at each floor/ ceilin g level to block th e p assage of flam e an d sm oke in p artition w alls con -tain in g com bu stible m aterials. How ever, in m u lti-fam ily con stru ction , certain typ es of m aterial an d m eth od s of in stallation m ay in trod u ce p h ysical con n ection s betw een th e d w ellin gs, an d w h ile th ese con n ection s m ay be d esirable for fire an d stru ctu ral reason s, th ey can be d etrim en tal to acou stical p rivacy.
A recen tly com p leted m u lti-d iscip lin ary p roject u n d ertaken by IRC focu sed on w ays to p rovid e th e n ecessary fire resistan ce w ith ou t com p rom isin g th e sou n d isolation in w alls betw een d w ellin g u n its. Th e resu lts of th e p roject are su m m arized in th is Up d ate.2,3
Eva lua t ing t he Fire Re sist a nc e of Fire -St op M a t e ria ls
Th e fire-resistan ce p ortion of th e stu d y w as con d u cted in p arallel w ith th e acou stics p ortion to en su re th at acou stically effective fire-stop m eth od s or m aterials w ou ld also satisfy th e in ten t of th e NBC w ith resp ect to fire resistan ce.
Th e NBC clearly sp ecifies w h en an d w h ere fire stop s are requ ired , an d for h ow lon g th ey m u st resist th e p assage of flam es. How ever, a su itable stan d ard ized test m eth od for evalu atin g th e variou s fire-stop p in g tech n iqu es d id n ot exist at th e in cep tion of th is p roject. Alth ou gh th e NBC m akes referen ce to CAN/ ULC-S101-M89, “Stan d ard Meth od s of Fire En d u ran ce Tests of Bu ild in g Con stru ction an d Materials,” th is stan d ard is p rim arily in ten d ed to be ap p lied in th e testin g of in d ivid u al w all or floor assem blies rath er th an in tersectin g assem blies. Th is m ad e it d ifficu lt for th e con sortiu m steerin g com m ittee to d eterm in e h ow th e stan d ard cou ld be ap p lied to evalu ate fire-stop m aterials at th e w all/ floor join t. For th is reason , before m eth od s to red u ce fire sp read th rou gh w all/ floor join ts cou ld be in vestigated , th e in ten t of th e NBC, as stip u lated in Sen ten ce 3.1.11.7.(1), h ad to be in terp reted an d a test m eth od th at satisfied th is in ten t h ad to be d efin ed .
Test Method and Failure Criterion Th e steerin g com m ittee, in con su ltation w ith IRC cod es ad visors, agreed to test th e assem blies by exp osin g th e bottom of th e floor/ ceilin g join t to a fire th at rep licated th e CAN/ ULC-S101-M89 tem p eratu re/ tim e relation sh ip , u sin g IRC’s p rop an e-fired
Sound Isolation and Fire
Resistance of Assemblies
w ith Fire Stops
2
h orizon tal fu rn ace. (See Figu re 1 sh ow in g a section th rou gh a w all an d floor/ ceilin g assem bly.) Th e p rop agation of th e flam e u p in to th e w all cavity w as m on itored .
Th e NBC requ ires (in Article 3.1.11.7) th at m aterials u sed to sep arate con cealed sp aces, su ch as w all cavities, rem ain in p lace an d p reven t th e p assage of flam es for n ot less th an 15 m in u tes w h en su bjected to
th e stan d ard fire exp osu re of CAN/ ULC-S101-M89. Th u s, a fire-stop ap p roach w as con sid ered by th e con sortiu m steerin g com -m ittee to h ave -m et th e in ten t of th e NBC if, after 15 m in u tes, th e fire h ad n ot sp read in to th e w all cavity above th e floor level. If, at 15 m in u tes, flam es w ere visible or th e h ot gases reach ed a tem p eratu re of 550°C, in d icatin g th e p resen ce of flam e, th e fire-stop ap p roach w as con sid ered to h ave failed . Fire-Resistance Test Results
Th e assem blies tested can be grou p ed in to tw o categories:
• system s w ith an exp licit fire stop , an d • system s w ithout an exp licit fire stop .
S y ste m s w ith e xp licit fire -stop m a te ria ls
Of th e fou r m aterials tested as fire stop s, tw o w ere listed in th e NBC an d tw o w ere n ot (see Table 1). Th ose m aterials listed w ere orien ted stran d board (OSB), 13 m m , or th icker, an d sh eet steel, 0.38 m m , or th icker. Th ey w ere in stalled u n d er th e sole p lates of th e p artition w all.
Th ose m aterials n ot listed w ere sem i-rigid mineral fibre boards, including both glass fibre board s an d rock fibre board s. Th ese board s,
Fire-stop material Group* Typical installation Location of flame at 15 minutes ranked by acoustical as measured in the fire-resistance
effectiveness study
No exp licit fire stop ** 0 Fill th e w all cavity so that the depth of the air gap is 25 m m or less
• 13-m m gap , w ood stu d Below floor level
• 25-m m gap , w ood stu d 300 m m above floor level • 25-m m gap , steel stu d Below floor level
• 38-m m gap , w ood stu d 1200 m m above floor level Sem i-rigid m in eral 1 25 m m th ick, p laced
fibre board vertically betw een joist h ead ers
• 48-kg/ m3glass fibre Below floor level
• 80-kg/ m3rock fibre Below floor level
Gyp su m board 2 25 m m th ick, p laced Not measured in the fire study
vertically betw een joist h ead ers
Sh eet steel 2 0.38 mm thick, without Below floor level p rofile, in stalled u n d er
th e w all p lates
OSB 3 Con tin u ou s su bfloor Below floor level u n d er p artition w all
* See “Effect of Fire Stop s on Sou n d Isolation betw een Dw ellin gs,” p .4, for d escrip tion of grou p s.
** Th e NBC d oes n ot requ ire an exp licit fire stop if th e w id th of th e con cealed sp ace (air gap ) is 25 m m or less. In th is p roject, th e in d ivid u al d ou ble-stu d assem blies w ere filled w ith in su lation so th at th e tw o row s of stu d s w ere sep arated by gap s of variou s w id th s to d eterm in e th e effect of th ese gap s on th e p rop agation of flam e in th e cavity.
Table 1.Fire-stop options examined in the study
Figure 1.Section through one of the wall assemblies installed in the horizontal furnace. Note: The double head plates of what would have been the load-bearing wall below were included in the test and are shown in the figure.
Typical fire-stop location Fire- and
sound-rated partition
Dwelling unit A Dwelling unit B Air gap
su ch th at th e w id th of th e air gap is 25 m m or less, an exp licit fire stop is n ot requ ired . (Acou stically, th is w as sh ow n to be th e p re-ferred m eth od of satisfyin g th e in ten t of th e NBC w ith resp ect to a fire stop ).
The effect of air-gap width on flame spread in sid e th e w all w as system atically in vesti-gated in fou r d ifferen t typ es of w alls — th ree w ood -fram e w alls an d on e steel-fram e w all. Th e air gap s in th e w ood -fram e con stru ction s w ere 13 m m , 25 m m an d 38 m m . Th e steel-stu d assem bly w ith a gap of 25 m m w as in clu d ed for p u rp oses of com p arin g com bu stible w ith n on -com bu stible fram in g. In all th e w alls, steel-w ire m esh w as attach ed to each stu d on th e air-gap sid e to en su re th at th e in su lation rem ain ed in p lace an d th at th e gap rem ain ed clear th rou gh ou t th e h eigh t an d w id th of th e w all. In ad d ition , each assem bly h ad an op erable top cap th at cou ld be op en ed to sim u late a ven ted cavity. Figu re 2 sh ow s a section th rou gh on e of th e w alls w ith an op erable cap . Du rin g th e first 15 m in u tes, th e cap w as closed , sim u latin g a closed or non-vented cavity. At 15 minutes, th e cap s w ere op en ed for an ad d ition al 15 m in u tes, sim u latin g a ven ted cavity.
Th e tem p eratu re of th e gases in th e w all cavity, an d in d irectly, th e location of th e flam es, w as d eterm in ed by th erm ocou p les p laced th rou gh ou t th e w all cavity. Figu re 2 shows the position of the flames as a function of tim e for th ree of th e fou r assem blies (assu m in g th at a flam e exists w h en th e tem p eratu re of th e h ot gases is 550°C or greater).
13-mm air gap w idth w ith w ood studs. Flam es w ere con tain ed in th e sp ace betw een th e joist h ead ers an d d id n ot reach th e su bfloor level w ith in 15 m in u tes. Op en in g th e cap at 15 m in u tes d id n ot h ave an ap p re-ciable effect on th e h eigh t of th e flam es; th ey rem ain ed below th e su bfloor level.
25-mm air gap w idth w ith w ood studs. Flam es reach ed th e su bfloor level in 12 m in u tes. At 16 m in u tes, th e flam es h ad p rop agated 300 m m above th e su bfloor level, an d at 17 m in u tes (tw o m in u tes after th e cap w as op en ed ) th e flam es h ad p rop a-gated 610 m m above th is level.
Th is NBC-p erm itted assem bly d id n ot m eet th e p erform an ce criterion set by th e steerin g com m ittee. How ever, th e flam es w h ich are 25 m m th ick, are orien ted
verti-cally an d p laced betw een th e joist h ead ers (for a load -bearin g w all) or betw een th e trim m er joists (for a n on -load -bearin g w all).
Table 1 sh ow s th at all th e exp licit fire-stop m aterials, in clu d in g th e sem i-rigid board s (w ith actu al d en sities of 46.4 kg/ m3
in th e case of glass fibre, an d 80.9 kg/ m3 in
th e case of rock fibre), p reven ted th e p assage of flam es above th e su bfloor level for at least 15 m in u tes, th ereby satisfyin g th e in ten t of th e NBC as in terp reted by th e con sortiu m steerin g com m ittee.
These results verified that the use of 13-mm OSB (an d , in d irectly, p lyw ood , w h ich h as th e sam e fire-resistan ce ratin g as OSB) an d 0.38-m m sh eet steel as fire-stop m aterials is con sisten t w ith th e in ten t of th e NBC (Article 3.1.11.7). A recom m en d ation w ill be m ad e to th e ap p rop riate cod es stan d in g com m ittees th at m in eral fibre board s (both glass an d rock fibre p rod u cts) w ith a d en -sity of 46 kg/ m3or greater also be listed in
th e NBC as accep table fire-stop m aterials.
S y ste m s w ithout a n e xp licit fire stop
Th e NBC d oes n ot requ ire exp licit fire stop s at th e w all/ floor join t p rovid ed th at th e w id th of th e air gap in th e w all is 25 m m or less (see Articles 3.1.11.2 an d 9.10.15.2). Th u s, if in su lation is p laced in th e cavity
Figure 2.Location of the flames in the air gap as a function of time (assuming that the temperature in the wall cavity must be 550°C or higher to support flames). Data begins when the flames reached the first set of thermocouples, which were 168 mm below the subfloor level. Data for the steel-stud wall is not shown as the flames did not reach the first set of thermocouples at any point in the test.
rem ain ed at th e sam e level an d th e situ a-tion d id n ot th reaten to rap id ly in volve th e w h ole w all in th e fire.
25-mm air gap w idth w ith steel studs. For th is con d ition , th e joist h ead ers w ere cov-ered w ith sh eet steel to sim u late a steel-fram e floor. Flam es d id n ot reach th e su bfloor level even after 30 m in u tes. 38-mm air gap w idth w ith w ood studs. Flam es reach ed th e su bfloor level in on ly 4 m in u tes, an d at 17 m in u tes, tw o m in u tes after th e cap w as op en ed , flam es reach ed a h eigh t of 1830 m m above th e su bfloor level.
Th e p roject resu lts in d icate th at th e ver-tical p rop agation of flam es in a con cealed cavity w ith w ood fram in g is h igh ly d ep en -d en t on th e w i-d th of th e air gap betw een th e stu d s an d th e d egree to w h ich th e cavity is ven ted at th e top . With n on -com bu stible framing, the flames did not reach the subfloor level and were not affected by cavity venting.
Th e resu lts of th is p roject w ill be m ad e available to th e NBC stan d in g com m ittees so th at th ey can con sid er th e cod e im p lica-tion s of th e fin d in gs.
Effe c t of Fire St ops on Sound I sola t ion be t w e e n Dw e llings
In all bu ild in gs, th ere is a d irect sou n d tran sm ission p ath th rou gh th e elem en ts th at are in ten d ed to sep arate on e sp ace from an oth er. In ad d ition , th ere are in d i-rect tran sm ission p ath s, or flan kin g p ath s, as sh ow n in Figu re 3. Th e d egree of acou stical p rivacy betw een d w ellin gs is d eterm in ed n ot on ly by d irect sou n d tran s-m ission th rou gh th e sep aratin g w all or
floor bu t also by th e in d irect flan kin g p ath s sh ow n above. In th is Up d ate w e refer to th e m easu red sou n d isolation , w h ere th ere is both a d irect p ath an d a series of flan k-in g p ath s, as bek-in g th e ap p aren t sou n d iso-lation . “Ap p aren t” refers to th e d egree of sou n d p rivacy exp erien ced by occu p an ts.
Rigid fire stop s at th e w all/ floor in tersec-tion in trod u ce a stru ctu ral con n ectersec-tion th at creates fou r ad d ition al flan kin g p ath s, on e of w h ich com p letely byp asses th e sep aratin g elem en t as sh ow n in Figu re 4. Th e acou stics p ortion of th e p roject exam in ed th e effect of fire-stop m aterials or tech n iqu es ap p lied at th e w all/ floor join t on th e sou n d isolation betw een th e room s “A” an d “B,” w h ich w ere sep arated by th e u p p er w all.
4 Construction Technology Update No. 16
Figure 3.Sketch of the IRC flanking transmission test facility showing the direct transmission path from Dwelling A to Dwelling B and some of the possible flanking paths
Fla nk ing Tra nsm ission
Th is term refers to th e tran sm ission of sou n d en ergy from on e room to an oth er by an y p ath oth er th an th e d irect p ath th rou gh th e sep arat-in g w all or floor.
Th e sim p le rep resen tation of a w all/ floor assem bly at th e left sh ow s th at flan kin g p ath s are in trod u ced w h en th e w all is con n ected to an oth er bu ild in g elem en t (e.g., a floor). In th is case, th e floor in trod u ces th ree flan kin g p ath s as in d icated by th e broken lin es.
Th e p h en om en on of flan kin g tran sm ission p ar-tially exp lain s w h y w alls an d floors tested in bu ild in gs u su ally exh ibit sign ifican tly w orse sou n d isolation th an th e id en tical on es m ea-su red in th e laboratory.
Th e sp ecim en u sed for th e system atic testin g of th e fire stop s w as typ ical of w ood -fram e con stru ction th at h as d ou ble w ood -stu d p artition w alls w ith a 25-m m gap betw een th e tw o sets of fram in g. Th e floor/ ceilin g assem blies w ere also of w ood -fram e con stru ction w ith a 25-m m gap betw een th e joist h ead ers.
Th e effect of variou s fire-stop m aterials on sou n d isolation w as d eterm in ed by com p arin g th e m easu red sou n d isolation both w ith an d w ith ou t th e fire stop in stalled . Th is ap p roach p erm itted an y ch an ge in th e m easu red sou n d isolation to be attribu ted to flan kin g p ath s in volvin g th e fire stop . It also allow ed each fire-stop m aterial to be 1) ran ked in term s of its acou stical effectiven ess an d 2) assign ed an ap p aren t sou n d -isolation ran ge, in d icatin g th e red u ction in sou n d isolation as a resu lt of th e fire stop . (Discu ssion of th e assign -m en t of a sou n d -isolation ran ge is beyon d th e scop e of th is Up d ate. See referen ce 2 for m ore in form ation .)
Group 0 Fire Stops — No Flanking Transmission
Ad d in g in su lation to th e cavity betw een th e tw o sets of stu d s so th at th e air gap is 25 m m or less does not introduce any flanking paths. In fact, th is ap p roach w ill actu ally h elp to im p rove th e sou n d isolation of th e w all (assu m in g th at th e w all h ad less cavity in su lation before th e ap p lication of th e fire-stop m eth od ) becau se, in th e absen ce of a p h ysical con n ection at th e w all/ floor
join t, all sou n d en ergy m u st p ass th rou gh th e w all cavity an d th e ad d ition al in su lation . (See box, “Flan kin g Tran sm ission ”). Strictly sp eakin g, th is ap p roach d oes n ot con stitu te a fire stop , bu t it m eets th e p rescrip tive requ irem en ts for fire sep aration s in th e NBC, Clau ses 3.1.11.2.(2)(d ) an d 9.10.15.2.(2)(a). Acou stically, th is is by far th e m ost effective m eth od of satisfyin g th e in ten t of th e NBC w ith resp ect to a fire stop .
Group 1 Fire Stops — Negligible Flanking Transmission
Th is grou p of fire stop s brid ges th e w all/ floor ju n ction w ith relatively soft m aterials, w h ich com p ress in resp on se to vibration , th u s tran sferrin g n egligible vibra-tion en ergy to th e oth er sid e of th e join t. Low -d en sity (48–80 kg/ m3) sem irigid m in
-eral fibre board s w ere fou n d to be acou sti-cally n eu tral sin ce n o sign ifican t stru ctu ral (rigid ) con n ection w as in trod u ced .
Alth ou gh th ese m aterials are n ot listed in th e NBC, th ey w ere tested in th e fire-resis-tan ce p ortion of th is p roject an d fou n d to be acou stically su p erior to th e con ven -tion al, listed fire-stop m aterials (i.e., OSB, p lyw ood an d sh eet steel).
Group 2 and Group 3 Fire Stops — Significant Flanking Transmission
For constructions with fire stops from Group 2 or Grou p 3, th e m ost sign ifican t flan kin g p ath d id n ot in volve th e p artition w all. Th e p ath th e sou n d took w as from th e “sou rce” room su bfloor to th e “receive” room su bfloor, via th e fire stop u n d er th e p artition w all. A d etailed an alysis of in d ivid u al flan kin g p ath s sh ow ed th at w ith a Grou p 3 fire stop , th e ap p aren t sou n d isolation m ay n ever be better th an STC 48, regard less of th e w all con stru ction . Th is fin d in g in d icates th at fire stop s form ed from con tin u ou s su rfaces th at go u n d er th e p artition w all (Grou p 3 fire stop s) sh ou ld be avoid ed w h en ever p ossible.
An STC 67 w all w as d egrad ed by 19 STC becau se th e tran sm ission p ath th rou gh th e con tin u ou s su bfloor (p lyw ood or OSB) fire stop p rovid es m u ch less resis-tan ce th an th e d irect p ath th rou gh th e w all.
Figure 4.Simplified cross-section through rooms A and B showing the four flanking paths introduced when a structural fire stop is installed at the wall/floor joint
Th e stu d y also sh ow ed th at th e effect of Grou p 3 fire stop s on th e ap p aren t sou n d isolation w as a fu n ction of th e floor con -stru ction — in p articu lar, th e orien tation of th e joists w ith resp ect to th e p artition w all. Sign ifican tly low er sou n d isolation w as fou n d w h en th e p artition w all w as n on -load -bearin g; i.e., w h en th e joists w ere p ar-allel to th e w all. Th is fin d in g is exp ected to h old tru e for Grou p 2 fire stop s as w ell.
Wh en a Grou p 3 fire stop w as in stalled , th ere w as n o ap p reciable d ifferen ce in th e sou n d isolation p erform an ce of p lyw ood an d OSB of th e sam e n om in al th ickn ess.
In all cases con sid ered , th e fire stop d id n ot affect th e sou n d isolation betw een ver-tically sep arated d w ellin gs (i.e., betw een room s A an d C, an d room s B an d D as sh ow n in Figu re 3).
Retrofit Techniques as Mitigation Measures Treatm en ts to th e floor w ere sh ow n to be very effective in con trollin g th e floor-to-floor flan kin g p ath s in trod u ced by Grou p 3 fire stop s. Wh en th e fin ish ed floor su rface w as n ot stru ctu rally con n ected to th e su b-floor (i.e., an en gin eered floatin g b-floor) in both th e sou rce an d receive room s, th e ap p aren t sou n d isolation in creased from STC 52 to STC 67, th e n om in al laboratory valu e of th e p artition w all. An altern ative, bu t less effective, ap p roach w as to ad d a 16-m m OSB overlay to th e su bfloor in each room (w ith th e sep aratin g w all alread y in p lace). Th is resu lted in variable im p rove-m en t, w h ich w as h igh ly d ep en d en t on th e con stru ction of th e w all.
Sum m a ry a nd Re c om m e nda t ions
Th e p roject d em on strated th at:
• Th e m eth od of fire stop p in g m u st be ch osen to reflect th e requ ired or d esired level of sou n d isolation betw een
d w ellin gs.
• Th e im p ortan ce of u sin g a system s ap p roach w h en bu ild in g w all/ floor assem blies th at m u st be both fire- an d sou n d -rated , w as d em on strated .
• Fire-stop m aterials an d m eth od s th at in trod u ce rigid stru ctu ral con n ection s betw een th e tw o row s of stu d s in th e cavity w all sh ou ld be avoid ed , w h en ever p ossible, esp ecially in th e form of con -tin u ou s su rfaces su ch as th e su bfloor. • Adding more cavity insulation to a
double-stu d w all so th at th e w id th of th e air gap is 25 m m or less is by far th e m ost effec-tive m eth od of satisfyin g th e in ten t of th e NBC from an acou stics p oin t of view. • Sem i-rigid fibre board m aterials (rock
fibre or glass fibre w ith a d en sity of betw een 47 an d 81 kg/ m3) w ere fou n d to
be acou stically n eu tral an d also satisfied th e in ten t of th e NBC (as in terp reted by th e con sortiu m steerin g com m ittee).
Th e vertical flam e sp read in th e w all cavity w as h igh ly d ep en d en t on :
• th e typ e of fram in g m em bers (w ood or steel)
• th e w id th of th e air gap • th e d egree of cavity ven tin g.
Dr. T.R.T. Nightinga leis a research officer in th e In d oor En viron m en t Program of th e N ation al Research Cou n cil’s In stitu te for Research in Con stru ction (IRC).
Dr. M.A . S ulta nis a sen ior research officer in th e Fire Risk Man agem en t Program of IRC.
1. Th e p roject w as su p p orted by a con sortiu m th at in clu d ed Can ad a Mortgage an d Hou sin g Corp oration (CMHC); Forin tek Can ad a Corp oration ; Gyp su m Man u factu rers of Can ad a (GMC); In stitu te for Research in Con stru ction , Nation al Research Cou n cil Can ad a; New Hom e Warran ty Program s of On tario, Alberta, British Colu m bia an d Yu kon ; On tario Min istry of Hou sin g; Ow en s Corn in g Fiberglas Can ad a In c.; an d Roxu l In c. In d ivid u als from th ese organ i-zation s form ed a steerin g com m ittee.
2. Nigh tin gale, T.R.T. an d Halliw ell, R.E.H., Flan kin g tran sm is-sion at join ts in m u ltifam ily d w ellin gs. Ph ase I: Effects of Fire Stop s at Floor/ Wall Join ts, In stitu te for Research in Con stru ction , Nation al Research Cou n cil, In tern al Rep ort 754, Decem ber 1997.
3. Su ltan , M.A., Segu in , Y.P., an d Lerou x, P., Fire Perform an ce of Fire Stop s in Mu lti-Fam ily Dw ellin gs, (in p rep aration ), In stitu te for Research in Con stru ction , Nation al Research Cou n cil, 1998.
“Construction Te chnology Up d a te s” is a se rie s of te chnica l a rticle s conta ining p ra ctica l inform a tion d istille d from re ce nt construction re se a rch.
For more information, contact Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada, Ottaw a K1A 0R6
Telephone: (613) 993-2607; Facsimile: (613) 952-7673; Internet: http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
© 1998
Nation al Research Cou n cil of Can ad a Ju ly 1998
