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Submitted on 28 Nov 2005

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A PCC Architecture based on Certified Abstract Interpretation

Frédéric Besson, Thomas Jensen, David Pichardie

To cite this version:

Frédéric Besson, Thomas Jensen, David Pichardie. A PCC Architecture based on Certified Abstract Interpretation. [Research Report] PI 1764, 2005, pp.35. �inria-00000866�

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I R

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A

IN STITU

T D E R

EC HERCH

E EN INF ORM

ATIQ UEET

SYST ÈMES

ALÉATOIRES

P U B L I C A T I O N I N T E R N E

No 1764

A PCC ARCHITECTURE BASED ON CERTIFIED ABSTRACT INTERPRETATION

FRÉDÉRIC BESSON , THOMAS JENSEN , DAVID PICHARDIE

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INSTITUT DERECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ETSYSTÈMESALÉATOIRES

Campus de Beaulieu – 35042 Rennes Cedex – France Tél. : (33) 02 99 84 71 00 – Fax : (33) 02 99 84 71 71 http://www.irisa.fr

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