1 b = 10 − 24 cm 2

465798:<;>=@?BA@?C8EDGF$HJI:<KC=ML?C8ONQPSR T

U VXWZY*[]\C^_W9`)[badcfehg*geC^

ijZ."%! ")k"h.l /m0 "2n'/jZ 3o2C2-mp(q)kJrs "j3otuk"vxwyj" "12o21yzC2{! "}|

~ =

⁰

= 1

~

/j"Ck"o(qj"o'j€*%,1jƒ‚tj"t1 /2„'j90…"'ooC2o†@ˆ‡‰' ƒ2‹Š)ˆ‡‰01'((q- "j"ot‹kŒrstj"1‚

 Ž "22Zm2 Gk"o(qj"o'j‘kŒrs 3j"2o'j"‚ " "’kl /j"q01ƒp1(kŒr“ "j"vtn”t(j"•@2 G– /2o1 "

kŒr“ "jƒ(qp*/

%@—(q)! "'j",.˜' "h21(."CC2 ’10'j"k"

™ ,š„1Z10*'/j›œ0< /019'/j!9k3'j"j"t191j&l /j"

~

1 b = 10 ^{− 24} cm ²

*žn 3M–/ 3

1 pb

1j "j3ot jl Ÿ "122o1€ 

¡

Ž "221mC2¢r“t10…"22k")2'/j"‚ " "u01'/.˜'j"kl j!,£¤ 3j")t1j"‚ok"

 ¡}¥

ˆ‡

~

tj"1‚-k"1C01'/22¦

'j"h.3'/'j%.3'/'jƒ / ƒšb§-¨h*˜¨'((1jh2 }jl ")k"0'22o'j"nt1 /2ot11

© ªEcf`,«qY*[b`)[]Y*¬$W

­ j®– ƒ1j$k"01'(.l /1‹012 /! "(qj!$2¢r“t1j"‚o’.{'/1jo12o2}‚ ¯–v… 'j"22o¤°t12ot10'm… Ÿ

o! ").{'/ "h "jƒp1(°k"‹k" %±ƒ! l /²>'.J

 ,³, /.".˜12o21•-2 ¤(q //žl2 }0…l ‚‹C2 }k" "t‹k")–%o‹k" @! l ²>'.Œ

%

­

j901'j3k3p1) 3j"‹.l /k")! l /²!,'.9t1." /t,kJrs "j3†2o'j"‚ 31 "u0'1.{'j3kl /j£’2o1 "k" "t

k")–l”-t*1(qoj"1h0†2'j"‚/ "1 "

™

¨u /2o01 "2o1•)2´rsj"1‚.˜'/1jo122o‚ ¯–v… 'j"22okŒr“ "j@k"1C! l /²dkl /j",2-.{'/1jo12„k" ƒ01'j3kŒ

¡ @(q)! "'jƒ.{'/ "C2¢r“1j"‚o.{'1j12o220' o! "/˜¨'j3012 3'/jŒ

µ ¶SY1`‹·‹c¸`†¹ ¹ eC^»ºZe½¼>eu¾dW9¹ `†W ºZeC^À¿9cÁ¬ÂeC^]^]aƒ^

W

^à UÄ¿ƒ`)cÁ[]¬°W

 ¨'(."2ot•C2hk" /‚ (q(uk"lj"(q /jq.˜' "

q q ¯ ⁰ → W ⁺ g

^'Å

q

q ⁰

."tj!1jhk"n! l ²!

k"‹ ¯–/1 "k3oÆ{1j1,1m,2) 3o– /jC1jƒj"k3! l /j‹|

g

Ç

2 }jl 3‹k"‹0…l /! "†.l /m0 "2

~

q

^ž

W

^{ž„1ÈɁ}

Ç

2 }0…l /‚/†t20! "‹k"‹0…l /! "†.l /mo01 "2o/

Ç

2 '/ @2o1C0…l /‚1k"°0' "2o1 "Ck"†0…l /! "°.l /0 "2

~

0…"'v

1•n "j"n01'j3Ê"‚ " Ÿ'/j°.l (21bk"vÆJ1j1f.˜'&321*

ˆ2{."'.˜'m'/j"j"12¯ 

™ ,”-'/j"j"1C2o1hk" /‚ (q(1uk3°l*%j3(> /j9.˜' "h2o)."'01 3

qg → W ⁻ q ⁰

^

¡ Ž "22†1m‹2 k"t1.˜1j"k31j"0k3¤2 >10*'/j œ0< /0}k"¤."'%k3 "0'jMj'j"0*'/jMk"1)0'j"m… /j

k"‹0' "."2 /‚1hk31Cj /0*o'j"ht12o10*'/(> /‚/j"t! "

~

α _EM

^{ɞ '}

~

α _s

^* &"2o

~

α _weak

^*

,š„1 ."'%01 "x01'j3k3t1tno01"'jxk"h%.˜

W

^{ .l '/jŒ ­} jq.˜' " /v01'/j"ok"t11 k"1 ."'%01y "

W

¤.l /m'j"ž

W

^™ ." /'j"‹1ÈŽ "2b2¢r“'k3)k"‹‚ /j"k" "Ck" /.".˜'Ck"10*'/j"

*œq01 /01

σ _W +1 parton

σ W+n partons

1j 'j"0*o'j9k"‹jŒ

¶SY1`‹·‹c¸`†¹ ¹ eC^»ºZe½¼>eu¾dW9¹ `†W

”-'j"j31•‹2)' 92o1hk" /‚ (q(1nk"‹lj"(q /j921h.32 "h(."2

~

j@oj"k"! l j!u„&˜1'/jZ2hk"oÆ{t*

j1,0…l /‚1u.{' 3h21C."'%01 ", "v– /j‹|

q q ¯ → e ⁺ e ⁻

~

”-22¦n /j€

γe ⁻ → γe ⁻

~

”-vÆJ 3'/j¨'/(q.3'j€

e ⁺ e ⁻ → e ⁺ e ⁻

gg → W qg

qg → W t

gg → W q q ¯ ⁰

b → sγ

~

k" /‚ (q(.3j"‚'/ "j1

H → b ¯ b

~

H

&{''j9k"†§o‚‚…

H → γγ

q q ¯ ⁰ → W H q q ¯ ⁰ → ZH

!

gg → t ¯ tH

" #OaZehg%$qaZeC^»¿ZcÁ¬ÂeC^]^ba9^

¨2 /•h21fk"oÆ{t11j¸.3'011 " "o– /jf12o'j}2n%.˜ukŒr“j1 0o'jd|! '/žt20'(q /‚j"t*! "

' /o&"2l#%„."2o "o1 "h01' 3."2 /‚/1C'j,.˜'&"2o/ž"k"t*(j"•)2)."'%01 ",k"'(jl /j1

π ⁻ + p → π ⁺ + π ⁻ + n

γ + p → π ⁺ + n

ν µ + n → µ ⁻ + p

π ⁰ → e ⁺ + e ⁻ + e ⁺ + e ⁻

p + ¯ p → π ⁺ + π ⁻ + π ⁰

τ ⁻ → π ⁺ + ν _τ

”

− → K ⁺ + π ⁻ + π ⁻

Λ + p → K ⁻ + p + p