Annotating with uses:
a promising way to the Semantic Web
Pierre-Antoine Champin, Yannick Pri ´e, Alain Mille (champin,yprie,amille)@lisi.univ-lyon1.fr
Cognition et Experience Team - LISI University Claude Bernard of Lyon
http://experience.univ-lyon1.fr/
ABSTRACT
"!#%$&(')!*,+-/.102 3!54'6
'67/)!8%9!:.;<'.=(!>!/?A@&BC4D=/EB7A/=/')!%!>!#B
2E&F9BCG!H'@;0EB/IB!(!#<#!7/J!5KL'62EM*C'6=N9B/
4D#B*#>'O,#B/)!P!%!#B4/.1QR+-S'O79BSA!#PI2'6I;P!#2'O!
9B/T!H'@S'O%!#U/=?/,V)9B!:9U9'2E>'69B/01
!#'6!P!#BK(*C'<6!D.;S'==TIBCE&*!CE10B'62E<#B/*,UI=/U/)!CETQ
#B W0R*E&7>'6*!92'6=X9B/Y('CKZ.;U'-[U*//)!S4P'/K
6 R \9B=]==B7U9/B9BIBCE&*!CE<B/CEB/Q
+-AIBI;<'7/H'=P'6IIB'*H#M \%!H'@79G)!^'6*
*9)!CQ(#B/^4UIB/!,#C4_!#Y'IBIB?'6*#`4P'6G'6II=CE`
!4-I&6a5/*!A&=B7^!#B>'9&!#/b^cedgfShXiPj%0X'U7M'O!
'6!B7A!#B,/9Y6 Xicgf_EB)*9U/)!/0'2E<dhXi$;0;'U7
'O!Y*/)!/)!F.2'6CE>!/'6=" D'692EBO92'=kE&)*/9U/)!/QGce 3!
'A*/UI'6^ !#BY'II&?'6*#4DJ!#l!#BS46@,/='6!CE^!
!#BU$/(')!*:+l/.0T4G*/*/=92E&%!#'6!Y'6K9BG6 P'U/9&*/
#B9B=3EL'B6!H'6!(!#G/9B*/0'E-!#2'6!G9*H#L'B!H'O!/0
'6A!#BKLIBOEB>'EEBJ!'=g@&BC4D=/EB7'6.;9&!A!#BZ/9&*/0
#B9B=3Em.;*/UZI'6!< S!#B`$&/('6!*N+l/.n'6A/9B*/<6
!#B/JeO4D1Q
1. INTRODUCTION
5o'6.;9B!Z'MEB/*/'EB` YK)/'6/0e!#>+-6=3Ep+m3E&`+l/.m#'
.;*/U(`I;I9B='6G'U'>UC'6- g#2'OB7& \6('6!M!#2'O!
!#B'6U9B!k6 q'C'='.=E'6!H'SBO4pO?4D#=UB7, \9/Q
rgB W!9'6!/=JK)0XU!U6 !#B/ZEB'6!H'^#'C?<.;/pE&/7BCEL W
#9B('H'O!#P!#'Z*UI9&!/0B'EA!#S#B/=I<!#B,='6!!g*C'
I&O&E&P"=UJ!CE1Q"s B/k8 ;!#Be$&/('6)!*
+l/.tuOv1'U'6!UI&67,!#Be4/.(.)KU'EBE&/B7:!#BX9Q
#e$/(')!*+-.%%9!"IBOEB)!I;H'.B=J!5K%.;!4//
#B!7/B/9B,'7/)!/QP#BgUC'B!#2'O!B!eB=KNE'O!H'8G9B!
.;Y('EBS'C'='.=Awx'eJ!geU!=JKA!#S*C'6Y!EB'/K2y0.9&!e'=
U!H'E'O!H'Y'==O4DB7U':6 W!4P'6,'7!!`z=C'6B{G#C4m!Y)!
I&!U!#ZE'6!H'bf,)*/9BU/)!(kK&I;Nf]2B!0P|,}Z15$&*H#/('0
defS~s'B!H'O!/QQQce*/*/6HEB7M!otOvx0!#B-$/(')!*>+-/.
#B9B=3E/?/.;>'.B=Z!lIBO3E&Ga9B!J]2CEm'64A!l2'6!9&
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.
Knowledge Markup & Semantic Annotation Victoria B.C., Canada Copyright 2000 ACM 0-89791-88-6/97/05 ..
5.00
H'=='792'67:V)9/!B/04D#BC'e*/9&/)!g/'6*H#Z/7/eIB6
EB(=!% D/9B*///0X9IBI;CEl!>*)!H'M!#A'B4C0k
/I;^!V)9//09IBI;CEm!/=/'6)!=Kp/IB/!<!#
V)9/!-!#9B7#M9B92'==JK-B!%&IB//E-'6)Kl'6!9BH'6=='&
79'7Q}N7/H'==JK)0&!*#B=7*C'=T9D'6B!//)!'=
-!#B<$&/('6!*8+l/.0R#9B('-/E&F9%'OQ^#GUIB=/
!#2'O!N 6;DC)8H'6!#B(!#2'6pI='6mE'6!H'^G9!8.;N!/?CET0
F EB'6!H'G4D#B*H#>e='6!D!8!#BS9Cg!H'6@;QP#'=(8
I=/!#'6!)*3'6=1 \'*!6PG9B!.;g!H'6@?/()!G'6*/*/9B)!C0B9B*#A'6
IB'*K<'62EA!9B!C0=C'EB78!:!#S8*/'==CEN+-/.< "19!CQ
8!#I'I;X4e4D==;.;eUe!/!CEU8!#e@&BC4D=/EB7
!/'=XI2'6!CQA+-U.;=/(!#'6!Y4.l/9&*//:*C'M.;U9BCE
>(')K<EBJT/)!D4P'/K&e.KAI;/I=%'=B7(EBJT/)!D!H'@/0T'62E
'==D!#/>9B/(*C'6!<.;N=!CEN2 0D ,/?CQjL!#
!#Bg#2'E10/=*!B7(!#BY@&BC4D=/EB7Y*/)!H'CEZ'G/9B*/
G'6=J4P'/K&GE&84DJ!#-/7'6HEl!>'Z7?/l!H'6@TQN# \60X'
'EB'I&!('7!%#9=E-6!<2%/=JK-^!#U/=*/J!CEM@C4D=J
CE&70".B9B!:'=^!#('*!92'=X9/: P!#B8/9&*/0"'6:!
.;8'6.=%!AIBOEB:B \6('6!B,/=/')!!<'`9BIBCE&*!CE
!H'@;QG5!#SI2'6I;C048IB/)!Y7/BH'=kIB*IB=/S/2'6.=7
9P!G!H'6@?,9B/D)!U'6*/*/9)!CQ
M/*!)0X4<I&//)!%!#B(!G9B2E&=JKBB7>9B8'I&
IB'*H#Ql#/M4<I&//)!G#BC4!#G'II&?'6*#M4N'6II=CE
m!54-IBOa/*!/bcgdefShXiPjw/*!?y0Dm!#BEB('6m
U/*H#2'6*C'=EB/70R?=7>!9B*!9BCElEB)*/9BU/)!, W'
icgf_'6IIB=*C'O!01'62ENdghXi$^w/*!>)y0;N!#B:EB('6Z
G9B=J!U/EB'`!/'=0e?=7-I;)6=Kp!9*!9&CEm'692EBOJ
92'6=PEB)*9U/)!/Q`~q2'6==JK-4NE&*/9G!#BA'EB')!H'67/% D!#
'IBIB'*H#p*!nu'EL*UI2'ONJ!U!/='6!CE4@U
/*!&Q
2. USES AND KNOWLEDGE BOXES
!#BZ/*!10,4lIB//)!Z!#B^B!B>9EB=JK&7L9B
'IBIB'*H#0X.2'/Ep'62EM!/EB7Z!#B<*/*/IB!8I&//)!CE
-tJCOvFQ
¡2¢B¡" \)£H)¤U6¡¢¢S ¢W :g¡¤8\
¥?¤;C¦gG¡
¤;D ?6X¡S£H6¡/U¡6§H
;
¨D¡G;¢P©"¡¢D¢W B¢D8)¡§£G¢W Gª¡¡85«
¢W A¡§H p) T ¢¡«¬¢W A¢W BL¢W <ª¡/¡A5«
¢W `£"¡¬8q
§H
¡<¢W
¢W«/?§H`£¢o¢W
ª&¡g2:¢W g¡§H < ; £"¡ ¡¤GªB§H
¤U8H¡¢A; ¢¡:ª¡U¤8C)R¢FC`§¤g;¥N¢F
©k¢P6ª&%¥?6¤;
2.1 Use model, task model
cg)K` 3!54P'O(KB!Z0q*/=9EB7>'A4/.M'67/)!:%'< W9B!9&
$/(')!*S+-/.Z'7!C0T)!H'6*!,E&*!=JKZ2EBJ/*!=K<4DJ!#'
#9B('>'67/)!CbP!#z9{&Q,#B:='O!!S*C'6>#2'EB=:*/B*//IB!9&
'6==K-'Z9G.;S (z.a/*!{>!#'@,!Z!#BUKB!ZQA+lU*C'==
!#BD!#B,9SUE&/=T R!#B,K&!/ZQ
®N¯/°8±^²1³´°&µ¶X#X9UE&/=) 2'g 3!54'6PK&!/
%!#B<!G %?£\·O§¢¡Y6 g!#BAK&!/¸!#(9B8*C'6
#2'62E&=0'62E'==P!#^B6¢¡%#A*C'6I; W
4DJ!#N!#S.a/*!/Q
cg)K!H'@L&=B7l!#>K&!/¹*/'m.&9B=JKp.;Z/I&
!/EL.)K-U/'% /=/U/)!G6 g!#BN9AUEB=xQMcg=J!#97#
9B*#LUEB=%4Z*/N!8&I=*/J!=KL'C'='.B=Mw\!#BK-4
G.;CEBEBCEN>!#: 3!54'68*/E&Oy0;!#e '*!S,C4º*H#2'67B7B0
!#'B@&e!A!#B%B*C'B7N9% .a/*!,/)!CE`EB/710'2E
)!UCE&'6!A=3'6792'7/U'6==C4D7»z5!'={lE&/*IB!86
.&a5/*!/0k'C'='.=8!N!#B89<wI;/*/'==JKl W:7H'6I#*C'6=9B
)! \'*//P¼p* 5Q" \6'6UI=S½='EB/|,}Zk¾yQ
Gª¡8¤8C)"«86ª&U¥?¤28¡§H ) T
¡,¿ª ¢S¡¤g;C¦ ¢ B6¡ÀÁ?Â/ÃxÄÂÅS¡¡¢¡Y«,ÆOÂ5ÇÈ
É1Ê
ÃxË6Å2:¢ªH>SÃxÂÅÁ?ÌJÍ´ÌÄÅͬTq ,?§H (¡ª&¢ ¡
N U¢F>
É
Â/ÎNÃxÂÅ
Ê
Á?ÃxÏ/ NÐ ª¡G6%¡ªB£¤ ¢¢¬
¡ª&¢¡
^¢W B%¡ª&¢D
¡¢e%¢¡Z¢F<¢W 8§Ñ
¡x&2
)^/£:&C)¬Y2l§p£(¢H¡M£?§H
¢FZ¢W 8¡ª&¢¡¢YÒxª¡HªBW£G2¡¡¢W BpÓ£?§H Ô
£ª¢¢Fl«,¢W G£6k¡Õ
cg=J!#97#,!#"6!S T¢F¡ g¤UC)H#2'6q'6=/'E&K.;//S='67/=JK
!9EBCEt&0/6vx0´48#8*/BEBYJ!,4DJ!#^I;/*!S!<!#BGB
!- D9BUUEB/=DbY4D#=('Z7?/`!H'@`:I; WUCET0´!#
'OU'EBEBJ!'="/='6!B%'62E*/B!H')!Y.;!54//`.a/*!Y6
!#BD9eUEB/=QRÖg/*/P4g*C'6(EB]e',!H'@%UEB/='X W==C4D/Q
×Ø ¯CÙp±^²1³´°&µ¶Yh"?KZ!H'6@ZUEB=q,'U/!*!
!#,9BUE&/=b"!I;/*/J]2/4D#B*#<IBI;!P
!#Y.&a5/*!S'OG'6=4'/KB?J]2CENEB9BB7(!#BY*/
I;EB7%!H'@BÚQ
+-:4D#`!ZEH'C4Û!#B%C'EBCY'O!!/)!l`!#B% '6*!S!#2'O!
!#B-!H'@oUEB=`'6`4EB]CEn!#/Ü'O-/I;!B7p!H'@
H'O!#e!#2'6>IB/*.B78!#ZQPÖ/B*/S9&,E&]2BJ!>gU6
7/H'=?!#2'6!#"/992'6==KIBI;CET0C4D#=X*=9EB7P!#B/Zb
9B!H'6@UUEB/=X*/9B=3E(I;.B=K(.;gIB/*I&!?0)!#97#A!#BK
49B=3E<.;S=g&IB=*C'O!?8w* QTQyQ
ÝZ`)¡§
£HZ >¢X-¢H
§D¢F¡ 6¡
mª¡
>¡/§H ) T¬£>¤(B¡(«8¢W (ª¡(¤8C)X)Ñ
¡§ £?£ Z¢F¡ L«(ÅÏHÞ?ß)ß)ÄßCàpÍá)Â>ÃxÂÅÁ?ÌÍ\Å
¾OâãäRå&æçCèèéæêêOëBìí6î)ïðëBñOò&ógïðòôë?êõ0)|S}Z>='B79'7e \6PEB*.B
B787H'6I#*C'6=´)! '6*///0;)!I&!CEN'O!P9)!UQ
Ú/#""6 ;*/9&D'K&!/8F*//)!CEY4SQ"~Bº!#I;)!"6
4» R!#BS9C0B!H'@'OS/='6!CEN!87?'6=/0;4D#B*#>'OY W!
UIB=*/J!Y'62E!2'6=q!A!#BG9BGUEB=xQ:F!,Y'=NB!4
!#)KA!#2'O!e!#BS9SUE&/=6 k'8K&!/ö*C'ZJ!/=J k.;S*/EB/E
'6G'A!H'@lUE&/=" e'Z='67%KB!¼p W%B'UI=0!#U9B
UE&/=T "'Y46HENIB)*/B7U'IBI=*C'6!>D':!H'@(UEB/=;N'
§H6¡
¡¢¡¬T
A¡Hª&¢´
¡¢¬
8¢H¡
Y¢W D
& 6¡
«Z¢W `¡ª&¢U¡¢«/H6Òx¢F¢W `¡ª§5ÕL2
£H§H 66Òx¢F`¢W BA¡ª&¢S¡¢Õ <¡¢& Z¤U
£8¢6¡%«X2^Ò-q §H -§¡U¢W 8Ñ
¡Hª&¢ ¡D§¡)8:¡ªB§§¡¡FÕ%1«/HX%;%£H§H Ñ
6ZÒZq §H N§¡,¢W S¡ªB¢X¤U8£H:§B¡ )
g«/ ª5Õ
÷ ;¢W N¢
§H¢F¡
¡A¢W B6TZ«<ÃxÂCø)ß)ÄßCà-Þ
ÀÁ?Â/ÃJǦ% LN¡ªB¢¡¢D¢ª;l£Z¡ªB£¤ ¢¢
¿ª2HYù
¾
¬kG;m¿ªHYù
Ú ¡g¡ªB£¤ ¢¢6¬§B¢F Ñ
Zù
¾
;ª¡A¡6¤(>¢W < ?6X6¡
BA?Cg5«
¡HªB§H ^(¢F¡ ¡,¢F<ªB§%¢W B%ª¤U£H%«:¡ªB¢¡
¢W Y¡Hª&¢P¡H¢
2.2 Use cases
#BN!(6 ,.&a5/*!Mz5?=CEB{`L!#BN9C8!H'6@M#2'68J!
¡¢F¢*H#2'67/ES'6!C'*H#YI;H'O!YI; \6UCE.)K!#BR9CQq#
\6G4G*C'`/IB/!S'A!H'*G P')K>9G !#BG6 W!54'6('6
'GCV)9B/*/S6 "!H'6!/g'E<I;H'6!B/QP#B/,!H'*/'6=:'6
#2'OHE!^&I=J!w9B92'==JK)0E'6!H'`U7!/*H#V)9U'6Z9BCE
4DJ!#!#'6!>@2En6 G('O!'=0S»6HEBN!!H'6*!>I/*/>
@C4D=CEB7Oy0)#B/*/!#BP!/!6 1'B!H'O!7SI2'O!X6 TJ!k4DJ!#
ª¡%§¡¡úQ
®N¯/°nû Ø ¯/°;¶`cö9BN*C'6N('9./V9B/*<6 g!#B
!H'6!/HüOI;H'O!D!H'*/g4D#*#<D'NB!H'*, q'
!H'@:UEB/=Qq+lP'CK:!#2'O!"!#!H'@%UEB/=&IB=3'6
!#,9BS*C'Q
Ög,4SY!#'6!eIB*IB!?,!H'@AUEB=/0'D!#SU/B
!BCEN'6.;60B'6S6!P?K(=@?/=JK(!GBIB='N('6K89,*C'6//0
*/> W49B( \==C4ý!#¹B'*!=JK)Qºj!#>6!#<#2'62ET0
UN7/BH'=D!H'@UEB=U4D==g.;N('6!*H#CEUZ6 W!/p.K
9,!H'6*///Q
þ ª(ÿ<2¡¢¡(N¢?§HA«:¢W Gª&¡U«86ª&
¡/§H U ; B¡¿ª;§Heÿ ¡X ¡¢F2§HD5«
¢W ¢F¡ ¤8C))ÀÁ?Â/ÃJÇÃxÂCø)ß)ÄßCàB¬ ;§H ¢1§H¡x&;6¡
¢F¢W ¡k¢F¡ ¿ª;§H¡ S; S§¡x&;S¢F
ÃFÂÅÁ?ÌJÍ;ÅÏHÞ?ß)ß)ÄßCàU¢F6¡ 6¡¬R¡Hª&¢
)
NX«
ª1«/D¢W
«/H¤(ZÒ£H§H6ª&¡ ¢S2¡8 ¢W -£H§H 66>¢Ñ
¡ÕO¬2 ^U¡ª§§H¡¡X«/S¢W %6¢¢AÒ52 ( ¢W
g«/6X(¢¡Õ
Y¢P¢W B¢¢W D¡¿ª;§H ¡X;¢R¥; ;:£
>¢F¡ Z¤UC)¦ ¢ ¡G;6¢SZÀÁ?Â/ÃJÇ`ÃFÂ/øß)ÄßCàL¡8
)\©k; ¢¬P¡ 2§H8¢W BU;º¿ªH?O¡:;¢§¢F
\T¢W S ?66¡X«¤ö¢W e2 ª¡:T ¡ ¡
¢W \«/6Z¥?¤g;N«8ª §¢^¢F¡ 6¬,q §H
§H6`2¢P£H%¥; ;<£A6 £/S¢F¡ (¤8C)¡
2.3 Knowledge box
+l,4D==´!EB]2,!#B,! 6;6D/)8£H/¥(wY XCyP'D4
EBEZ4DJ!#>!#:!#,6!,'.;O?0T.;/*/'9:!#g! */O?
ú #B/z59*C'6/{LG9!(B!<.;*/& \9/Ep4D!#nr,}Zº9
*C'6/,tOvF04D#B*H#A'6g7/B*,'EG!#/UU6'6@8!:9&!H'6@
UEB=/Q
/~& !#BgI;! ´&4p !#e9C0(!#Bg6!##2'E10?!#B
8'V)9K^]2B72EBCE1b8!#BUC'E&8U7#)!%#2'C?(79B/CE
!#2'O!U9&U9G4P'6U=)@7^ W(IB*!9B/G& ¢M£k*C'6B0
4D#=!#B/*/2EAV)9KUU7#!#2'C?D!9BBCE(I#6!76H'I#BS«
"*/'BQ
submit query "Picasso" submit query "Picasso pictures" traverse result 1traverse back result 1 submit query "Picasso paintings" traverse result 1traverse back result 1 traverse result 2
1 2 3
4
5 6 7 8
!9
query refining
"
results scanning (failure)
#
results scanning (success)
#operation
n , state use case
$%'&)(+*O°-,¶/.10 Ø ±32Rµ3°>²)4 Ø65 * Ø û°378%5:9 (q¯/°û Ø ¯/°&¯;%=<q¯ 5/Ø <?>
5 %Ø5 %'<+& 5/Ø ¯CÙL±^²1³´°&µ\¯@
!#BP'UP!#B7k'"!#!¸zF/9&*//{BQXceX',('O!!" T \'*!C0
'6)KAY X`'C'6='6.=8`!#G$&/('6)!*:+-/.S.9B=K`'(
9B*/`w/?K&!#B7Z-!#U4/.MHy0X'El/?Kl/9B*/A*C'
.;:'89B*/Y "@BO4D=CE&7S!UU.;E&K)QXÖC4/C0!#BS2'U
z@C4D=CEB7.;C&{%'6==C4DP9BX!Y!P(Ug)!/!7S WC'6
!9&//Q
~qJ!C0'Z/9B*/<('/Kl#'OA?H'=X \U/0XE&/I;/2E&7>
('6)K^ \'*!6/bU!#UUU!Y-!Uw?B/0"*/*!Hy0
!#BMUCEB9B w*/0%'9EB)y0Y!#l/*/E&7p W('6!Lw#)!U=0
ITE Hy0R!*Q`jl!#U6!#%#2'62ET0RU8/9B*/G#2'C?UBZ
!/'.B=Z \ 'O!Z'6==g.9&!(*C'm.;>9BCEm6!#(4'CK&`w=@
ógíBìè5òæ/9&*//HyQDhk'*H#Z \6Z02C'6*#>9B02e9J!H'.B=S!UU
9B/"!H'@/0P'62EM*C'6I&6EBA!#/¸4DJ!#UN@C4D=CE&70
#B/*,!#!¹z@C4D=CEB7/{U.;C1Q
$&/*2ET0O!#"4HE>z.;O&{e*C'6/!#kUC'BB7D ':§B¢F ;
6 ,@C4D=CE&7QL 9&!UJ!('=^UIB=G!#2'O!G!#Y XM*/9=E.;
'ºzF4D#J!F.;C&{-N'ºz5.B=3'6*@)F.;C&{BQ»5!#BZ \6UA*C'0D!#B
!9B*!9Bg q!#BY X(P@C4D10'62E(Ug@&BC4D=/EB7*C'<.;
&!H'6*!CE>,& \/E`.)K>'( 3!54'6U'67/)!:C1.9&!,>!#:=3'O!!
*/'0e!#AY X#2'6<BM@&BC4Dm!9*!9&`'2EA*/EB/E
I2'V9BP!Y!#BP 3!54P'O,'67/)!CQXj=JK:!#D#9('6G/E&F9k#'
!#BP'.B=J!K%!g!H'*!R!#B/=/')!"@C4D=CEB7Qkcg"'e('6!!"6
\'*!C0'EY'´4X'63EYY)!E&9*!10'==?!#k9/ 'DY kS*C'
B!´.;kI&CEB*!/ES 3o!#k!H'6!C066´*/'S!#"4D#=k@C4D=CEB7
<*/9B=3EL!H'*!% W!#Y XTQ-SC4D=CEB7N4D#J!F.;C&/
*/'Z!#>.;/*/US.B='*H@F.;C&/DZ!#Y*/)!!e k9BIB/EB*!CE
!H'6@/Q
#DEB)6!UC'6A#BC4/?!#2'O!P9&P'6IIB'*H#NE&/7?'OHE
'6)KA'.=J!5KU!%'9&!('6!*C'6==K(&!H'6*!P@C4D=CE&7 3EY k1/Q
2E&/CE109&g]B!B'6UI=0=3'O!CEZ!(U/*#'B*/'=qE&/7102
=/D!U'G='67Y!/)!D<!#B,)!2'6=!9B*!9BS6 FY XT/Q
HGI¥+J¡:¤8 6 pªN¡§H
TX¡§H; SD5«§ª¡/£¡ª§H¡ ¡
GI¥+J¡N6<;6¢S¡H¢
§¢xl&?¿ªN¢F^¢W <¡§H mÑ
;¬U¡;§H ¢8§Û¥¢?§¢8 ?X¡%«6¤ ¢W B¤G¬
¡/P Be¢W B6¢R¢W ¡;S¡H¢ §¢k §H B¢F¤%G£H¢
6;DC)P£/?§H Ñ£C¥)¡P2D 6;6D/)q ¢Ñ5£C¥)¡
#B-('oEBC'L G9B`'6II&?'*H#Z!#'6!>9Bl*C'6/IB6
EB-!#'67/)!`4DJ!#º*/B*!B'UIB=/>4D#-Y X4
9/E1QS`U='6Y*/)!!/0 F U='OY9:*C'//0J!SS=@/=JK
!#2'O!8!#<'UY XM4D==eIBO?A/=/')!8 \6U!#<9>w?/
J ,!#8/=/'B*/ZU6!AEBJ/*!=JKsz59B2E&!)EB{-.)K-!#BZ 3!
4P'OU'7/)!yQ8#BS*C'`.;GI; WUCE9B7A!#BUi'( 'CE
deC'7^wFi d,yI'6H'EB7Z014D#8U/*H#2'BU,#2'C?%.;//
='67/=JKm!92E&CEp!#B>'6!J]2*3'6=)!/==7/*`*UG9BJ!5Kmt0
OuCvxQk+lDIB//)!X8!#P \==C4D7%/*!BX!54:'IIB=*/'6!B
!#,'.;O?Y'IBIB'*H#ZZEBJT!gE&('B/Q
3. EXAMPLE 1: ARDECO
f/7G g*/UI=^KB!UG'O<*=BCEl!>/9(IB
9`E&/7º'O!J '*!^6^I&/9E&/7ºI&)*////0%*/
'EB'I&!B7A'=EEB/7^6 W!/C'6Y'EV9B*@?g!#'EB
7BB7M W *H'6!*H#?C!#&9B<J!</2'6.=/A!#/¹!MCEB9B*/>!#
EB9&H'6!('62E8*/!6 1!#BDEB/7<'6*!!K)QkjG!#Be6!#X#2'62ET0
!/7:/9'6.=S('6!'6=1D6!D'=J4'CK&DC'6K)02'6==T!#gU
Z'6YEB/77A \S98S 3!/`I;*//?CE.)K`EB/7Y'6
O?F*/!H'BB7BQ
ce=J!#9B7#AU!DE&/7<'*!J!/e'6BC4o*/UIB9B!'EBCET0
icgf_K&!/UeEB(B!gIBO3E&S9e4DJ!#`[U*//)!,'6!H'*
!g9Q"#BP'º6 2!#cgdefShXiPjIKXIBOa*!kq!g!"9I:9*H#
'('6!H'*gK&!/Zb´', 3!54P'O'67/)!X/2'6.=7YE&/7k!
!/?0 3¸'(*/==/*!M6 Dicef EB)*9U/)!,`!#B8*/8
I2'6)KG)!H'B!C0)/9'6.=e('6!'=& \6!#*/9B!"!H'6@TQk#B
EB)*9U/)!q!/'=& \9B*!G('@?/q!#Bk@2E: 1'67/)!kU='O
!($/(')!*+-.Z'7/)!/Q
3.1 Use model and task models in ARDECO
3.1.1 Use model and knowledge boxes
$*/cgdefShiPjM \)*/9B/R%'DI;/*/J]2*U*#'*C'6=icgfp'I&
I=*C'O!Nw'U/=JKSfS'6'9B=!X$)K&!/U//LDMNPOQMy06!#B9BUEB=
RIB/*=K%E&]2BCE10'EY!#B@C4D=CE&7P.;C&//0'U/=JKYE&/7
'6!J \'*!/0'6S4/==q!9*!9&CE1bX!#KN'6Y/I&//)!CEZ`icgf
EB)*9U/)!ew\]2=/'C?CEU.)KG!#B'6IIB=*C'O!;yX'P'SI;/*/J]*C'6!
!/0D4D#BC'*H#n/=/U/)!AN'6nB!H'B*/ %'-*/='/0g#2'6N'
9%.;D k*/UI;!/0;'6!!.9&!//0;I=9BgI;.B=JK'EBEBJ!2'6=
W/*/P!8!#BD/=/U/)!<!#B!/Qk#BS'*!J!5KA6 q!#
9X*!kU'EBEB7&0)UEBJ WK&7'E%/UOB7/=/U!"
!#PI;*/J]2*C'O!U!/0)/J!#BE&J/*!=JKG6!#&97#G!#P7/U!
*C'=1/IB/)!H'6!Z6 R!#SE&/7BCEZ'6!J \'*!%w* 5Q"]79BSyQ
3.1.2 Task model
ce=J!#9B7#N!#B,9SUE&/=1DI&/*//=JK>E&]2BCE10!H'@AUEB=
'6UB!CQAceY'N('6!!Y6 '6*!C0q!#B89G.;, */='/%`!#
9(UE&/=X%V)9J!U='670'62ElY!#U9%.;Y DI;.B=
/='6!:.;!54//l=U/)!/Q(~9B!#BU:!#UE&/7M'6*!)
J!5KlEB)/YM//B*/U?=?8!#BU9C:*C'6!J!5K)Q<# \6
!#g9G.;6 qI;.B=,!H'6@P*/B3E&H'.B=0;'62EU!H'@UUE&
/=*/'>6!.;Y&#'9!?=KNEB*.;CE<¼n'O!=C'6!,9&[U*//)!=JK
I;/*/J]*G!H'@>UE&/=/0N',!A.;G/9B'.=<wU%!H'6@S('CK
K cedgf,hiPj 'º~B/B*#'*K& !H'62E&B7 \6z5cg!CE
de/9S6 "f,/7h"IEB{BQDceg'8I'6!e R!#B/RSTVUXWZY[SIB6
7H'66 !#%~B/B*#'6!'=R*//)!, X*//)!]*%//'6*H#01J!
?=?/k/C'O*#B(*/UIB9B!X*//*/P'EU*/7J!?IBK&
$%'&)(+*O°]\1¶_^
Ø5
%Ø
¯Cû*O°°Z<q¯
9 ² 5`
¯ 9
²Z78%=<+&]a"²
5:9b5:9
° 9
%W°*:>
Ø *6û 9 %Wû Ø µk¯ 5 *(qû 5 (?*6° Ø <q³c&°&²;±^° 5 *%\û Ø µF*O°2d*O°&¯/°[< 5/Ø[5 %W²P<M²)4
5X9 °`³´°&¯:%'&P<´°&³ Ø * 5 %'4Ø û 5 @
.;DEB!J]CEG8!#e'IBI=*C'6!0.9&!"!#KG'6P 'O!)Y7*0
6fÛ@!*#B7)yQ
3.2 Use cases: design episodes
$&*:!H'6@>UEB/=,'OGB!S'C'='.B=:!<BIB='9:*C'//0
!#BlU!>!/?^9-6 U'C'='.=M@C4D=CE&7-#'N!.;
('EBb.)K&I=J!7A!#G*H#S !#B89%UEB/=Dw#BH'6
*H#*C'6=q!9*!9BY kE&/7`'6!J '6*!Hy0T.9&!g'=(.K<)!H'*!B7
4DJ!#l!#B89<wB!:>'6Y!ZEB!9B.^#C0´#C4/yQU+-UE&
*3E&CEZ!(9Y!#Y6! )¡ ¡C?g`6HEBg!AEB([C
!#BXB!U.'CE8G46@8IK&*H#=7K8'2E87BU*//0
'62EAeE&]2BCEA<9BeE&('6N'(z'%I2'6!D6 q!#EB/7>'*!)
J!K8.;!4//%!#DUU/)!"',7?'6=;kEB/)!J]2/E8'EG!#PUU!
!#'6!Y7?'=XS*/B3E&CE^/'*H#CE&{BQ(#B:E&]2B!-'==C4D%9B
!<*/BEBY/IBEB/Y'6S98*C'6//0qB!H'*8 'A!H'@>UE&/=
wS2 9B@&BC4DA!G!#B,K&!/AyQ
5B!9U/)!7DLMZN)OeM%'==O4DqEB/7B´!D'66!H'6!kI2'O!6
!#B/J,'6*!!K)02/J!#B.)KNEB/*=3'O7(&I=*/J!=JKN!#2'O!g'>/IBE&
.;9EGkC'6*#BCE10?X.K%2E&*/'6!7,4D#'6!X7?'6=!#K8'OD!K&7
!8'*H#/?Y'O!'%7?/<UU/)!CQ"~q2'6==K)0B.B'6!Be6 "/2E
9BD4@784DJ!#6LMZN)OeMR0I; \U/E<.)KN*7BJ!SIK&*#B=J
7K/C'O*#BUt6vx0#2'C?:IBO3E&CE>94DJ!#`.;/#2'CH'6=k*9//0
2'.B=B7`!#B<K&!/¸!`'9&!('6!*C'6==KMEB!/*!8UA/IBE&
.;9EB'2ES'6B!H'6!R!#BXE&/7Y'6*!&J!K,*/CV)9!=JK)QÖ/B*/
'6B!H'6!D'6I; \6UCEAA!#BDfBK)0&'E<'6*!92'6==JKU 3!#B
9BCg4DI;)!CQ
3.3 Knowledge boxes retrieval
cgD4:'E10;4%*/'>*/EB,EB/7`IEB/'gB!H'B*//
6 R!H'@<UEB/=/Q#Y*/I;2E&78!H'@g'6Y6!e@&BC4D0B
4%#'C?S!U*/B3E&!#'6!/?K</IE&%g!#BY=JKNB!H'B*/
6 D'<KI;/*/J]2*%!H'@>UEB=xQGÖC4?C01!#2'B@!A!#BG*#
9BYUEB/='EN!G!#S!H'BI2'O/*K< gY k1/0;IEB//0;'2E
#B/*%!#9EB=JK&7U!H'@>UE&/=/0T*C'`.;G*/UI2'OCEZ4D!#
/'*H#<6!#U!#e.2'6 !H'6!*g WC'6!9&/,w*/UI2'6B7:!H'O!/Hy
'62E<E&K&2'6U*D \/'6!9BSw*/UI'67:!#*H#2'67/PI; \6UCE(
/'*H#Z/IE&OyQ
#k!H'*/X &!#X'*!J!5KS6 !#k9qq*/!99=JKS!6CEVC
4D#B/^/V9B/!CE.)KZ!#%9C01!#%KB!ý*/UI'6/g!#G*9B
\/'6!9B8w!H'6!*:SEK&2'U*OyPU!g*/!.B9B!7U!U!#YUJ
='6J!5K)Q
~B9B!#U0g/=/U/)!Z'6*!92'6==Kn9CEn.)Kp!#Bl9>'6
=@?CEZ!(!#:*/9B!g/IBE&01!#&9BE&]2B7A'LzF/9%*C'{BQ
#A=@Y.;!4//^/9'6.=(('6!'=X'E^/9BA*/'/%'&
6!H'6!%/IEB!#/U=//01'E*/'.;G9B:!AUIBO?S!#
/=/'B*/8 !#G!/'=ew/IBE&/Y*/BEBCE`U='O%*/
#2'C?P*H#2'6*/"!S.;P*E&CE8S='6!y"'E%!S977/!'EB'I&
!H'6!-thOvxQ
Ög/*e/'*H#A!9B*!9BD=/?=2IBOEB/X'S@&E8 VY XTbR!H'6!
'q'D!9B*!9Bk 2icgfLI;/*/J]*C'6!B/0?/IBEB/R'6R'B6!H'6!B
"!H'O!//0&/9S*C'6/g'e'B!H'O!e q/IEB/QceN9EB
EB?/=IBU/)!SIB6!!5K&I;8/I&//)!:'==X!#BU!9B*!9B/YM'
7=7H'IB#A!#'B@&k!%!#BgdefS~^='679'7Ut/6vx0&4D#*#<'==C4D
!#U7e6 "EBJT/)!D=/?=?)*/'.9B='6//Q
4. EXAMPLE 2: RECIS
j9&G*/ELB'6UI=U!H'@?/%I='*<M!#U]2=3EM6 ,'692EBOJ
92'6=B W('O!-!/'=0q4DJ!#-!#8dghXi$^I&6a5/*!jiQZ#B
IBOa*!Y'U'6!,.B9=EB7(B4!)=, WS.;!!,'6*/*//,!A'62E
9(6 e'92E&692'6=('6!3'6=X4DJ!#'ZUJ&CEl'6IIB'*H#b% '*=J
!H'6!%2EBBB7A4DJ!#`G9=J!UCE&3'UB W('O!^&!H'6*!10q'62E
&I=!(/'6*H#m/B<l'U!l#B/=Ip98!MV)9*@=JKM]2E
9**// \9B=eV9B//QM#B8('@?%J!UU6<E&J/*!=JKM/='6!CE-!
!#S$&/('6!*+l/.<!#'A!#,I&/9DB'UIB=Q
4.1 Audiovisual documents as knowledge black- boxes
ce92E&O92'6=,wxc+kSyYEB)*9U/)!Y('=JK-EBJT: W!!92'6=
EB)*9U/)!P!8!#Y!/E<!#2'O!g!#BKZE&U6!#'O029B!=C4S0
')KY&IB=*/J!XEB)*9U/)!H'6K,!9*!9&QR#BB=K%'6*@C4D=CE&7CE
!9*!9BN<*/9B=3E!#@l ,U.'*C'==JK'^UO7('7
!C'6ö'=B784D!#Z'92E&8!C'U/Q
jg *9B06!#'6!*#'6H'6*!!*/q('/K.;R!H'6/)!C06'E4@
9*H#`'!#B8}_khX½g<S}_XhX½ghAJ!'6!?/,'ý'O!S!!7
9I<EB)*9U/)!H'6K8!H'2EB'6HE& \6D!9*!9&CE<E&/*IB!N qc+k
EB)*9U/)!/Q< 9B!Y!#B8/='6!?A'.B/*/(6 D!9*!9&U#2':'6=
'<C'61b%BO'O!7N9B'7/%6 Dc+kEB)*/9BU/)!Uw2'C7'6!7&0
2E&&B7B0)/'6*H#0)!*Qy:!==('G!S.;D&/)!CE1Q´Ö/B*/D
z5@==8'6IIB=*C'O!{`E&3E^'==C4!#UU7/B*/('E^!H'6.=Ql/'6
!A ´9B[U*//)!=JK(#2'OCEA4'/KB RE&/*.B7%K)!Cbq9)!=;C4S0
'9EBO9'=´EB)*/9BU/)!/('<@&BC4D=/EB7S.B='*H@F.;C&//Q
jB8*/CV)9*/86 !#2'O!S '6*!GS!#2'O!C04D#'6!/:9'7U
c+k»EB)*/9BU/)!PB4D#/P!%!D9I`w ´*/9&YEBJT7: W
UI=D9'=mlC'6!;y0#D#'"!S('@?D'SE&)*/9U/)!"!9B*!9B
&I=*/J!U6HEBk!:'==O4p!#X9B'7Q"58!#Be7/H'=2*C'60&#
#2'6P!UEBG!#'6!P 3*H'O!*#nQ
Ög/*0k^'6%!`'==C4ö'9&!('O!CEM'7/)!G!7?'*/!=
O?<'9EBO9'=SE&)*/9U!/0P'2E/B*H#o'*/*/Z'EmV)9K
!)=/01J!Y'IBI;C'6e!(9B/*//'OK>!(!,9BI`UE&/=g!#'6!g*C'
'EB'I&!N!'O9<9//Q #/^UEB/=<#9B=E'6==C4 9B<!
i
dghXi$T0´!H'EB7Z W8{?i)!/)!Gh"&I=6H'6!L'E-dg!'6=
4DJ!#m5('67'62En$9EB{&0PN'-~&/*H#pI&6a5/*!C0eI2'O!<6 S!#
dDodkýwx~B/B*#p!=*/U%9*C'O!p//'6*H#B!54@By8IB6
7H'6ZQ"!e?=?/D1$0&ogdg5c»'62EN~&H'*Y8p/=qp/*/ZQ
n/ce6!#^*/BCV)9/B*/-¼ I2'O!*/9='6=JK)!!B7n \^!#
EB)*9U/)!(*/UG9BJ!5KTbZ4*C'6nI;/*/J WK!#2'O!N'6)Kp!9B*!9B
!D9BIN<!#'6!D*/I;S,¡¤8¢§02'E(!#'6!P!#,eBZ,2 Ñ
z5*C'6B*C'={^EB)*/9BU/)!H'6K`!9*!9&8 \68c+k EB)*/9BU/)!/Q
#S*/)!H'!,4DJ!#`!&!9'="E&)*/9U/)!/0;4D#BG!KBI;7H'6I#*
6:'<!Y6 PE&)*/9U/)!/0;4D#B*H#l#B9B=3E>!H'@%!#%7/BH'=" \6
6 k'G7H'6I#1Q
4.2 Use model and task models in RECIS
#<EB/*I&!LUEB/=k4N)!EB9B*/(!#BG/*!L4'
I&//)!CEostJXr6vG'2En!/EBCEnst6vx0Y'EZ'UCEocgF
$)!H'6!H'Q,+-Y4D=="=JK>IB/)!,#:4D#'6!S*/6/I;EB!A9&
7/H'=q'6II&?'*H#Q
4.2.1 Use model
cgsB;¢F¢ ¤(B¢UwxchXy<Z.2'6*C'==JK»'L!tsO0S=@
âvudwmxmyPz|{y2õP6Yâ}q~´õ0'B!H'O!B7U': 3H'7U/)!D "'6Z'9EBO9'=
E&)*/9U!2'U/E`6ª
¡ªBª
¢"wxc+kr,yQ&#,('6A4'CKA6
#2'6*/B7<!#%!9*!9&8 chPS,!<I9&!,!#/ ^/='6!
4DJ!#m/'*H#m!#BC¾Q»cg)KM!54MchP<*C'6p.;>IB9B!(p/='6!
w\4D#B*#*C'6==/Ep¤U¢FHN¢
)y0T/?/10;`I'6!*/9B=3'OC0TJ
!#BKY'66!H'6!EBJT/)!Rc?kr%XC#/B*/X!#BX'Uk B!#kUEB/=b
ceB!H'6!l5)!*B/*!CE^$!H'O!H'lwxcgF5$!H'6!H'yQGF!Y.;/*/U/
I;.=!:!P9I('6N'6B!H'6!<76H'I#10)4DJ!#N'6(')KU'6B
!H'O!CENc?kr%P'6P!#'6,I;)!P6 q4swx'2E(#*/g9/Hy6
!#BYc+kºE&)*/9U!CQ
#*C'6m.;Z('6KLcghD(4D#*H#n'6>)*/*9B/B*//A ,!#B
'6UU!ZQ>#BKM'O<I;/*]CEl!#2'6@S!?£¡¢?§¢%B;¢FÑ
¢¤(B¢¡8wxccghyQjBUccgh9BV)9/=JK`E&]2B/,!#G!
6 R!#=3'O!CE>chP/QXcgB!H'O!Z/=/U/)!/0B'.B!H'*!'B6!H'6
!Z/=/U/)!D'EZ'9EBO9'=19B!eE&]2B!#,9BSUEB/=T6
ce5$!H'O!H'&04D#e/=/U/)!X'6D!9*!9BCEU'6'YEBJ/*!='.;=/E
76H'IB#0B)!G4D#B*#Z& \('O!N4D==´.;,!/CE1Q
cg8=U/)!" 2!#BP7H'IB#8X'6E%!S.;G!#P*)!!" 1'6B
6!#eSJ q!#S&!e'GI'6!#<.;!54//N!#B/ N!#7H'IB#Q
$C'6*H#B7%'SBEBDI; \6UCE8.)K8E&/*.B7:J!EB/JCEU*/B
!&!%'6G'Z76H'I#MI'6!!10q4D#*H#l4(*C'6==P'N&¢¢"HB H
'62EYkU='6R!gV)9KY76H'I#BR:!#B.a*!"/)!CE%EB('6Q
ce)K8C'O*#A*C'(#B/*/g.;g*UI9&!CE8.)K8I'6!'=;9B.7H'6I#(
U6I#BZQRj9BXI;)!6 ´4mk!#2'6!')K8BIB=J!H'6!A T!#B
76H'IB#w
F
/=/U!C'6*H#lJ!yg#9=E.;G*/EB/E^`'
*)!!92'6=14'CK)0B*/,!#B,UC'6786 "'Z'B!H'O!N!
E&!U/EZ.KNJ!,*/)!!%wâvudwmxQyPz|{y;õe>/='6!`4DJ!#Lâ}q~´õ
e6!D)!I&!CE(!#,'6U,4P'/KZ'6YâvudwQxmyPz|{y2õP'=BOyQ
4.2.2 Task models
cg.B!H'*!8'B!H'O!=U/)!G'O<769I;/E)!L;¡¡
¤(B¡
¡XwxcgfYy1EB]7g*/='/"6 2!U/QR#B/P*/='X'O
B!/*/'6=JK:EB\a!wH
â 1g{wmxz x'qx'~y}/õXâ eZP{g}/õ
('/KL#2'C?MâvudwmxmyPz|{y2õ(m*/UU2yQº#BKp769BInccghs!#2'O!
#B9B=3E.;A9CEMM!#A'U(4P'/K- \6UU<EB*IB!B8C0
^!#:4HE&/0´ \6:UG!H'6@TQ8Ö/B*/G!#K>/IB/!(wK
I&U!?CyX!H'@AUEB/=/Q
cgB!H'O!*C'.;:EBJ/*!CE>.K</*/UU/2E&B7G!#Y9B%6
UYI2'6!*/9B='6cgfG0B.9&!'6=A.)Kl)¡§ 2¢`¡§H ¤(¡SwfS$y0
4D#B*#G'=,I;/*/J 3K:!#BX/='O!R!.;X!"9IY.;!4/8'B6!H'6
!:=U/)!/Qq~6´B!H'*0'PEB/*I&!Y*#B/UPâ Vegg}/õ
49B=3EZI;*/J WKZ!#'6!g'c+kgrº.;:'B!H'O!CEN4DJ!#'>cgh W
'62'6=K&EBU/Bsâ g{wmxz xejxe~y[}Cõ0YI9&!Zo/='6!4D!#
'66!#NchP0 3 â ~z x'{y}/õ0,'62Em'66!H'6!7L'6oc+kr
3!#B%'6U%!/'w=@?%>]79BG&01cghD8âvudwmxmyPz|{y;õg'2E
s #MUEB/=UM.'CEss=B79!*/H'6!#B-!#2'6 .&a5/*!
6/)!CE%UE&/=B7B0,cghD"EBe6!"#2'C?':)!*(')!*
'6g.&a5/*!eEB/)!J]2:CB!#BK:·ª¡H¢1!H'62EN'6e!U/Q
¾ cg6!#=/UI;!H'6)!>4P'/K>!m7M'6!!.9&!/>!n'
cghD0O=@?k \qB!H'B*/âP{z/)eq~}){zv: ¡¢1õ0?.B9B!!#
!H'@AUEB=!#'>'62'6=K&eEBU/B/Q
4.3 Knowledge boxes retrieval
$*/S'62'6=K&eEBU/BP'62E<EB/*I&!N*H#/U/IB
/)!P!#e4P'/KA9D'O!#gU!P=@?/=JK(!8'6B!H'6!0&!#BKA'6
'=Y!S.;D9CEG!,!/g'6B!H'6!/E8!C'U/QRÖgC4/?C0cgf
'EfY$M*C'6.;ZU6N6<=/U#'6CEL.;!54//*/U%9J!/
,9/Q~6(!H'B*/>!J!9B!(=@Z.B'EB*/'!<!H'6!B
#2'C?:U:!H'E'OHEBml/CE>4P'/K&6 PEB*.7(!#2'6`EB3E&92'6=
9/QP#`ce5$!H'O!H'^UEB='6==C4D<!#BEB/*I&!n :'6)K
I/*, "c?kºEB)*9U/)!A(')KU4P'/K&/bR WöEB/*.BB7UEB)*
9U!g',4D#B=/,!AI=J!!7(!#/ )!(!9*!9BCEc+kgr%/0
'EN W UIB=Y@?K&4HEZE&/*IB!g!Mz*/='*C'6={<@C4D=J
CE&7gIB//)!H'O!,wJ ´''=JK&EBU/'62E(EB*IB!
*H#/U/*/B!!9&!U'< W('="!=7K)014DJ!#l!U,#'C&B7N'
!*!=JKUE&]2BCEG/('6!*/HyQRcg)KG!!B7S9I86 '('B6!H'6!
7H'6I#<*/& \UB7G!8'Y!H'@(UEB/=Rwxcef6gfS$yXD'G9B,*C'
"dghXi$`t6vFQ
ce(UI;6!H')!I;!!#2'O!P#C4?!*!!#D!H'@UUEB=
/069*C':'=J4'CK&q!q9IY'EE&!2'=/='6!Bq.;!54//:chP/0
4D#*H#n'6B!AI;/*/J]2/Emm'-7?/nE&/*IB!n*#B/U0P6
!#KU*C'(U7/H'=TE&/*IB!A*H#/U/X#2'C7Y.;//AEB
?/=I;CE2E&/I;/EB/)!=JK)QLÖ/B*/ZJ!(.;/*/U/UI;.=Z!^I9B!
^!#BU'B!H'O!l76H'IB#0R'6S4/==X'YlI;!!'6=k76H'IB#S \6
!/'=0&Ug@&BC4D=/EB7g!#2'6!X!#gg*C'I&!9BCE(A!#Bg!H'6@
UEB=e¼p!#BIBH'*!*8SU='6S!(!#%B8EB*.;CE4DJ!#
cgdefShXiPj%0&<!#,I&/9D/*!Q
ce=J!#9B7#A!#B!'6=´7'=1 "ce5$!H'O!H'Y4'P!G!/Sc+k
EB)*9U/)!!#'B@&!g!#'B!H'O!G76H'IB#0I;!/)!'=7H'6I#B
'==C4Û9g!8!/?:!#BgEB,'e4/==0T9*H#'gchP6
ccghD/0"E&/I;/EB7Zl!#Y!H'6@T0qB*/U!#U*/)!!Y DC'6*#
E&S('/K<*/'6K>'6DG9*H#N& \('O!>'6e!#BY'B!H'O!CEZc+ke
EB)*9U/)!/QÖg/*/^c+kEB)*9U/)!Z'OlBU6`!#BlB=JK
Y XT8M!#AUEB/=b<')KMI'6!'=D9.B7H'6I# e!#N'B!H'O
!Z76H'IB#Z('/K(.;S*/B3E&CEZ'6e'Y XTQ
cöIB6!!KBI;N#2'U.;/mE&/?/=I;/EL!#BN*/)!!( ,dghR
i$;Qe!'6==C4D!p92'=ml/'62E'B!H'O!Mc+k!C'U/0:'6
4==´'eC'6*H#B7U'8EB!.9&!CEZ'66!H'6!N7H'IB#QX#eIB6
!!K&I;</I&//)!('B!H'O!('62EV9B/G4DJ!#p|,}Z'62E
|,1@tJvxQ i9B!NT!N'6^/)!CEo'6!ZEB/?=I7L'
4.BF.2'6CEZ! '*:!8!#B:K&!/ZQX+-:'6%'=U46@B7(
'NdgfS~lIB//)!H'O!Z ´!#YcgF5$!H'6!H'YUEB=xQ
5. DISCUSSION
#BU9'67U.2'6CE-'6IIB'*H#^4UIBI;U#2'6:.;/-'6II=CE
<!#Bg!54GI&6a5/*!DIB/!/EN'.;O?CBJ!DD'=8.;B78'6II=CE
M!#BUE&('B ¾¾ 0k=@?AE&!H'6)!G=C'O7w "5|,h"föIBOa/*!y
'E»@C4D=CE&7-('62'7/U/)!Z»*/=='.;6H'6!?LEB/7wFjS$
icgd I&6a5/*!yQ #`*/UUp \C'O!9B^ :!#/`IBOa/*!Z
!#,4DE&,H'7S "I;.B=J!/g=!e!%!#S9C0#B/*/,!#B,
*//J!Kl6 D9B%'6IIB'*H#0R-6HEBY W:!#UK&!/ý!>'64
/=/')!=JKG!SB4m9B//Qkq'.B=Ye'S9BU('6K: T!#P4'CK%!#
'IBIB'*H#Z#2'6e.;/Z'6II=CEN>cedgf,hiPj'62ENdghXi$TQ
X!#YIBOa/*!q'6XV)9J!"EBJT!14DJ!#,/7?'OHE,!!#k'U9)!
R'O'='.B=S@&BC4D=/EB7,'6!DC'6*#<=?/=Qk52E&/CEAcgdefShXiPj»IB6
EB/e'G=!e6 "@&BC4D=/EB7Y<!#BS9SUE&/=0*S!eD.;9B2E
!U'GI;*/J]2*S'6II=*C'O!Mw|LDMNPOeMy04D#=S<!#,*/)!H'6K(!#
9UUE&/=k edhXi$%U('6=xQZjl!#B8!#BG#'E10qdghR
i$m'6==C4DZBIB=*!NEB*IB!BN Y!H'6@pUEB=A.)KpU/'
AVU1
AE3
AE4 AE1
²
Hand Shaking
³
Clinton
´
TVShow Politician
AAE1
²
AAE2
²Public
Clinton
´
Sax
³
Action
²
AVU2
AVU3 Hand
Shaking
³
Walking
µ
t1
¶
0
·
t2
¶0
·
Stream 1
¸
Stream 2
¸
AAE AE
²
AD
AVU
²
Analysis dimension
Annotation element
¹
Audiovisual unit
¹
Analysis dimension membership Stream inscription relation
º
Annotation relation Elementary relation Abstract Annotation Elements
$%'&)(+*O°A»1¶¼H<M°0 Ø ±32RµW°A²)4 Ø <d<´² 5/Ø[5 °&³ Ø (q³d%W²Z½?%\¯:( Ø µk¯ 5 *O° Ø ±]@ ×9 °¾¼¿ ¯ 5 *O° Ø ±À%\¯%û( 5 %=< 5 ² Ø (q³d%W²Z½?%\¯:( Ø µÁ(d<d%5 ¯ 5:9´Ø[5%Ø *O°
Ø <d<´² 5Ø5 °&³Â78%5X9pØ <d<² 5/Ø5 %W²P<n°&µW°B±^°Z< 5 ¯%û²T±Ã%'<+&-²P( 5 ²4 Ø < Ø µeÄ´¯:%\¯U³+%±^°Z<q¯:%W²P<´¯@
cgdefShiPj dghi$
rgSUEB/= ÅdÆ?ÇgÈÆ]ÉÊËÍÌÎÏËvÐ Æ)ÑÒÉÓÔÕÊqÖDÆ×ÓÓÎXÕØÙÕ|ÔªÎ:ÓÂËvЪËqÌËvÓÕÊqÖDÆ×ÚÛ
Ê|Õ|ÜØXÝÕÁØXÓÓÎXÕØÙÕÔªÎ:Ó8ËvЪËvÌËvÓÕ|Ê
´'@AUEB/= ÞÁÓßÓÎqàÁÓ[Ö ÔªÓÊ|ÕØXÓÕÔmØÙÕ|ËvÏtØXÊËváÔªÊ|ÎÏËqÊ Æ×Ó ØXÐâÊÔªÊãÏÔªÌËqÓÊÔªÎ:ÓÊqÖ ä×ËvÊÝvÜÔªáÕÔªÎ:Ó
ÊÝåËvÌËvÊ
rgS*C' æ+áÔªÊ|ÎÏËqÊ Æ×ÓÓÎXÕØÙÕ|ÔªÎ:Ó;ç:ÜØXáå
Y k1 èÕØÙÕËvÊjÖËváÔªÊ|ÎÏËqÊqÖ ÜËvÉÊ|ËÝqØXÊËvÊ Æ)ÑEÏÎÝvÉÌËvÓÕ|ÊjÖÁØXÓâÃáØXÜ|Õ|ÔmØXÐ×ÊÉÚç:ÜØXáå
ÎXéPÕåËDØXÓÓÎXÕØÙÕ|ÔªÎ:Ó8ç:ÜØXáå
×Ø aRµW°c,2¶¼Hêtë¾.I^;ì Ø <q³íêH.I^î:ï Ø 2d2Rµ'%\û Ø5 %W²P<n²)4 5:9 °A(q¯ Ø &2°Aa Ø ¯/°&³ð4* Ø ±^°7:²)*6Ù
*/'l=JK`.;8E&/=UJ!CE-cedgfShXiPj%0T.9&!,B!Y/=*/J!CE1Q8#
9=J!CENZV)9B!,EBJT/)!DUI=/U/)!H'O!/04DJ!#>'GE&JT/)!
('62'67/U/)!X T!#g'C'6=3'6.=g9B*//0B'@BO4D=CE&7e4D#J!
.;C&/De.B=3'6*@)F.;C&//Q
!kR4!#G!B7B0?#BC4/?C0!#2'O!"!#6 W!54'6g'7/)!k.B9=J!
4DJ!#:9&"'IBIB?'6*#%EBDB!RI&('O=K/=JKSY!#:z5*/={,6 B!#B
.;CT0B.9B!PH'O!#eN!#S!'=EB/*I&!> q!e9/Q#B
.'<IB*/IB=A%!#'6!G'AY kM('/Kl.;A9 W9=L'>J!92'6!
J :J!N#'<'=JC'E&Km.;/n9CEo'-U='6N!9'6!10 x J
J!U#'%.;//L'B!H'O!CEM!#B<'6UA4'/K)QM#A/=/'*<6
!#BU/9=J!:%B>=78.;92E!Z!#U*C'6I2'6*/J!5K-6 P!#('67/)!
!Lz59B2E&!H'EB{(!#Y/9&*/N;6e!#B%!H'6@> k!#G9BC01.9&!
=JK<ZJ!D*C'I'*/J!KA!G*/UI'6S9.2'/EZ'B!H'O!/Q
c */E)!/!U8!#2'O!U9N*C'/UI&O&E&NB W('6!
!%9P!#B/U/=?/,wI&O&E&CE(!#'6!!#BKA'6SI&//)!CE(Z'
'6II&IB'O!G \6Aybe!#BG'6B!H'6!S!9I>!NE&/*.;G9B/
.;*/UY XTS6 !#B/JSC4D0´'SUI;!H'6!S',!#%J!'=R
9B*//Q:#2'6!,g4D#KZ!#:IB/)!CE'IIB=*/'6!B/0´@C4D=J
/EB7S!/'=1gB!e=U!/EA!Aicgfc+kºE&)*/9U/)!/0B.9&!
'6==C4De!#,C'O*#N k')KA/=/U/)!D6 q!#,9BSUEB/=Q
6. RELATED WORKS
}N!^*/9B!N4@>/='6!/E»!p!#M$&/('6!*`+-/.'
'O!NI&O&E&B7l!#>)!I;H'.B=J!5KpJ!A/V9BJ//0D4D#=`*IB7
4DJ!#^IB.B=/U#B/)!,!(!#:4/.1bJ!SS('?0I;/Lw
*)!H'!g4D!#Z!#Bz5*/=/E4=EB{(#)K&I;!#Hy02'E>E&K&2'6U*
w*!H'6)!=K*#'B77?yktJ/6vFQq!*/UU=JK'7CE,!#2'6!´'4P'/K
6 "'*H#/7%!#PD*/9&,!G)!=7/D \6'6B!H'6!B7G
9B*/XC)!=7/P'6P W('=B?)*C'6.9='OX4DJ!#G4==2EB]CE
=3'O!<.;!54//m!#B/JA!U/0D#2'6/Em.K'-*/UG9BJ!5K6
9B=@?Y!#òñB¢FªO2¡D6 k!#Bó/ôPNPTVõSTVöVY[S-K&!/¸tJ:OvC
!#BS('@?/g!#/ýB/!H'6.=JK`/)!CE!O4'6HE^'<I;/*/J]*8!H'@
6D!H'@( 'U=JK)Q
5!#8$&ÖSj,hmK&!/ tJ/vx0´)!=7/Y*C'`.;8E&]2BCE'2E
&!2EB/E')KMÖD}ZEB)*9U/)!C0k'EL/'*H#!H'O!/U/)!8
'6)*/'6!CEl4DJ!#`J!(§/ ¤U6¢Pw\!#BG/)!J!5K>/I;.=G WS!#B
!H'O!/U/)!y0&<6HEBP!%.;S'.B=g!G(''7,*/)!H'EB*!BP
!9B!e9B//Q
}N/O?C0))!=7/*/'8I&6EB'7!"4DJ!#8I;C4 W9=&B
W/B*/^*/'I2'6*/J!/</='O!CEm!-!#*/I;2E&7-!H'@;Qs~6
'6UI=01!#8='679'7Nj5»tJOCvYI2'O!*/9='6=JK` \)*/9B7>
!#BS*/UIB=&!KN6 "B \/*/:'6=7J!#U/0!#&9Be'EE/78!#B
9BA6 P!#84/.-.;/7N('?Q<!Y:.2'/ElME&/*IB!
=7*//0?4D#BPB W/*P'=76J!#U"#2'C?X.;//:=3'O7/=JK%!92E&/E1Q
j5M#2'g/*//)!=JKZ.;/`U7CEZ4DJ!#`!#B%fgc,}ZmtrOvXI&6a5/*!C0
'6UB7U'6!gE&/*.7G)!=7/NdefS~Q
ÖC4?qUk4@q'Ok=K&7eS9B//0/I;/*/'==JK:'PUJ
('6=)9XUEB/=?6 !#Bk4/.%?=7D/9B*//Pw.;B7g*C'6!CEy
'62E=B@8w.;/7A!Y9I6S!H'OCE2yQ:ceS'(('6!!S6 \'*!C0
!#B<4/.UI&('6=JK'`!U e/9&*///0)!*B/*!CE.)K
#)K&I;=@/QX#Dg#BO4J!e74»9IA4DJ!#ZÖ,D}Z"0;'EA!#BD
4D#'6!D!#:$/(')!*g+l/.ND)!/2E&CEA!8U7 3ZQ
"&9´/'6*H#:7B/=JK=CES,!#"*/)!/)! &Ö,D}Z
E&)*/9U!:!/'6=92'6!A!#/J8='6*/(!l'7?L@K4HE
.'CE(V)9KNw=@?e8!#BP9B7SB'UIB=P /*!<yjC)!#B/J
BH'6!Z4P'6N#97Q_jL!#>*/)!H'6K)0P!#C'O*#p/7B
÷ T?TVø+ùYT¾Ú /=/R:!#Bk!!´ !#B#)K&I;=@!D!#/XI2'67//Q
#B%H'O!2'6=U.;C'O!#!#BS'IBIB?'6*#`,!#2'O!S'<I'7G,/=
')!D4DJ!#Z/I;/*!e!A'8@?K46HE<4D#>!#I;/I=YI;)!g!
*//)!CQq+lg'O79Be!#'6!!#BX9B*/*// W9=T'IBIB'*H#('*!9'==JK8/=/
-'N@E^6 P9/: !#UI2'67/(w!!B7Z9Il'Z=B@!<!#/Ay
H'6!#B!#'>!#*/)!/)!CQcº!/I> \9&!#g49B=E`.;Y!U!H'@?
)!%'6*/*/9)!U6D!9*!9&CE8=B@=@?e!#BDIBI;CEU
defS~mtJC6vx0|,B@`tJvq6D!#Sce6!C'GI&6a5/*!:t6vxQ
tJ:hOvg7?>'`7)EpO?46 ,46@U ¤;§ ¢"«C?£?§H
N!#,EB('6N q& \6('6!Z/'6*H#7&bX!#BD*/!DZ.&
7:!#9BCD.;/#2'CD'62E<EB&7%EB)*/9BU/)!.)KU!#
9DH'O!#D!#'N!#B/JD*/)!/)!CQX#K<7?Y'%*/='J]2*C'O!
7H'6=P.;/#2'C:M!#B<'6*!!K-6 g/'6*H#7`B \6('6!10
4D#*H#<*/'N.;g*/BEBCET0A9&PUEB/=0B'PKU7H'6=1!H'6@
UEB=/Q
+l(.;/=?A!#'6!G9/%.2'/EL'6II&?'*H#G*/UI=/U/)!:&
!=7K^.2'/E^'6IIB'*H#//b4D#=8!#G='O!!:IBO3E&%/9B*/
EB*IB!B´/)!CE(X6 !C4P'6HEY'P7?,!H'@;0'=B7D4DJ!#
I;C4 W9=TB W/*,*C'I'.B=J!//0B9BP*/'A!*/='!#g'U
=/?/= g=7*C'6=e& \/B*///0X.9&!88'E'I&!H'.B=lA&¡¢ !
')KA9BIBCE&*!CE<9B'7Q
7. CONCLUSION
S!#qI2'6I;C0O4XIBI;7H'6=)IB*/IB="'U7e'6!q!H'6@)
7S9B/X)!S'6*/*/9B)!8!#DE&/7U6 T W!4P'O'67/)!X Wk!#
$&(')!*Y+l/.Qg+-:*/BEBg/9&*//Y'g@C4D=CEB7G.;C&//0
4D#*H#'==C4D,9D!8 \)*/9BZ!#, '6*!!#'6!e!#K<('/KA*/)!H'
U%@C4D=CEB78'C'6=3'6.=G=JK>!(!#:#&9B('>/E&F9C0T!
!G!#BS W!4P'OG'67/)!CQXÖ/B*/!#S='O!!%9!H'O!#e/=JK<
!#X9kUEB/=0I;.=JK:'66!H'6!CEY.)K,!H'@UEB/=q&IB=3'67
J!CQF!e'==O4Dg!#Y'7/)!D!U#2'EB=SIB&9=JKN9B@C4DA!H'@/Q
}N6C0e9>*C'6/<!9B*!9BA('/K'=MI&6EBZ!#BZ9
4DJ!#'EE&!2'=S@BO4D=CE&70,'Eo#B/*^.;/*U`@&BC4D=/EB7
.;C&/8 e!#8O4D10.;*C'9BNU!H'O@BO4D=CE&7<G@&BC4D=/EB7
!)BQk4:'IIB=*/'6!B T!#X'IBIB?'6*#('ODIB//)!CET0)8!#
EB('(6 YU/*#'B*/'=gEB/7m'2Ep'92E&692'6=,E&)*/9U/)!
!/'=Q
#B/,B'6UI=//0&'4/==1'!#e \==C4D7UE&*/910#BC4
#C4_!#GIBI;CE-'6IIB'*H#-('/K.;U'IBI=CEll'69:EB6
('B/QAcgYJ!S4P'Y!=ElU!CE-/*!Mu0q4('6U*/9&
/)!=JKZ'6IIB=K&7UJ!D!U!#BgIBOa/*!/0;'2EA4:'6S46@B7(
'SU!#E&=7*C'=2 3H'U4@% WPJ!XEB/IB=OK&U/)!C04D!#(UI=
U/)!H'6!Z79B3E&/=/'D4/==R'6g|,}ZM'2Eü66defS~M*#B/('
!G/I&//)!D9SUE&/=/0B!H'6@<UE&/=D'EN9,*/'//Q
ce6!#g9.a/*!, k)!/!e/='6!CEZ!(9&,'6II&?'*H#>g!
46@pp!#>/=*/J!H'6!6 S!H'@UEB/=(/U7B7- W
*/9&/)!G9BA*/'//Qlcg%'>('6!!: e '6*!C0"!#(!H'6@-UEB=
49=EZ/IB/)!!#:T/*!:9B/,6 k!#B%K&!/Z0;'2EZ*9=E
/?:#B/=IS!g.B9=EA&6¡H¢ !=7/R Wq!#B/E&*6CE
!H'@/Q
8. REFERENCES
tJv:c:QBc'6UE&!e'ENhPQP"='lC'QTi'.'CEN/'B7Bb
~9B2E'O!2'6=9B//02U!#BEB=7*C'6=´'6'6!B/0;'62E
KB!ö'II&?'6*#B//Q
÷Dûü
¤%0PhwOybr:&ur0q:rr&Q
âãäRå&æçCèèéæ
êêúúúðBBBí&ð¨Ù±qB¨ðïÙ±êZýBïò&é)ìïCêï6ñ)ôB¨Cêþÿ1òBó:ðJçCèóYìõ/Q
tCvYÖ%QBcg@@?('6/Q&~9&!9B,6 g:}ý´/*H#B=76KNN!#B
SC4D=CEB7Yhk*/%KTQ&J!CEU!H'=@<'6!P+}^&0
'E&/B 'EB/10;}Z'O*#Q
âãäRå&æçCèèéæ
êêúeóZ®?ðíB¯ðª©)ñB¬ íôxì±ô ©)ç6ïðî)ïCêÿJñ:«Bèï/îTí)ìX±êõHQ
tOv:#YcgB6!C'%I&6a5/*!CQ
c:Q2}N==0;'EBQ5}^QP"Q9B!#<<!#,f,7!H'6=
.&H'6KTbX~Böj)!=7*C'6=´!8ÖU//9&!*C'=$K&!/U/Q
5âW PªHB6
ü
/«C2§%e¡§H ^;
÷ 66;§H^T§H 2g«/ ¢F £ ¡8Ò ü 1ÕC0
?=9BUY/86 d
ü 0BI2'67/ghh)0TfS'6U!H'E&!C0
½('6K)0$/IB!/%.;e&QT$IB7kX='67BQ
tuCvYQ; X1/Y'EZ}^Q~q*H#!!xQgÝ> (¢W BÝZ/£Q
Ö,'OI;$B'6Z~BH'6*/B0:rrr&Q
tOvqQ2 X97+p0;~QBf_p!/B0'EN"QfGQi/'OQ
p
h"IEBE&
*/*//I&!lbk9Bòp!9EB,7BUV)9,I;9Be=,/*/9=EB
z5*/'{BQ25
û
) Y)¡
ü
B; ¡¡2§¡UÒ=GY2DC)
;H)Õ; ! ?ÿ60;½g/.=09B:&Q <þ1;§H 1Q
thCvqQ5cYQi#2'UIBQc»UEB=T!%/IB/!eE&/7ZIEB/
\6g9Y'!H'6*/S4DJ!#Z)!H'*!?S*/'F.2'6CE
C'6B7BQ2NHQkk==JH'6!#10;$;Q;$*#BU!!C0&'62EAr%QBdg/UC0
CE&!6/0"8Ý
ü
¾J ?ÿ60BI2'7/SCr2Xrh)01 'E&/B 'EB/10
½('6K)0}Z'O*#Q
tOvY gQ2i#2'62E&H'6/@'6H'10#BQBdYQ$/I#B10;'Ek:QBdYQ
/6a'6UB/Q;j)!=7K< R!H'6@&e'62E<U!#EB/Q
û
%
û¢W
)¢
6¡H¢¤%¡0T}Z'/K^Xrrr&Q
âãäRå&æJçCè5èéæêêúúÁúgð¨B±/ðò&çBò¬v±5èíOèïðï/î©ê&?¨ç6íñ6îô3íê
'
ñCèòBìòë:¬ò¯'¬(Tí±)X±¬*:ïèçOòî±/ðmý,+.-õQ
trOvY#Sf,'6I2'Gcg7!g}Z'O@9IZ'B792'67(wfgc,}ZqyI&6a5/*!CQ
âãäRå&æJçCè5èéæêêúúÁúgðî)íóYìJðò)ôë)êõCQ
tJX6v%$TQBf,/*H@?C0}^Qh"HE&('B0&fGQ~/=x0'E<dYQ;$)!92E&CQ
j)!.&@?CbXj)!=7K<.2'6CEN'6*/*//D!UEB!.9&!CEN'62E
/UJF!9*!9&CE(& \6('6!1Q25<d:Q}^Q!e'=Q02CE&J!C0
¤8¢§ û
¡¡ª2¡ /ª&¢¤( ¡¢¤G¡ ¨PC§ )¡
« Ñ1002I2'67/euj)r&Q¥S=9)4gcg*/'EBU*Ik9B.=#C0
!0:rrr&Q
tJv%$TQBf,/de02hPQ;}Z'6=C02fGQ2jg*H#2'6HET0B'2EN gQ21H'6THETQ
|S}Zl@7G´'B79'7(w|@ByÁkklQ&Q+n?i
*C'62EBEB'Ph/*UU/E'6!09B=KZQ
âãäRå&æJçCè5èéæ
êê:úÁúúgðúBðò)ôë)êeä1ê!?êkä)¬§ìBñÙ¬(2)õQ
tJCOvYfGQ~/B/=0HQÖg)*H@&/0~Q[k%QBÖ,'6U=0$TQ&f,/*H@?C0
}^Qh"HE&('10B'2EN}^Q)S=/Q2j`Z'og9B!#==QB5
dYQfGQ&!g'6=xQ0CEBJ!C0PGY2DC)
÷
§¿ª ¡ ¢6¬,/^C))¬
23/^6;C)¤U¢¬"¨C§H )¡:«Y¢W Bª&B
GY2DC) ÷ §¿ª ¡ ¢6 ü 6C«C;§HAÒ×G ÷ ÝNÑ ! ÕCQ
*!9Bog!/DZcD!]*/'=5)!/==7/*02Vo,ce0
$&I&7|kk='7&0;j*!.;Q
tJ/6vYfGQ~/B/=02hPQ;}N6!!H'&0k%QBd:QB /6a'6UB/0;$;Qf/*@C0
}^Q2½,'I2'O0;d:Q½g)/.;)Z0B+ºQ2½g&01}^Q2}N9/10
hPQ)"='lC'01½%Q;$*#&/.;C0Bd:Q$!9EBC0B'62EZ gQ&+n/=7'&Q
#SrgJ]2/E¾R.=/8F=7U}N!#ENf/?/=IBU/)!
´'6792'7YrIX}ZkQBf,/=H'6.=0BrBJ!5KA gY'O=9B#0
5B!J!9B!Sce~R g01:rrr&Q
tJv4BQÖÙf105BQÖg/2E&=C02'62EN$TQ9@Q$&ÖSj,hPbBc
SC4D=CE&7YdgIB//)!H'O!Z'792'67S \6g)!!
cgIBI=*C'6!/Q;/*#B*C'6=1/I;6!C0f/IB!CQB kiUI9&!
$&**/0BrB?J!5K(6 "}Z'6K&='EN'O!gi==/7R'6@;0T:rrr&Q
âãäRå&æJçCè5èéæêêúúÁúgð¨Ù±/ðª©)ógî2ðï/î©êéô3òq°FïX¨è±êé)쩱ê687 ':9 ê
é ©±êCèïX¨ç)ôxéCè<;;BðJéî¯õQ
tJCuOv4BQS=EBBCQ
ü
6¡/g¡=D¡ )QT}N67?'
Y'9& \('6_"9.B=#B/01:rr&Q
tJ/6v%j%Q´'='U'ENdYQBdYQ2$4D*@;QBdg9B*Sf,/*IB!
~BH'6U46@`wdefS~"yP}NE&/=q'62EZ$)K&!H'O<$&I;/*]*C'6!Q
+oin/*UU/E'6!0&~/.&92'OK`Xrrr&Q
âãäRå&æJçCè5èéæ
9
iPj!!Drg7(j.B'6.=S #2'C6CQ2 ÷ ¤(§
C§ ¢g«/
û
C«/H¤U6¢ § 2§H%2`T§H 260
+M'#B!NfYig0[oO?G.;eQ
tJCOv>GQ["vp02c:Q2}N==02'EBQ5}^QP"1Q;}NE@?/=
E19B!='6!>!eUE@?/=/DEB,!A'6*#B/DI;9BD='!H'6*/B?'
=x9&!='6!9Bg.2' pS9Be=BI×p/*8bX=S*C'6eE19
KB!C?USE1B W('6!>'9EBO&9B/==Q25
û
%)¡
ü 2
¡¡;§H¡(Ò=GY;DC)P)
T
ÕAÿ0I2'7/
j)0¥R'='C'690@9%:rrr&Q <þ12§H 1Q
tJ:rOv>GQ["vp02c:Q2}N==02'EBQ5}^QP"1Q2cºi)!! 'CE
cg92E&692'6=de/I&//)!H'6!Z}NEB/=1 \6ce92E&O92'6=
5B W('O!>$)KB!U/QB
û
B¢2¢2R2
û ¢
¡§
;
2 ü 6C«C;§HGD/^C)
<6;Uª&¡
)
ü ¢¥¢0;=9U:C8 %+ ÷Dû ¬ 2)ÑFE2C 0
I2'7/grr01/)!B02$&/I&!/G.;,:rrr&Q
tOvYrJ]CE<UE&/=B7G='B79'7(w9BU=WyQ
âãäRå&æçCèèéæêê:úÁúúgðò&óeëðò)ô3ë?êOèïX¨ç)ñOòBìòëê ©)óYìêõ6Q