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from a Migration to a Medical Semantic Wiki
Thomas Meilender, Jean Lieber, Fabien Palomares, Nicolas Jay
To cite this version:
Thomas Meilender, Jean Lieber, Fabien Palomares, Nicolas Jay. From Web 1.0 to Social Semantic
Web: Lessons Learnt from a Migration to a Medical Semantic Wiki. 9th Extended Semantic Web
Conference - ESWC 2012, May 2012, Heraklion, Greece. �hal-00736706�
Wiki
ThomasMeilender
1 , 2
,Jean Lieber
2
,FabienPalomares
1
,andNiolasJay
2
1
A2ZI-61terruedeSaint-Mihiel-55200Commery
{thomas.meilender,fabien.paloma res} a2zi .fr
2
UHP-Nany1LORIA(UMR7503 CNRS-INPL-INRIA-Nany2-UHP)
{thomas.meilender,jean.lieber,niol as.j ay}l oria .fr
Abstrat. Onolor is anassoiation whose mission is to publish and
sharemedialguidelinesinonology.Asmanysientiinformationweb-
sitesbuilt intheearlytimesof theInternet,itswebsitedealswithun-
strutured data that annot be automatially querried and is getting
moreandmorediultto maintainovertime.Theonline ontentsa-
essand theediting proessanbeimprovedbyusingweb2.0 andse-
mantiwebtehnologies,whihallowtobuildollaborativelystrutured
informationbasesinsemantiportals.Theworkdesribedinthispaper
aimsatreportingamigrationfromastatiHTMLwebsitetoaseman-
tiwikiinthemedialdomain. Thisapproahhasraised variousissues
thathadtobeaddressed,suhastheintrodutionofstrutureddatain
theunstruturedimportedguidelinesorthelinkageofontenttoexter-
nalmedial resoures. Anevaluationofthe resultby nalusers isalso
provided,andproposedsolutionsaredisussed.
Keywords: semanti wikis, deision knowledge, medial information
systems
1 Introdution
Duringthetwolastdeades,theInternethastotallyhangedthewayinforma-
tionispublishedandsharedinmostofsientiareas,inludingmediine.First
websites in web 1.0 were made of statipages and hyperlinks allowinglimited
interationsbetweeneditorsandreaders.Then,informationsharinghasevolved
with therisingof web 2.0 byallowingusersto ontribute tothe ontents.Nu-
merous studies have shown the position impat of suh evolutions on medial
informationsystems[11,23℄.Partiipativewebappliationsanbeimplemented
andusedin aollaborativewayto buildlargedatabases.Finally, semantiweb
hasappeared.Semantiwebaimsatreatingandsharingformalizedinformation
inordertomakeitavailableforbothhumansandmahines.Soialsemantiweb
isonsidered asthemergingofweb2.0andthesemantiweb, i.e.awebwhere
TheKasimirresearh projetstarted in 1997.It aims at providing toolsto
assistdeisionmakingbypratitionersand,moregenerally,deisionknowledge
managementinonology.TheprojetisondutedinpartnershipwithOnolor,
anassoiationgatheringphysiiansfrom Lorraine(aregionofFrane)involved
in onology. On its stati website, Onolor publishes more than 140 medial
guidelines written in HTMLin aweb1.0 fashion. This baseis builtthrougha
onsensusbetweenmedialexpertsandisontinuallyupdatedaordingtothe
onology stateof the artand to loal ontext evolutions. Inorder to failitate
thereation,maintenaneandpubliation ofguidelines,Onolorhasexpressed
theneedformoreeientandollaborativetools.Moreover,itwouldbeagreat
benetiftheknowledgeontainedinguidelineswasformalisedandmadeavail-
ableforsemantisystems,partiularlyforKasimir,sineknowledgeaquisition
isabottlenekforbuildingknowledgesystems.
Inthispaper,anappliationofasemantiwikiapproahformedialguideline
editionisreported.
3
Theexpetedbenetsaretwofold:rst,onlineollaborative
workissimpliedbytheuseofwikisandseond,semantitehnologiesallowthe
reationofadditionalserviesbymakinguseofexternalmedialresouressuh
asterminologies,onlineontologies,and medialpubliationwebsites.However,
despitethe eortof thesemanti wikiommunityto simplify itssystems,it is
stillhardformedialexperttoreatesemantiannotations.Thisissueinvolves
the needof taking into aount strutured and unstruturedontentbut also,
when this is possible, to inlude dediated tools for formalising data. In these
ases,implementationanddevelopmentofsemantiwikiextensionsarerequired.
The rest of the paper is strutured as follows: Setion 2 desribes the ap-
pliation ontext. The migration of stati Onolor website to a ollaborative
systemispresentedinSetion3,whileSetion4relatestheadditionofsemanti
annotations andservies. After areport onour evaluation study in Setion 5,
somerelatedworkisintroduedinSetion6.Setion7isadisussionaboutthe
benetsofthesystem,aswellasongoingandfuture work.
2 Context
2.1 Appliation ontext
Onolor website and onology guidelines. One ofOnolor's objetivesis
to reate and to keep up to date onology guidelines. Clinial guidelines are
setsofreommendationsontreatmentsandareofpeoplewithspeidiseases.
Theyaimatimprovingtreatmentqualityandpatientsupportbystandardising
ares.Theyarebasedonlinialevidene,linialtrialsandonsensusbetween
medialexpertsfrom dierentspeialtiessuh asonology,surgery,et.
Morethan140guidelines havebeeneditedto givereommendationsabout
treatment of many dierent aners as well as typialsituations suh as pain
treatment or dental are. Sine guidelines are intended for both medial sta
andpatients,editorshaveexploitedvariouskindsofformatsinordertobeboth
3
preise and didati.Most guidelines followthe samestruture. The rst part
introduestheguideline withafewsentenesthatexplainwhihirumstanes
implytheuseoftheguidelineandthetreatmentsthatwillbeproposed.Thenext
partis atextual desriptionoflinialand paralinialinvestigationsthat an
leadto thestartingpointoftheguideline.Thisstartingpointisoftenastaging
step allowing to lassify the patient aording to international lassiations.
Theselassiationsarepresentedassimpletables.Dependingonlassiations
results,deisiontreesguidethereadertothenextstepthatdetailsthemedial
reommendation available in various formats, suh as medial publiations in
PDF orhypertext links to distant resoures. Finally, guidelines onlude with
advieaboutmedialsupervisionandsometimeswithalexionofspeisterms.
As in all medial information systems,data quality in onology is ritial.
Eah guideline should be reviewedeveryseond yearbyexperts. Twokindsof
editorsan beidentiedin thereviewingproess:
Medialexperts ontributewith theirtehnial knowledge. Theyare gath-
eredinommitteesunderthesupervisionofoordinatorsthatmakesurethe
guidelinesareompleteandtheonsistent.Mostmedialexpertshavepoor
omputerskills,limitedtowordproessingandInternetbrowsing.
Onolorstamanagesommuniationbetweentheommitteemembersand
reatesthenal guidelinelayout.Theyalsohekthat guidelinesareupto
dateand proposenewwaysto failitatetheirdiusion, whilepublihealth
physiianshekthe onsistenyof the information base. Mostof Onolor
employees do not havemore omputer skills than medial experts, exept
foraomputergraphidesigner.Partiularly,Onolordoesnothaveaweb-
masterinitssta.
GuidelinesaremadeavailableontheOnolorwebsite[2℄,whihalsoontains
various information aboutloal healthare servies andprovideslinks to dedi-
ated tools. This sitealso storesother Onolorprojets,inludingathesaurus
of pharmaologial produtswhih is losely related to onology guidelines. It
ontainsinformationaboutdrugsusedin anertreatment.
Createdin themid 1990s,this website wasompletely made using aom-
merialWYSIWYG HTMLeditor. Theresulting HTMLode is notreadable,
due to suessivetehnology evolutions. Therst reatedpages were done us-
ing only HTML and then, in thepast 15 years, CSS, Javasript and XHTML
wereintrodued.AfewpagesalsouseASP.All theseevolutionshaveledtothe
onstrution of weird pages where only the visual aspet is important and in
whihdoumentstrutureishardtoidentify.Overtheyears,updatingtheweb-
siteisbeomingmoreandmoreomplexforOnolorsta.All thepagesedited
onthe Onolorwebsite must bevalidated to followthepriniples ofHONode
ertiation[1℄whihguaranteethequalityandtheindependeneoftheontent.
Inthisontext,Onolorhas beenaskedto integrateaollaborativetool to
simplify theguideline reationandmaintenaneproess.Moreover,itwould be
ofgreatbenetsforOnolortokeeptrakofallhangesintheguidelines.That
is why the system has to propose of a versioning le system and some soial
The Kasimir researh projet. Started in 1997, Kasimir is a multidisi-
plinaryprojetalsoinvolvingindustrial(A2ZI)andaademi(LORIA,CNAM
LaboratoryofErgonomis)partners.Kasimiraimsatprovidingsoftwaretoassist
deisionmakingbypratitionersandmoregenerallydeision-makingknowledge
managementin onology.TheKasimirprojet'sreentworkmainly fouses on
semantiwebasabakgroundforformalizing,sharing,andexploiting pieesof
knowledge[9℄.ThelastversionoftheKatexOWLtoolkitand,partiularly,the
framework EdHibou[4℄, usessemantiweb tehnologies suh as SparQL and
OWLforstoringandexploitingpieesofknowledge.Itanautomatiallygener-
atesimpleuserinterfaesfordeisionsupportthankstouser-friendlyformsthat
guidepratitionersaroundtheknowledgebase.
Tollitssientiontribution,Kasimirneedstouse morewidely itstools
by taking advantage of real world data soures. However, few guidelines are
urrentlyavailable for EdHibou:they need to be formalised, i.e. transformed
into a knowledge base using aformalism that an be handled by an inferene
engine. Until now, this omplex step required two experts: a medial domain
expertwritingguidelinesandvalidatingthenalresults,andaknowledgeengi-
neerformalisingthem. Itseemsthat ifmedialdomainexpertsouldformalise
the guidelinesthemselvesin amahine-understandable way, theproesswould
besimplied.Evenifthisgoalseemsverydiulttoreahfornow,itwouldbe
agoodevolutionifformalisationtoolsouldhelp expertsmakesimplesemanti
annotations.
2.2 Sientiontext
Medial resoures. To build eient tools, it is important to take into a-
ountnumerialdigitalresouresalreadyavailable.Amongthem,largewebsites
referenesientiommuniationsinthedomainofmediine,suhasthewell-
knownPubmed[3℄. Pubmedprovidesaneasily ongurablesearh enginethat
anbealledthroughdistantrequests.Publiationsareindexedusingaspei
ontrolled voabulary, Medial SubjetHeadings (MeSH[20℄). MeSH ontains
morethan25,000desriptors,mostoftheseaompaniedbyashortdesription
ordenition, somelinks to related desriptors, and alist ofsynonyms orvery
similar terms. In the Frenh ontext, Cismef [10℄ uses a Frenh tradution of
MeSHtoindexmedialonlineresoureswithaFrenhvoabulary.
Beyond the already-ited MeSH, many ontrolled voabularies have been
usedtostruturemedialappliations[8℄.AmongresouresavailableinFrenh,
theInternationalStatistialClassiationofDiseasesandRelatedHealthProb-
lems(ICD-10)isprobablyoneofthesimplest.ICD-10isamediallassiation
that provides odes to lassify diagnosesand auses of deathand is organised
as a simple hierarhy. ICD-10 is widely use in medial information systems,
butsemantiappliations generallyuseothervoabulariesdueto itslakofse-
manti depth. Considered the most omprehensive, SNOMED is amultiaxial,
hierarhiallassiationsysteminludingoverageofdiseases,linialndings,
uniqueidentiers with several labels and anbe used to desribe omplexsit-
uationby using semantirelations andmodiers. It isinteresting to note that
MeSH,ICD-10,SNOMEDandotherontologiessuh asGalenareintegratedin
theterminologyintegrationsystemUniedMedialLanguageSystem(UMLS).
Moreover,manysemantiwebsystemsprovidefreelyquestionableonlinein-
formation. Forexample, BioPortal [5℄ is a repository of biomedial ontologies
whose funtionalities inlude the ability to browse, searh, and visualise on-
tologies. More speialised, DrugBank [25℄ provides an annotated database of
drugsanddrugtarget information.Manyotherresouresareavailable,suh as
Bio2RDF[6℄,whihallowsanaesstoPubmedwithlinkeddata,orLinkedCT[12℄
whih indexes linial trials.The information resouresited aboveand many
moreanbeinterlinkedbyusingDBpedia[7℄.
Wikis and semanti wikis: the migration proess. Traditionalwikis are
usuallybasedonasetofeditablepages,organisedintoategoriesandonneted
byhyperlinks.Theybeamethesymbolof interativitypromotedthroughweb
2.0. One of the foundingpriniples of wikis,whih is also the prinipal vetor
of their popularity, is theirease of use even by persons that lak onsiderable
omputerskills.Wikisarereatedandmaintainedthroughspeiontentman-
agement systems, the wiki engines, while wikitexts enable struturing,layout,
andlinksbetweenartiles.Atthispoint,anideahasemerged:toexploitstored
pieesofknowledgeautomatially.
Indeed, a limit use to the wikis is illustrated by the querying of the data
ontained in theirpages. The searh is usually done throughword reognition
bystrings,withoutonsideringtheir meaning.Forexample,thesystemannot
answer aquerylike: Giveme the list ofall urrently reigningkings. The so-
lution used in Wikipedia is amanualgeneration of lists. However,themanual
generationofallthelistsansweringqueriesusersmayraiseis,attheveryleast,
tedious, if not impossible. This has motivated the introdution of a semanti
layertowikis.Moreover,itwouldbeinterestingifinformationontainsinwikis
wereavailablethroughexternalservies.
Semanti wikiswereborn from theappliation of wiki priniples in these-
mantiwebontext.Asemantiwikiissimilartoatraditionaloneinthesense
thatitisawebsitewhereontentsareeditedinaollaborativewaybyusersand
are organised into editable and searhable pages. However,semantiwikis are
not limited to natural languagetext. Theyharaterise theresoures and the
linksbetweenthem.Thisinformationisformalisedandthusbeomeusablebya
mahine,throughproessesofartiial reasoning.Thus,semantiwikisanbe
viewedaswikisthatareimprovedbytheuseofsemantitehnologiesaswellas
ollaborativetoolsforeditingformalisedknowledge.
Semanti wikisorrespondsto both Onolorand Kasimirneeds: guidelines
anbewritteninaollaborativewayandsemantitehnologiesallowtoformalise
3 From web 1.0 to web 2.0
3.1 Choosinga semanti wikiengine
Therstpartofthemigrationwashoosingthemostadaptedsemantiwikien-
gines.Whereasmanysemantiwikiengineshaveemergedforthelast10years,
onlyfouropensoureprojetsseemativeatthistime:AeWiki[17℄,KiWI[22℄,
Ontowiki[13℄,andSemantiMediawiki[16℄.AeWikiusesACE(AttemptoCon-
trolledEnglish),a sub-languageofEnglish that anbetranslated diretly into
rstorderlogi.However,Onolorguidelinesarealreadywritten inFrenhand
thedevelopmentofaontrolledlanguageforFrenhmedialguidelinesthatover
alltheontentswouldbetedious.OntowikiandKiWIfousonRDFtripleedi-
tionbyproposingdediatedinterfaessuhasdynamiforms.Theirapproahes
are verystrit and donot seemreonilable withimportationof unstrutured
ontents.Moreover,nolargesaleimplementationoftheseenginesanbefound
and,theirdevelopmentanduserommunitiesarelimited.So,lessextensionsare
available andthesupportisweak.
Semanti Mediawiki(SMW) seemsto bethe best solution.SMW is anex-
tensionof Mediawiki,theengineused byWikipedia. Forthesakeof simpliity
for users, it integrates the RDF triples editing in its wikitext. In this way, it
enablesthe reationof typedlinks that analso be usedfor indiatingthe at-
tributesofthepage.AnotherinterestingpointofSMWisitspopularity:thereis
alargeommunityofdevelopersaroundit,andthisommunityproduesmany
extensions, suh as editing forms, the integration of an inferene engine, et.
Forinstane, the Halo extension 4
proposesforms, an auto-ompletionsystem,
theintegrationofaSPARQLendpointandmuhmore.Theonlylimitationfor
ourmigrationisthat SMWdoesnotprovideextensionsthat allowtodrawthe
treesthatarefrequentlyusedintheguidelines,butwehavedevelopedadeision
treeeditor,aswillbedisussedfurther.Tutorialsandommunitysupportmake
the installation of SMW simple. Less than one hour is needed to install it for
anybodywithaverageomputerskills.
3.2 Importing guidelineontent
One the semantiwiki had beeninstalled, aspei skin that orresponds to
Onolor graphis standards has been built to ustomise the appliation. The
next partof the work wasto import guidelines in the wiki. However,in order
to orrespond to wiki syntax, ontent had to be formatted into wikitext. For
eahguideline,theHTMLontentwasextratedandHTMLpagesweremerged
when guidelines did ontain more than one page. The table of ontents was
automatially extrated and marked up when possible. However, the state of
the HTML ode madeimpossibleto systemially identify doument struture.
It an benoted that the migration would havebeen simplerif CSS had been
usedfromthestart.Then,unneessaryontentssuhasbrowsingelementsand
4
Fig.1.Anexerptofguidelineinthewiki.
JavaSriptfuntionswereremoved.AparserwasalsousedtotransformHTML
intowikitextwhensimpletagsweredeteted(images,tables,et.).Moreover,by
usingaparserandontextanalysis,speieldswereidentied.Theobjetive
wastoidentify interestinginformationaboutaguidelinesuh asthedateofits
last update or keywords. Moreover, by examining website folder struture, an
anatomial lassiation of the guideline has been identify. This lassiation
wasreusedasabaseforguidelineategorisationin thewiki.
Despiteofalloureorts,thelayoutofthe importedguidelines thenhad to
beheked.Duetotheritialnatureoftheinformation,thishekingwasdone
byOnolorsta.Onaverage,apersonneededhalfadaytohekeahguideline.
Additionally, the Onolor thesaurusof pharmaology wasimported. As its
ontentsare loselyrelatedtoguidelines,it wasimportantto letitavailablein
thesameinformationsystem.Onepageperdesribeddrugwasreated.Inthis
ase,thesimpliityoftheHTMLpagesmadethemigrationeasier.
Tomigrateguidelines,Mediawikiimportapaitieswereused.Theyallowto
importwikitextontentfromtextles.Inthewiki,sometemplateswerebuiltto
highlighttheeldspreviouslyidentied.Anexerptofaresultingpageisshown
in Figure1.All theguidelinearepresentlyinthewiki.
3.3 User right management
Inthe usualphilosophyof wikis,everybody aneditpages,evenanonymously.
Althoughitisimportanttolettheinformationavailablebetothepubli,medial
dataareritialandtheguidelinesmustbeapprovedbyOnolorexpertsto be
in publi aess.Moreover,if an expert modies a guideline, the modiation
revisionperiod,modiationsarenumerousandeahofthemimpliesaomplete
reviewof theguidelineand itslayout.Toallowprivatemodiations,aspeial
namespaehasbeenreated,thatanbeviewedasaworkspaefortheexperts.
Final versions are shown on the main namespae, and eah guideline has an
equivalent in the new namespaewhere experts an make their ontributions.
Whenaguidelineisonsideredasorretandompletebytheoordinatorinthe
workspae,thepageissimplyopiedtothenalloationinthemainnamespae.
Aordingtothis revisionproess,threekindsofusershavebeenidentied:
anonymoususers,that anreadpagesofthemainnamespae,
medialexperts, thatanreadpagesofthemain namespaeandeditpages
intheworkspae,
administrators,thataneditallpages,evenwikisystempages.
3.4 KatoS, a deisiontreeeditor
Deision trees are imported from the previous website as bitmap pitures. At
this point, guideline updatesanalso besimplied by proposing anonline ed-
itor. KatoS is a Mediawiki extension that allows the ollaborative drawing
of deision trees. KatoSdeision tree languageis agraphial representation
basedonasmallsetofgeometrialguresonnetedbydiretededges.Thisrep-
resentationwasdiretlyinspiredbythegraphisstandardsofOnolor.Indeed,
guidelinesusevisualrepresentationsthatanmostlybeviewedastrees.Anad-
vantageto use these graphis standards is that Onolor experts already know
them.WewanttopreserveOnolor'sgraphisemantisinordertofailitatethe
understandingofguidelinesbyphysiians.
Fromasemantipointofview,eahkindofnodehasitsownmeaning;e.g.
roundedretanglesrepresentmedialsituations, et.
4 Introduing and exploiting formalised knowledge
4.1 Extrating deisionknowledgefrom deision trees
Most of the time, deision trees an be onsidered as strutures from whih
a meaning an be extrated. In order to avoid ambiguities and to guarantee
guideline onsisteny, lassial syntatial rules of deision trees are used. A
syntatimoduleanbeusedtohekiftheeditedtreerespetstherules.Thus,
KatoSanproposeanexportalgorithmthatallowstotransformdeisiontrees
intoOWL.
KatoS's export algorithm denes two lasses: Situation and
Reommendation. The rst one represents somepatient information while the
seond one represents thedesription of the deision proposed by the system.
These lassesarelinkedby thepropertyhasReommendation.This meansthat
foreahsituationthereisareommendationthat isassoiatedtoit.
Atreeisreadusingdepth-rstsearh.Eahnodeistransformedusingrules
Fig.2.TheKatoSdeisiontreeeditorinterfae.
Theexportalgorithmreatesmanyoneptsandproperties.Inludingallof
theminthesemantiwikiwoulddereasetheeaseofnavigationbeauseitwould
leadto thereationofnumerouspages.In orderto avoid thesepagereations,
translated treesare stored in aspei le and alink to this le is formalised
in thewiki. Thus,reatedontologiesaremadeavailable forothersemantiweb
appliations. Fromatehnial pointofview,OWLAPI[15℄is usedtoperform
theexport.
4.2 Using semantitools ofwiki
Extratingthewholesemantisofaguidelineisatediousjobthathastobedone
bya medialexpert with skillsin knowledgeengineering.As Onolordoesnot
havethiskindofspeialistinitssta,formalisingtheguidelineswouldbeagreat
investment. Moreover, it is still diult for non-speialists to understand the
benetsthatsemantisouldbringto medialinformationsystem.That iswhy
thekeyideaoftheprojetistoinsertstep-by-stepusefulsemantiannotations
into the guidelines in order to inrease Onolor interest in the semanti web
tehnologies.Therst way tointroduesemantisisto exploit identied elds
extrated during the guideline migration. To improve their visualisation and
theirupdate,SMW templatesandqueriesmehanismswereused.
SMW proposes many ways to edit semanti annotations. The more basi
waytoreateannotationiswikitext,whihanbeimprovethankstotemplates.
Templatesaregeneripre-developedpagelayoutsthatanbeembeddedin sev-
orrespondingpage.Forinstane,atemplateisusedtogeneratetheboxinthe
toprightornerofthepageshowninFigure1.Thetemplateusedtoreatethis
box is generi enough to be applied to all guideline pages, and its use allows
exible modiations.As templateuse issimple(andanbefurther simplied
byassoiatingforms tothem), theyprovideasimplewayto reateannotation
eldsthat anbelledbyanyuserswithoutspeiskills.
Then semanti annotationsan be exploited bySMW inline queryengine.
Usingasimplequerylanguage,semantisearhanbe donediretlyin apage
and resultsaredisplayed astables, lists,et. Combinedtotemplates, semanti
queriesareasimplewaytoreatedynamiontentrelyingonsemantiannota-
tions.
{{#ask:[[Category:Guideline℄℄[[lastUpdate::<{{#time:dFY|2yearsago}}℄℄
|?lastUpdate
|sort=lastUpdate
|format=template
|[...℄
}}
(a)Exerptofinlinequerythatrequeststheguidelinesthatareout-of-date
(translatedfromFrenh).
(b)Resultsofthequery.
Fig.3. An exerpt of inlinequery that requests the guidelines that are out-of-date,
andthewikipagethatontainstheresult.
A use of templates and inline queries is shown by the management of the
datesin theguidelines.Everyguidelinehasatleastonedatethat indiatesthe
date of the last validated update. This date is entered in a template in whih
it is assoiated witha property whih links the date to theguideline. Then, a
maintenanepageisreatedtohighlighttheguidelinesthatareout-of-date.The
queryis shownin Figure 3(a)whileits result,that anbeseenin Figure3(b),
is displayedasatable thanks to spei template. Moreover,another queryis
added in the template present oneah guidelinewhih shows awarning ifthe
guidelinehastobeupdated.
Templates arealsousedtolink guidelinestoexternalpubliation resoures.
guidelinesandpubliationwebsite.Then,templatesweredesignedtoalloweasily
semantiannotationsinguidelineusingMeSHvoabulary.Cismef,whihindexes
alargeamountofmedialpubliationinFrenh,alreadyindexesOnolor'sguide-
lines usingtermsfrom theMeSHthesaurus.These termswere importedin the
wikiasabasethatanbefreelyedited.AsPubMed alsousesthisthesaurusto
indexthisdoument,requeststoPubMedandCismefanbeautomatiallybuilt
usingtemplatesandinlinequeries.Eahrequestisdediatedtotheguidelineit
belongstoandprovidespubliationsthatareindexesbythesameterms.Thus,
itprovidesabibliographytoolusefulfor staandprovidesfurther information
tothereader.
4.3 Querying resoures of web ofdata
Toshowanother viewofthe semantiweb,wetriedto investigate onexternal
strutureddatasouresthat ouldbringadditionalinformationtothewiki.To
obtain this, an extension was reated allowing one to query external soures
using SPARQL. In this part,pharmaology thesauruswasused. The ideawas
to exploreexternalresouresbybuildingSPARQLrequestsbasedonthename
ofthedrugstudiedinaurrentpage.ThetargetofthesearheswasDrugbank,
speialisedindrugdesription,andDBpedia,anon-speialisedknowledgebase.
Thus,formostofthedrugs,wegetadditionalinformationinthesemantiweb.
AnexampleisshowninFigure4.However,mostinformationareinEnglishand
wedeplorethe lak of available Frenh information soure. This module is no
longeronlinependingtheOnolorboardisapprovalof theuseofexternaldata
souresandthevalidationoftheonesthatanbeexploited.
Fig.4. Example of data that an be importedfrom DBpedia and Drugbank about
Gemitabine usingSPARQLqueries.
5 Evaluation
Toarry out the evaluation, theopinions of theusers have been investigated.
People asked were the four main ontributors from Onolor sta: two publi
healthphysiians,aomputergraphi designer,andamedialseretary.
Therstinterestingpointisthat, beforethebeginning,theonlythingthey
knewaboutwikiswasWikipediaand nonehadeverontributedto awiki.De-
spite this, three ontributorsthoughtthat lessthan one dayof self-training is
needed to learn wikitext and to be an eient ontributor. The only diul-
tiesarerelated topartiular layouts(tables andreferenes)andwiki advaned
funtions dealingwithusermanagementandpagehistory.Theonlyrelutane
to migrate to a wiki was guideline quality. They agreed a onern with that
theold systemwas time-onsuming, but ithad theadvantageto produe high
quality guidelines. Experiments were led to update Onolor's old website and
semantiwikiwiththesamemodiations.Theyshowthat thequalitydidnot
suer of the hange and that the eieny of updating hasbeeninreased by
thesemantiwiki.
Our panel ited the main advantages they see in using a wiki. They have
agreed that wikis are ollaborative toolsthat allow more reativity and more
exibility in the update proess. Ithas also been saidthat wikis improve on-
ditionsofemploymentbyallowingdistantwork,whihwasimpossiblewiththe
previoussystem. Moreover,theyreognisedthat the wikiinreasesthe quality
oftheeditingproessandoftheguidelinethemselvesbyallowingthestandard-
isationoftheguidelineandbysimplifyingtheworkonitslayout.
In our system, the preferred ontribution is the query to medial publia-
tionswebsitesPubmedandCismefwhihproposesautomatiallyabibliography
relatedtoaguideline.Theprevioussystemdidnotpermitthatkindoffuntion
that have been judgedvery useful. It is really important for the projet that
Onolorstaappreiatedthisontributionthatisrelyingonsemantiwebteh-
nologies. Moreover, all partiipants delared that they are interested in using
MeSHannotationsandwanttoleadfurtherthisexperimentation.
6 Related work
There already exist many medial wikis (e.g. medial portal of Wikipedia,
http://wikisr.openmediine.a,http://askdrwiki.om,www.ganfyd.org,
et.) butonly fewofthem usesemantiwebtehnologies.OpenDrugWiki[18℄,
whihalsousesSMW,isawikiusedasabak-oesystemforediting,merging
fromdierentsoures,andreviewinginformationaboutdrugs.
The losest semanti wiki to the one introdued in this paper is probably
CliP-MoKi[21℄.CliP-MoKiisaSMW-basedtoolfortheollaborativeenoding
in a distributed environment of aner treatment protools. The wiki mainly
relies on semanti forms and fouses totally on strutured ontent while our
projetaimsatmigrating alreadyexisting unstrutureddata.
Semantiwikishavealreadybeenexperimentedinvarious domains.Parti-
showshowimportantthetehnialsettingsareforinreasingwikiperformanes
andhowdiultitistondtherightbalanebetweenstruturedandunstru-
tureddata.Thislast issuehasalsobeentakledin[24℄.
7 Lessons learnt and future work
Inthispaper,amigrationfrom aweb1.0websiteontainingmedialdatatoa
semantiwikihasbeendesribed.Therststepwasthemigrationofdatafrom
anHTMLwebsite toaollaborativesolution,SemantiMediawiki.Theseond
steponsistedinaddingasemantilayertoshowthebenetsthatsemantiweb
tehnologiesouldbring.
Amongthediultieswehavemet,theanalysisoftheHTMLversionofthe
guidelineswashard beauseofthe useofinvalidode.This istheresultofthe
use ofdierent HTMLeditors that followthe evolutionof thestandardovera
deade. Itappearsthat aorret useofHTML andCSS would havesimplied
the migration, partiularly the identiation of tables of ontent and spei
elds.Moreover,medialinformationisritialanditsmigrationimpliesalong
workof veriation bymedialexperts. Aordingto Onolormembers,about
70daysofworkwereneessaryto hekandorretalltheguidelines.
Onethe semantiwiki hasbeen installed,the useof traditionalwiki tools
foreditionwaseasilylearntbyOnolorsta.However,wehavenotiedthatthe
reationandtheuseofsemantiannotationsremaindiultfornonknowledge
expert although semanti wikis seem to be a simple approah. For example,
SMW inlinequerylanguageishardto handlefornonomputerspeialistsand
template onstrution alsorequires omputerskills. Some tools haveyet to be
implementedtoimprovethisaspetinthephilosophyofsemantiformsandthe
Haloprojet.
Anotherproblemwas to ndtherightbalane betweenstrutured andun-
strutureddata.Theadvantageofstrutured dataisthetypingthatenablesto
easilyreusedatainthesemantiwebontext.However,strutureddataarestill
diulttoeditandexploit,asshownintheontextofsemantiwikis.Moreover,
mostofexistinginformationsouresareunstrutured,andtediousworkwouldbe
neessaryto transformthem.Thisjobwouldbeexpensiveandtime-onsuming
soitsbenetshavetobeshownrsttononsemantiwebexperts.Ourmethod-
ology was to add semanti annotations step-by-step to improve the semanti
wikiquality.Untilnow,ourworkhasonsistedinshowingtheimprovementsso
that futuredevelopmentswillbeuponOnolorrequest.
Introduingstruturedinformationyieldsbenetswhenit isdonein aor-
danewithalreadyexistingresoures.Inthemedialdomain,numerousthesauri
andinformationsoureshavebeenreated,anditishardfornomedialspeial-
iststodeterminewhihonesanbeused.Thishoiehastobemadeaordingto
thegoaloftheappliationwiththeapprovalofmedialspeialists.Forinstane,
it washardto determinewhih thesauruswillbeused to indexguidelines. We
nallyhavehosenMeSHuponOnolorrequest,althoughSNOMED orUMLS
linktomedialpubliationwebsitesisusefulforeditorsandprovidesadditional
informationforthereaders.
Finally,theuseofdatafromsemantiwebisamajoronerninthemedial
domain,duetotheritialnatureofthedata.Usingexternalresouresseemsto
auseakindofrelutaneinliniians.Eahsourehastoberstapprovedby
medialauthoritiesbeforeitanbeexploitedbyamedialsystem.Partiularly,
allsouresmustatleastfollowtheprinipleoftheHONodeertiation.
Currently, our work fouses on minor tehnial adaptation of the wiki to
Onolorneeds.Ournexttaskwillbetoinreasegraduallythesemantiannota-
tion'spresene.Thelong-termgoalistoobtainastruturedknowledgebasethat
ontainsalltheinformationprovidedbyonologyguidelines.Forsuhaprojet
tobesuessful,severalissueshavetobetakeninto aount.Theprojetmust
beable to relyon several medialexperts to struture and hek information.
Fromthis pointofview,Onolorwillhavearuialroleofsupporttoplayand
so, theirsatisfation is really important. Moreover,to omplete theformalisa-
tion, resouresthat are moreexpressivethanMeSHwill beneeded.SNOMED
orUMLS seemtobebetteroptions.Finally,thesaleofthisnalontologywill
require signiant improvement in ontologyengineering tools, partiularly for
theeditionandthemaintenane.
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