Typical correlations and entanglement in random tensor network states

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Typical correlations and entanglement in random tensor network states

Mostly based on joint work with David Pérez-García, available at arXiv:1906.11682

Cécilia Lancien

Institut Fourier Grenoble & CNRS

Journée théorie CPTGA – September 27 2021

Cécilia Lancien Typical correlations and entanglement in random tensor network states Journée théorie CPTGA – September 27 2021 1

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Outline

1 Background and motivations

2 Random MPS and PEPS: construction and statement of the main questions & results

3 Typical correlation length in a random TNS through typical spectral gap of its transfer operator

4 Typical correlation length in a random TNS through spectral gap of its parent Hamiltonian

5 Open questions and perspectives

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The curse of dimensionality when dealing with many-body quantum systems

A quantum system composed ofN d-dimensional subsystems has dimensiond^N.

−→

Exponential growth of the dimension with the number of subsystems.

However,‘physically relevant’ statesof many-body quantum systems are often well approximated by so-calledtensor network states (TNS), which form a small subset of the global state space.

Tensor network state construction on

(

C^d

)

^⊗^N: Take a graphGwithNvertices andLedges.

Put at each vertexva tensor

|χ

_v

i ∈

C^d

⊗ (

C^q

)

^⊗δ(^v⁾to get a tensor

|˜ χ

G

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^N

⊗ (

C^q

)

^⊗^2L. Contract together the indices of

|˜ χ

G

i

associated to a same edge to get a tensor

|χ

G

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^N.

degree ofv

pure state on(C^d)^⊗N(up to normalization)

−→

If

δ(

v

) 6

^r^{for all}v, then such state is described by at mostNq^rdparameters (linear inN).

• •

• • Gwith 6 vertices and 7 edges

• •

|˜ χ

G

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗⁶

⊗ (

C^q

)

^⊗¹⁴

• •

|χ

_G

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗⁶

d-dimensional indices:physicalindices.q-dimensional indices:bondindices. In this talk:The underlying graphGis a regular lattice in dimension 1 or 2.

−→ |χ

_G

i

is amatrix product state (MPS)or aprojected entangled pair state (PEPS).

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The curse of dimensionality when dealing with many-body quantum systems

−→

(

C^d

)

|χ

_v

i ∈

C^d

⊗ (

C^q

)

|˜ χ

G

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^N

⊗ (

C^q

)

|˜ χ

G

i

|χ

G

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^N.

degree ofv

−→

If

δ(

v

) 6

• •

|˜ χ

G

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗⁶

⊗ (

C^q

)

^⊗¹⁴

• •

|χ

_G

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗⁶ d-dimensional indices:physicalindices.q-dimensional indices:bondindices.

In this talk:The underlying graphGis a regular lattice in dimension 1 or 2.

−→ |χ

_G

i

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The curse of dimensionality when dealing with many-body quantum systems

−→

(

C^d

)

|χ

_v

i ∈

C^d

⊗ (

C^q

)

|˜ χ

G

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^N

⊗ (

C^q

)

|˜ χ

G

i

|χ

G

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^N.

degree ofv

−→

If

δ(

v

) 6

• •

|˜ χ

G

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗⁶

⊗ (

C^q

)

^⊗¹⁴

• •

|χ

_G

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗⁶

d-dimensional indices:physicalindices.q-dimensional indices:bondindices.

In this talk:The underlying graphGis a regular lattice in dimension 1 or 2.

−→ |χ

_G

i

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Motivations behind TNS and related questions

A TNS representation is thought to be amathematically tractabledescription of the state of a system composed ofmany subsystems having a certain geometryand subject to interactions respecting this geometry.

Example:Being a TNS is (conjectured to be) approximately equivalent to being a ground state of a gapped local Hamiltonian(Hastings, Landau/Vazirani/Vidick...)

composed of terms which act non-trivially only on nearby sites spectral gap lower bounded by a constant independent ofN

−→

In condensed-matter physics, TNS are used as Ansatz in computations: optimization over a manageable number of parameters, even for largeN.

General question:Among the variousqualitativeintuitions about TNS, which ones are at least true generically? And canquantitativestatements be made about the generic case?

Idea:Sample a TNS at random and study the characteristics that it exhibits with high probability. In particular, what is itstypical amount of correlations and entanglement?

Regime we are interested in: larged

,

q, ideally anyN.

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Motivations behind TNS and related questions

−→

,

q, ideally anyN.

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Motivations behind TNS and related questions

−→

,

q, ideally anyN.

(9)

Motivations behind TNS and related questions

−→

Idea:Sample a TNS at random and study the characteristics that it exhibits with high probability.

In particular, what is itstypical amount of correlations and entanglement?

,

q, ideally anyN.

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Outline

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A simple model of random translation-invariant MPS

Nparticles on a circle

• • • • • N

Pick a tensor

|χi ∈

C^d

⊗ (

C^q

)

^⊗²whose entries are independent complex Gaussians with mean 0 and variance 1

/

dq.

Repeat it on all sites and contract neighboringq-dimensional indices.

−→

Obtained tensor

|χ

N

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^N:random translation-invariant MPS with periodic boundary conditions(typically almost normalized).

d q q

|χi = ∑

^d

x=1 q

∑

i,j=1

g_xij

|

xij

i

1-site tensor

N

|χ

N

i =

d

∑

x1,...,xN=1

q

∑

i1,...,iN=1

g_x₁_i_N_i₁

· · ·

g_x_N_i_N₋₁_i_N

|

x₁

· · ·

x_N

i

Associatedtransfer operator:T

:

C^q

⊗

C^q

→

C^q

⊗

C^q, obtained by contracting thed-dimensional indices of

|χi

and

|¯ χi

.

T

= ∑

^d

x=1

q

∑

i,j,k,l=1

g_xij

¯

g_xkl

|

ik

ih

jl

|

=

¹_d

∑

^d

x=1

G_x

⊗

_G

¯

_x

TheG_x’s are independentq

×

qmatrices whose entries are independent complex Gaussians with mean 0 and variance 1

/

q.

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A simple model of random translation-invariant MPS

Nparticles on a circle

• • • • • N

Pick a tensor

|χi ∈

C^d

⊗ (

C^q

)

^⊗²whose entries are independent complex Gaussians with mean 0 and variance 1

/

dq.

−→

Obtained tensor

|χ

N

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^N:random translation-invariant MPS with periodic boundary conditions(typically almost normalized).

d q q

|χi = ∑

^d

x=1 q

∑

i,j=1

g_xij

|

xij

i

1-site tensor

N

|χ

N

i =

d

∑

x1,...,xN=1

q

∑

i1,...,iN=1

g_x₁_i_N_i₁

· · ·

g_x_N_i_N₋₁_i_N

|

x₁

· · ·

x_N

i

Associatedtransfer operator:T

:

C^q

⊗

C^q

→

C^q

⊗

C^q, obtained by contracting thed-dimensional indices of

|χi

and

|¯ χi

.

T

=

d

∑

x=1

q

∑

i,j,k,l=1

g_xij

¯

g_xkl

|

ik

ih

jl

|

=

¹_d

d

∑

x=1

G_x

⊗

_G

¯

_x

TheG_x’s are independentq

×

/

q.

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A simple model of random translation-invariant PEPS

MNparticles on a torus

• • • • •

• • • • • N

M

Pick a tensor

|χi ∈

C^d

⊗ (

C^q

)

^⊗⁴whose entries are independent complex Gaussians with mean 0 and variance 1

/

dq².

−→

Obtained tensor

|χ

MN

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^MN:random translation-invariant PEPS with periodic boundary conditions(typically almost normalized).

q d q

q q

|χi = ∑

^d

x=1 q

∑

i,j,i⁰,j⁰=1

g_xiji⁰_j⁰

|

xiji⁰j⁰

i

1-site tensor M

|χ

M

i ∈ (

C^d

⊗

C^q

⊗

C^q

)

^⊗^M 1-column tensor

Associatedtransfer operator:T_M

: (

C^q

⊗

C^q

)

^⊗^M

→ (

C^q

⊗

C^q

)

^⊗^M, obtained by contracting the d-dimensional indices of

|χ

_M

i

and

|¯ χ

M

i

.

T_M

=

_dM¹q^M d

∑

x1,...,xM=1 q

∑

i1,j1,...,iM,jM=1

G_x₁_i_M_i₁

⊗

_G

¯

_x

1jMj1

⊗ · · · ⊗

G_x_M_i_M₋₁_i_M

⊗

_G

¯

_x

MjM−1jM

TheG_xij’s are independentq

×

/

q.

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A simple model of random translation-invariant PEPS

MNparticles on a torus

• • • • •

• • • • • N

M

Pick a tensor

|χi ∈

C^d

⊗ (

C^q

)

^⊗⁴whose entries are independent complex Gaussians with mean 0 and variance 1

/

dq².

−→

Obtained tensor

|χ

MN

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^MN:random translation-invariant PEPS with periodic boundary conditions(typically almost normalized).

q d q

q q

|χi = ∑

^d

x=1 q

∑

i,j,i⁰,j⁰=1

g_xiji⁰_j⁰

|

xiji⁰j⁰

i

1-site tensor M

|χ

M

i ∈ (

C^d

⊗

C^q

⊗

C^q

)

^⊗^M 1-column tensor

Associatedtransfer operator:T_M

: (

C^q

⊗

C^q

)

^⊗^M

→ (

C^q

⊗

C^q

)

^⊗^M, obtained by contracting the d-dimensional indices of

|χ

_M

i

and

|¯ χ

M

i

.

T_M

=

_dM¹q^M d

∑

x1,...,xM=1 q

∑

i1,j1,...,iM,jM=1

G_x₁_i_M_i₁

⊗

_G

¯

_x

1jMj1

⊗ · · · ⊗

G_x_M_i_M₋₁_i_M

⊗

_G

¯

_x

MjM−1jM

TheG_xij’s are independentq

×

/

q.

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Correlations in a TNS

MPS:M

=

1. PEPS:M

>

1.

A

,

Bobservables on

(

C^d

)

^⊗^M, i.e. on 1 site for an MPS and on 1 column ofMsites for a PEPS.

Goal:Quantify the correlations between the outcomes of AandB, when performed on ‘distant’ sites or columns.

A A

:

C^d

→

C^d

M

A

: (

C^d

)

^⊗^M

→ (

C^d

)

^⊗^M

Compute the value on the TNS

|χ

MN

i

of the observableA

⊗ I

^⊗^k

⊗

B

⊗ I

^⊗^N⁻^k⁻², i.e. v_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) := hχ

_MN

|

A

⊗ I

^⊗^k

⊗

B

⊗ I

^⊗^N⁻^k⁻²

|χ

_MN

i.

Compare it to the product of the values on

|χ

MN

i

ofA

⊗ I

^⊗^N⁻¹and

I

^⊗^k⁺¹

⊗

B

⊗ I

^⊗^N⁻^k⁻², i.e. v_χ

(

A

)

v_χ

(

B

) := hχ

MN

|

A

⊗ I

^⊗^N⁻¹

|χ

MN

ihχ

MN

|

B

⊗ I

^⊗^N⁻¹

|χ

MN

i.

by translation-invariance of|χMNi Correlationsin the TNS

|χ

MN

i

:

γ

_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) :=

v_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) −

v_χ

(

A

)

v_χ

(

B

)

. Question:Do we have

γ

χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) −→

kN→∞0? And if so, at which speed?

A B

N

k

A B

'

?

Nk1

×

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Correlations in a TNS

MPS:M

=

1. PEPS:M

>

1.

A

,

Bobservables on

(

C^d

)

^⊗^M, i.e. on 1 site for an MPS and on 1 column ofMsites for a PEPS.

Goal:Quantify the correlations between the outcomes of AandB, when performed on ‘distant’ sites or columns.

A A

:

C^d

→

C^d

M

A

: (

C^d

)

^⊗^M

→ (

C^d

)

^⊗^M

Compute the value on the TNS

|χ

MN

i

of the observableA

⊗ I

^⊗^k

⊗

B

⊗ I

^⊗^N⁻^k⁻², i.e.

v_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) := hχ

_MN

|

A

⊗ I

^⊗^k

⊗

B

⊗ I

^⊗^N⁻^k⁻²

|χ

_MN

i.

Compare it to the product of the values on

|χ

MN

i

ofA

⊗ I

^⊗^N⁻¹and

I

^⊗^k⁺¹

⊗

B

⊗ I

^⊗^N⁻^k⁻², i.e.

v_χ

(

A

)

v_χ

(

B

) := hχ

MN

|

A

⊗ I

^⊗^N⁻¹

|χ

MN

ihχ

MN

|

B

⊗ I

^⊗^N⁻¹

|χ

MN

i.

by translation-invariance of|χMNi Correlationsin the TNS

|χ

MN

i

:

γ

_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) :=

v_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) −

v_χ

(

A

)

v_χ

(

B

)

. Question:Do we have

γ

χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) −→

kN→∞0? And if so, at which speed?

A B

N

k

A B

'

?

Nk1

×

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Main result: random TNS typically exhibit fast exponential decay of correlations

Intuition:For any TNS

|χ

_MN

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^MN, the correlations between two 1-site or 1-column observables decay exponentially with the distance separating the two sites or columns, i.e. there existC

(χ),τ(χ) >

0 such that, for anyk

Nand any observablesA

,

Bon

(

C^d

)

^⊗^M,

γ

_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) 6

^C

(χ)

e^−τ(χ)^k

k

A

k

_∞

k

B

k

_∞

.

Correlation lengthin the TNS

|χ

_MN

i

:

ξ(χ) :=

1

/τ(χ)

.

Our main result (informal)

For random translation-invariant MPS and PEPS with periodic boundary conditions this intuition is generically true, with a short correlation length.

going to 0 asd,qgrow with probability going to 1 (exponentially) asd,qgrow

Two ways of proving this:(suited to different dimensional regimes)

Show that thetransfer operatorassociated to the random TNS generically has alarge (upper) spectral gap.

Show that theparent Hamiltonianof the random TNS generically has alarge (lower) spectral gap.

going to 1 asd,qgrow

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Main result: random TNS typically exhibit fast exponential decay of correlations

|χ

_MN

i ∈ (

C^d

)

(χ),τ(χ) >

,

Bon

(

C^d

)

^⊗^M,

γ

_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) 6

^C

(χ)

e^−τ(χ)^k

k

A

k

_∞

k

B

k

_∞

.

|χ

_MN

i

:

ξ(χ) :=

1

/τ(χ)

.

Our main result (informal)

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Main result: random TNS typically exhibit fast exponential decay of correlations

|χ

_MN

i ∈ (

C^d

)

(χ),τ(χ) >

,

Bon

(

C^d

)

^⊗^M,

γ

_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) 6

^C

(χ)

e^−τ(χ)^k

k

A

k

_∞

k

B

k

_∞

.

|χ

_MN

i

:

ξ(χ) :=

1

/τ(χ)

.

Our main result (informal)

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Outline

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Correlation length in a TNS and spectrum of its transfer operator

|χ

MN

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^MNan MPS (M

=

1) or a PEPS (M

>

1).

Tits associated transfer operator on

(

C^q

⊗

C^q

)

^⊗^M. By reading diagrams representingv_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

)

,v_χ

(

A

)

,v_χ

(

B

)

‘horizontally’ instead of ‘vertically’, its correlation function can be re-written as:

γ

_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) =

Tr ˜

AT^k_BT

˜

^N⁻^k⁻²

− Tr ˜

AT^N⁻¹

Tr ˜

BT^N⁻¹

.

A A

:

C^d

→

C^d

A

˜ :

C^q

⊗

C^q

→

C^q

⊗

C^q

Important consequence:

Denote by

λ

1

(

T

)

and

λ

2

(

T

)

the largest and second largest eigenvalues ofT (with multiplicities). There existsC

(

T

) >

0 such that, setting

ε(

T

) = |λ

2

(

T

)|/|λ

1

(

T

)|

, we have

γ

χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) 6

^C

(

T

)ε(

T

)

^k

k

A

k

∞

k

B

k

∞

.

−→

Correlations between two 1-site or 1-column observables decay exponentially with the distance separating the two sites or columns, at a rate

|log ε(

T

)|

, i.e.

ξ(χ) =

1

/|log ε(

T

)|

. Question:For a random transfer operatorTwhat are the typical values of

|λ

1

(

T

)|

and

|λ

2

(

T

)|

?

(22)

Correlation length in a TNS and spectrum of its transfer operator

|χ

MN

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^MNan MPS (M

=

1) or a PEPS (M

>

1).

(

C^q

⊗

C^q

)

(

A

,

B

,

k

)

,v_χ

(

A

)

,v_χ

(

B

)

γ

_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) =

Tr ˜

AT^k_BT

˜

^N⁻^k⁻²

− Tr ˜

AT^N⁻¹

Tr ˜

BT^N⁻¹

.

A A

:

C^d

→

C^d

A

˜ :

C^q

⊗

C^q

→

C^q

⊗

C^q

Denote by

λ

1

(

T

)

and

λ

2

(

T

)

the largest and second largest eigenvalues ofT (with multiplicities).

There existsC

(

T

) >

ε(

T

) = |λ

2

(

T

)|/|λ

1

(

T

)|

, we have

γ

χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) 6

^C

(

T

)ε(

T

)

^k

k

A

k

∞

k

B

k

∞

.

−→

|log ε(

T

)|

, i.e.

ξ(χ) =

1

/|log ε(

T

)|

.

Question:For a random transfer operatorTwhat are the typical values of

|λ

1

(

T

)|

and

|λ

2

(

T

)|

?

(23)

Correlation length in a TNS and spectrum of its transfer operator

|χ

MN

i ∈ (

C^d

)

^⊗^MNan MPS (M

=

1) or a PEPS (M

>

1).

(

C^q

⊗

C^q

)

(

A

,

B

,

k

)

,v_χ

(

A

)

,v_χ

(

B

)

γ

_χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) =

Tr ˜

AT^k_BT

˜

^N⁻^k⁻²

− Tr ˜

AT^N⁻¹

Tr ˜

BT^N⁻¹

.

A A

:

C^d

→

C^d

A

˜ :

C^q

⊗

C^q

→

C^q

⊗

C^q

Denote by

λ

1

(

T

)

and

λ

2

(

T

)

the largest and second largest eigenvalues ofT (with multiplicities).

There existsC

(

T

) >

ε(

T

) = |λ

2

(

T

)|/|λ

1

(

T

)|

, we have

γ

χ

(

A

,

B

,

k

) 6

^C

(

T

)ε(

T

)

^k

k

A

k

∞

k

B

k

∞

.

−→

|log ε(

T

)|

, i.e.

ξ(χ) =

1

/|log ε(

T

)|

. Question:For a random transfer operatorTwhat are the typical values of

|λ

1

(

T

)|

and

|λ

2

(

T

)|

?

(24)

Typical spectral gap of the transfer operator of a random MPS

Theorem [Typical spectral gap of the random MPS transfer operator T ]

There exist constantsc

,

C

>

0 such that, for anyd

,

q

∈

N,

P

|λ

₁

(

T

)| >

¹

− √

^C

d and

|λ

₂

(

T

)| 6 √

^C d

>

¹

−

e⁻^cq

.

Corollary [Typical correlation length in the random MPS |χ

_N

i ]

,

C⁰

>

,

q

,

N

∈

N,

P

ξ(χ) 6

^C

0

log

d

>

¹

−

e⁻^cq

.

Remark:Similar results obtained on slightly different models, withT composed of independent Haar unitaries(Hastings, Pisier)or blocks of a Haar unitary(González-Guillén/Junge/Nechita). Motivation: Construction ofquantum expanders. This Gaussian model provides a new example. Proof idea:Approximate first eigenvector forT: maximally entangled state

|ψi ∈

C^q

⊗

C^q. Observing that

|λ

₁

(

T

)| > |hψ|

T

|ψi|

and

|λ

₂

(

T

)| 6 k

T

(I − |ψihψ|)k

_∞, we show that:

1 E

|hψ|

T

|ψi| =

1 andE

k

T

(I − |ψihψ|)k

∞

6

^C

/ √

d(Gaussian moment computations).

2 These two quantities have a small probability of deviating from their average (local version of Gaussian concentration inequality).

by minimax principle for singular values, doing as ifTwere Hermitian

(25)

Typical spectral gap of the transfer operator of a random MPS

Theorem [Typical spectral gap of the random MPS transfer operator T ]

,

C

>

,

q

∈

N,

P

|λ

₁

(

T

)| >

¹

− √

^C

d and

|λ

₂

(

T

)| 6 √

^C d

>

¹

−

e⁻^cq

.

Corollary [Typical correlation length in the random MPS |χ

_N

i ]

,

C⁰

>

,

q

,

N

∈

N,

P

ξ(χ) 6

^C

0

log

d

>

¹

−

e⁻^cq

.

Remark:Similar results obtained on slightly different models, withT composed of independent Haar unitaries(Hastings, Pisier)or blocks of a Haar unitary(González-Guillén/Junge/Nechita). Motivation: Construction ofquantum expanders. This Gaussian model provides a new example. Proof idea:Approximate first eigenvector forT: maximally entangled state

|ψi ∈

C^q

⊗

C^q. Observing that

|λ

₁

(

T

)| > |hψ|

T

|ψi|

and

|λ

₂

(

T

)| 6 k

T

(I − |ψihψ|)k

_∞, we show that:

1 E

|hψ|

T

|ψi| =

1 andE

k

T

(I − |ψihψ|)k

∞

6

^C

/ √

(26)

Typical spectral gap of the transfer operator of a random MPS

Theorem [Typical spectral gap of the random MPS transfer operator T ]

,

C

>

,

q

∈

N,

P

|λ

₁

(

T

)| >

¹

− √

^C

d and

|λ

₂

(

T

)| 6 √

^C d

>

¹

−

e⁻^cq

.

Corollary [Typical correlation length in the random MPS |χ

_N

i ]

,

C⁰

>

,

q

,

N

∈

N,

P

ξ(χ) 6

^C

0

log

d

>

¹

−

e⁻^cq

.

Remark:Similar results obtained on slightly different models, withT composed of independent Haar unitaries(Hastings, Pisier)or blocks of a Haar unitary(González-Guillén/Junge/Nechita). Motivation: Construction ofquantum expanders. This Gaussian model provides a new example.

Proof idea:Approximate first eigenvector forT: maximally entangled state

|ψi ∈

C^q

⊗

C^q. Observing that

|λ

₁

(

T

)| > |hψ|

T

|ψi|

and

|λ

₂

(

T

)| 6 k

T

(I − |ψihψ|)k

_∞, we show that:

1 E

|hψ|

T

|ψi| =

1 andE

k

T

(I − |ψihψ|)k

∞

6

^C

/ √

(27)

Typical spectral gap of the transfer operator of a random MPS

Theorem [Typical spectral gap of the random MPS transfer operator T ]

,

C

>

,

q

∈

N,

P

|λ

₁

(

T

)| >

¹

− √

^C

d and

|λ

₂

(

T

)| 6 √

^C d

>

¹

−

e⁻^cq

.

Corollary [Typical correlation length in the random MPS |χ

_N

i ]

,

C⁰

>

,

q

,

N

∈

N,

P

ξ(χ) 6

^C

0

log

d

>

¹

−

e⁻^cq

.

Remark:Similar results obtained on slightly different models, withT composed of independent Haar unitaries(Hastings, Pisier)or blocks of a Haar unitary(González-Guillén/Junge/Nechita). Motivation: Construction ofquantum expanders. This Gaussian model provides a new example.

Proof idea:Approximate first eigenvector forT: maximally entangled state

|ψi ∈

C^q

⊗

C^q. Observing that

|λ

1

(

T

)| > |hψ|

T

|ψi|

and

|λ

2

(

T

)| 6 k

T

(I − |ψihψ|)k

∞, we show that:

1 E

|hψ|

T

|ψi| =

1 andE

k

T

(I − |ψihψ|)k

∞

6

^C

/ √

(28)

Typical spectral gap of the transfer operator of a random PEPS

Assumption

(?)

:The dimensionsdandqgrow polynomially with the number of sitesM.

More precisely:d

,

qsatisfyd

'

M^αandq

'

M^βwith

α >

8 and

(α +

1

)/

3

< β < (α −

2

)/

2.

Theorem [Typical spectral gap of the random PEPS transfer operator T

M

]

,

C

>

0 such that, for anyM

∈

Nandd

,

q

∈

Nsatisfying

(?)

,

P

|λ

1

(

T_M

)| >

¹

−

^C

M^α/²⁻¹^−β and

|λ

2

(

T_M

)| 6

^C M^α/²⁻¹^−β

>

¹

−

e⁻^cM³^β−α

.

Corollary [Typical correlation length in the random PEPS |χ

_MN

i ]

,

C⁰

>

0 such that, for anyN

>

^M

∈

Nandd

,

q

∈

Nsatisfying

(?)

, P

ξ(χ) 6

^C

0

(α/

2

−

1

− β) log

M

>

¹

−

e⁻^cM³^β−α

.

Main issue:Results are valid only in the regime whered

,

qgrow polynomially withM.

−→

Enforce this scaling byblocking: Redefine 1 site as being a sublattice of

log

Msites. Proof idea:Some kind of recursion procedure that uses the MPS results as building blocks. Approximate first eigenvector forT_M:

|ψi

^⊗^M

∈ (

C^q

⊗

C^q

)

^⊗^M.

(29)

Typical spectral gap of the transfer operator of a random PEPS

Assumption

(?)

More precisely:d

,

qsatisfyd

'

M^αandq

'

M^βwith

α >

8 and

(α +

1

)/

3

< β < (α −

2

)/

2.

Theorem [Typical spectral gap of the random PEPS transfer operator T

M

]

,

C

>

∈

Nandd

,

q

∈

Nsatisfying

(?)

,

P

|λ

1

(

T_M

)| >

¹

−

^C

|λ

2

(

T_M

)| 6

^C M^α/²⁻¹^−β

>

¹

−

e⁻^cM³^β−α

.

Corollary [Typical correlation length in the random PEPS |χ

_MN

i ]

,

C⁰

>

^M

∈

Nandd

,

q

∈

Nsatisfying

(?)

, P

ξ(χ) 6

^C

0

(α/

2

−

1

− β) log

M

>

¹

−

e⁻^cM³^β−α

.

,

−→

log

|ψi

^⊗^M

∈ (

C^q

⊗

C^q

)

^⊗^M.

(30)

Typical spectral gap of the transfer operator of a random PEPS

Assumption

(?)

More precisely:d

,

qsatisfyd

'

M^αandq

'

M^βwith

α >

8 and

(α +

1

)/

3

< β < (α −

2

)/

2.

Theorem [Typical spectral gap of the random PEPS transfer operator T

M

]

,

C

>

∈

Nandd

,

q

∈

Nsatisfying

(?)

,

P

|λ

1

(

T_M

)| >

¹

−

^C

|λ

2

(

T_M

)| 6

^C M^α/²⁻¹^−β

>

¹

−

e⁻^cM³^β−α

.

Corollary [Typical correlation length in the random PEPS |χ

_MN

i ]

,

C⁰

>

^M

∈

Nandd

,

q

∈

Nsatisfying

(?)

, P

ξ(χ) 6

^C

0

(α/

2

−

1

− β) log

M

>

¹

−

e⁻^cM³^β−α

.

,

−→

log

|ψi

^⊗^M

∈ (

C^q

⊗

C^q

)

^⊗^M.