'HVLJQRIDQDXWRQRPRXVURERWLFYHKLFOHDQG
GHYHORSPHQWRIDVXLWDEOHJULSSHUIRUKDUYHVWLQJVHQVLWLYH DJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV
&RQVWDQWLQRV3DULVVHV(YDQJHORV0DULQLV
'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJ7HFKQRORJLFDO(GXFDWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI:HVWHUQ 0DFHGRQLD*UHHFHHPDLONSDU#WHLNR]JU
0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHU%( 06FLQ0HFK(QJ0DVWHULQ0HFKDWURQLFV 0DFHGRQLD*UHHFHHPDLOHPDULQLV#JPDLOFRP
$EVWUDFW 7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV WKH GHVLJQ RI DQ DXWRQRPRXV YHKLFOH ZLWK D OLQNURERWLFDUPDQGWKHGHVLJQSURWRW\SHFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGLQLWLDOWHVWLQJRID URERWLF JULSSHU IRU KDUYHVWLQJ VHQVLWLYH DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWV ,W LV D PRGXODU GHVLJQ XWLOL]LQJ LQWHUFKDQJHDEOH ³ILQJHUV´ ZKLFK DOORZV WKH KDUYHVWLQJ RI GLIIHUHQW NLQGV RU VL]HV RI IUXLW 6WDWLF WHVWLQJ RI WKH SURWRW\SH JULSSHU SURYLGHG H[FHOOHQW UHVXOWV 7KH DXWRPDWHGURERWLF KDUYHVWLQJ RI FURSV LV RI KLJKVLJQLILFDQFHWRWKH*UHHNHFRQRP\
.H\ZRUGV$XWRQRPRXVKDUYHVWLQJYHKLFOHJULSSHUJUHHQKRXVHDXWRPDWLRQ
,QWURGXFWLRQ
1RZDGD\VWKHWHFKQRORJ\RIPHFKDQLFDOKDUYHVWLQJLVIRFXVHGRQKDUYHVWLQJSODQWV RIODUJHFURSVHJZKHDWFRUQXVLQJVSHFLDOPRZHUVRIODUJHVL]HDQGFRVW2QWKH RWKHUKDQGLQVSLWHRIWKHJUHDWWHFKQRORJLFDODGYDQFHVWKHKDUYHVWLQJRIYHJHWDEOHV DQG IUXLWV GHSHQGV SULPDULO\ RQ KXPDQ ODERU 7KLV DIIHFWV PDLQO\ WKH FRVW RI SURGXFWLRQWKHSURGXFW¶VTXDOLW\DVZHOODVWKHVDIHW\RIZRUNHUVLQFURSVWKDWKDYH EHHQVSUD\HGZLWKSHVWLFLGHVHJJUHHQKRXVHV7KHPDLQUHDVRQVIRUWKHVKRUWDJHRI DXWRPDWHGVROXWLRQVDUH
7KHGLIILFXOW\LQWUDFNLQJWKHIUXLWVDQG
7KHGLIILFXOW\LQVLPXOWDQHRXVO\FXWWLQJDQGFROOHFWLQJWKHIUXLWVZLWKRXWGDPDJLQJ WKHP
7KHVH GLIILFXOWLHV DULVH IURP WKH LUUHJXODU VKDSH RI SODQWV WKH UDQGRP SRVLWLRQ DQG RULHQWDWLRQRIWKHIUXLWWKHSRVVLELOLW\RISDUWLDORUWRWDOFRYHUDJHRIWKHIUXLWE\WKH SODQW¶V IROLDJH FRORU VLPLODULW\ EHWZHHQ WKH IUXLW DQG WKH IROLDJH DQG WKH YXOQHUDELOLW\RIPDQ\IUXLWVWRPHFKDQLFDOSUHVVXUHRUIULFWLRQ
,QJHQHUDOWKHJUHHQKRXVHFURSVDUHDJURZLQJSDUWRIDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQERWKLQ
*UHHFHDQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOO\0RUHRYHUWKHVHFURSVDUHRIJUHDWHFRQRPLFVLJQLILFDQFH EHFDXVH RI WKH DELOLW\ IRU RIIVHDVRQ SURGXFWLRQ ,QVLGH JUHHQKRXVHV WKH FUHDWLRQ RI ________________________________
Copyright ©by the paper’s authors. Copying permitted only for private and academic purposes.
In: M. Salampasis, A. Matopoulos (eds.): Proceedings of the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies
for Sustainable Agri-production and Environment (HAICTA 2011), Skiathos, 8-11 September, 2011.
LGHDOFRQGLWLRQVIRUSODQWJURZWKLVIHDVLEOHE\XVLQJFOLPDWHFRQWUROV\VWHPV7KHVH FRQGLWLRQV DUH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ KLJK KXPLGLW\ DQG WHPSHUDWXUH DQG LQFUHDVHG OHYHOV RI FDUERQ GLR[LGH IRU LQFUHDVHG SKRWRV\QWKHVLV ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKHUH LV H[WHQVLYH XVH RI IHUWLOL]HUV 7KHVH FRQGLWLRQV IDYRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI IXQJDOV DQG RWKHU SK\WRSDWKRJHQLF PLFUR RUJDQLVPV KDUPIXO WR SODQW JURZWK 7KHUHIRUH IUHTXHQW VSUD\LQJZLWKSHVWLFLGHVLVQHFHVVDU\DORQJZLWKWKHXVHRIIHUWLOL]HUV
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
$V D UHVXOW RI WKH DERYH PDMRU UHVHDUFK HIIRUWV KDYH EHHQ PDGH WR DSSO\ DGYDQFHG WHFKQLTXHVLQDJULFXOWXUH1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHXVHRIKXPDQODERULVVWLOOKLJKHYHQLQ ZHVWHUQ FRXQWULHV ZKHUH WKH KRXUO\ ODERU FRVW LV YHU\ KLJK ZKLOH DXWRPDWLRQ LV QRW DSSOLHGWRWKHVDPHH[WHQWDV LWLVLQLQGXVWU\ $OWKRXJKWKH ZRUNRI KDUYHVWLQJDQG VSUD\LQJ LV SULPDULO\ PDQXDO ODERU WKH VDODULHV DUH LQFUHDVLQJ 7KHUHIRUH ZH QHHG PRUHDSSOLHGUHVHDUFKWRDOORZIRUEHWWHUDOORFDWLRQRIKXPDQUHVRXUFHV
$EULHIVXPPDU\RIYDULRXVUHVHDUFKHIIRUWVVRIDULVSUHVHQWHGVRDVWRLOOXVWUDWHWKH LQWHQVH UHVHDUFK LQWHUHVW EXW DOVR WKH ODFN RI VROXWLRQV IRU KDUYHVWLQJ GLIIHUHQW IUXLW XVLQJWKHVDPHKDUYHVWHU
7KHUHVHDUFKIRFXVHVRQSUREOHPVUHODWLQJWRGULYLQJKDUYHVWLQJVSUD\LQJVHHGLQJ HWF7LOOHWDQG$FFDFLDHWDOJLYHDQRYHUYLHZRIURERWLFDSSOLFDWLRQV LQ KRUWLFXOWXUH 9DULRXV HIIRUWV IRU WKH DXWRPDWLF FROOHFWLRQ RI IUXLWV XVLQJ D URERW KDYHEHHQSXEOLVKHG6SHFLILFDOO\WKHDXWRPDWLFKDUYHVWLQJRIFXFXPEHULVGLVFXVVHG LQ9DQ+HQWHQHWDORIPXVKURRPVLQ5HHGHWDORIOHWWXFHLQ&KRHW DORIVWUDZEHUULHVLQ.RQGRHWDORIRUDQJHVLQ3OHEEHHWDO RIVZHHWSHSSHUVLQ.LWDPXUDHWDODQGRIJUDSHVLQ0RQWDHWDO$OO RIWKHDERYHLQYROYHURERWVGHVLJQHGIRUDVSHFLILFFURSHDFK2QO\IHZSXEOLFDWLRQV DUHUHSRUWHGGHDOLQJZLWKURERWVFDSDEOHRIZRUNLQJZLWKPRUHWKDQRQHW\SHRIFURS VXFK DV WKRVH RI %HOIRUWH DQG .DYRXVDQRV 'HWDLOV IRU WKH PDQXIDFWXULQJ RI YHKLFOHV FDQ EH IRXQG LQ $VWUDQG HW DO ZKHUH DQ DXWRQRPRXVURERWLFYHKLFOHIRUZHHGFRQWUROLVSUHVHQWHGLQ%DNHWDOZKLFK GHDOV ZLWK DQ DXWRQRPRXV YHKLFOH IRU ILQGLQJ ZHHGV LQ 6RXWKDOO HW DO DQG
%XUJRV HW DO ZKHUH DXWRQRPRXV YHKLFOHV DUH SUHVHQWHG XWLOL]LQJ VSHFLDOL]HG FRPSXWHU YLVLRQ V\VWHPV IRU GLVFULPLQDWLQJ EHWZHHQ FURS DQG ZHHG DQG LQ
%LOOLQJVOH\ZKHUHDGULYHQWUDFWRUZLWKPDFKLQHYLVLRQLVXVHG
7KLVSDSHUIRFXVHVRQWKHDXWRPDWHGURERWLFKDUYHVWLQJRIFURSVRIKLJKVLJQLILFDQFH WR WKH *UHHN HFRQRP\ ,W LQYROYHV WKH GHVLJQ RI DQ DXWRQRPRXV YHKLFOH HTXLSSHG ZLWKDOLQNURERWLFDUPDQGJULSSHU,WSUHVHQWVWKHGHVLJQSURWRW\SHFRQVWUXFWLRQ DQG VWDWLF WHVWLQJ RI D URERWLF HQGHIIHFWRU JULSSHU IRU XVH LQ WKH FROOHFWLRQ RI VHQVLWLYHDJULFXOWXUDOSURGXFWV7KHJULSSHULVFRPSULVHGRIWKHFDSWXULQJPHFKDQLVP WKHGULYLQJPRWRUDQGWKHPRWRUHOHFWURQLFV,WKDVDPRGXODUGHVLJQZKLFKDOORZVIRU DGDSWDWLRQ WR KDUYHVWLQJ PRUH WKDQ RQH NLQG RU VL]H RI IUXLW DW D WLPH E\ XWLOL]LQJ
LQWHUFKDQJHDEOH VHWV RI ³ILQJHUV´ (DFK VHW RI ILQJHUV LV RI GLIIHUHQW VKDSH VL]H DQG IUXLWFRQWDFWPDWHULDO
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
$XWRQRPRXV9HKLFOHDQG$UP'HVLJQ
$SUHYLRXVGHVLJQ0DULQLV IRUWKHFROOHFWLRQRIUHF\FODEOHREMHFWVPDGHRI ZRRG RU PHWDO IURP WKH JURXQG KDV EHHQ UHGHVLJQHG WR DFFHSW D GLIIHUHQW URERWLF DUP DQG LPSURYHG JULSSHU LQ RUGHU WR KDUYHVW VHQVLWLYH DJULFXOWXUDO SURGXFWV DW D KHLJKW RI RQH PHWHU DERYH ³JURXQG OHYHO´ 7KH PRGXODU GHVLJQ FRQFHSW DQG WKH DXWRQRPRXVRSHUDWLRQFRQWUROHOHFWURQLFVUHPDLQWKHVDPH
9HKLFOH'HVLJQ
7KHYHKLFOH¶VVSHFLILFDWLRQVDUH0D[LPXPRFFXSLHGVSDFH[[PZLWKWKHURERWLF DUPUHWUDFWHGWZR VHWVRI ZKHHOVOHIW VLGH±ULJKWVLGHSRZHUHGE\WZR VHSDUDWHO\
FRQWUROOHG '& PRWRUV WR SURYLGH IRUZDUG PRYHPHQW UHYHUVH DV ZHOO DV PLQLPXP WXUQLQJ UDGLXV RQWKHVSRW WXUQLQJ PD[LPXP VSHHG RI NPK DW LQFOLQH DQG PD[LPXPZHLJKWIXOO\ORDGHGRI.J
7KH YHKLFOH VKRZQ LQ )LJ ZLOO RSHUDWH DXWRQRPRXVO\ SRZHUHG E\ RQERDUG 9 EDWWHULHV DQG ZLOO PRYH LQGHSHQGHQWO\ DYRLGLQJ REVWDFOHV 0DULQLV ,W ZLOO VHDUFK IRU SURGXFWV WR EH KDUYHVWHG DQG ZLOO ORFDWH LWVHOI VXLWDEO\ IRU WKH DUP DQG JULSSHUWRSURFHHGZLWKKDUYHVWLQJ
)LJ(PSW\YHKLFOHZLWKH[WHQGHGDQGUHWUDFWHGDUPDQGJULSSHU
5RERWLF$UP'HVLJQ
7KH URERWLF DUP¶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
+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDSUHOLPLQDU\GHVLJQRIDOLQNURERWLFDUPIRUWKLVSXUSRVH7KH JULSSHULVWKHILIWKOLQN7KHILUVWOLQNLVIDVWHQHGDWWKHRULJLQ2DQGFDQURWDWHș DERXWWKH=D[LVE\GHJUHHV7KHVHFRQGOLQNH[WHQGVOLQHDUO\XSZDUGVE\GLQ WKUHHVHFWLRQV7KHWKLUGOLQNH[WHQGVOLQHDUO\E\GLQWZRVHFWLRQV7KHIRXUWKOLQN URWDWHVșDERXWWKH=D[LVE\GHJUHHV7KHILIWKHOHPHQWLVWKHJULSSHUZKLFK KDVDIL[HGOHQJWKRIP6\VWHPRID[LVSULVPDWLFGDQGUHYROXWHșYDULDEOHV DUHGHILQHGDVLQ)LJ7KHRULJLQ2RI;<DQG=LVORFDWHGDWWKHEDVHRIWKH YHKLFOHIURQWVLGHDQGFHQWHU7KLVLVWKHGHVLJQ¶VIL[HGVXSSRUW
)LJ3UHOLPLQDU\GHVLJQRIWKHOLQNURERWLFDUP
6RPHDVVXPSWLRQV ZHUH PDGH7KHPDVVRIWKH PRWRUVLV LQFOXGHGLQWKHOLQN PDVV DQGHDFKOLQNLVDVVXPHGWRKDYHLWVFHQWHURIURWDWLRQDWòWKHOHQJWKRIWKHOLQNDVLW FRXOGKDYHEHHQZLWKRXWWKHDGGLWLRQRIWKHPRWRU7KHPDVVRIWKHJULSSHUFKDQJHV IURP³HPSW\´WR³HPSW\SURGXFW´ZKLFKLVDYDULDEOH,WVPD[LPXPGHVLJQPDVV ZLOOEHVHWWR.J
7KH IRUZDUG RU FRQILJXUDWLRQ NLQHPDWLF DQDO\VLV RI WKH DUP ZDV EDVHG RQ WKH 'HQDYLW ± +DUWHQEHUJ FRQYHQWLRQ (TXDWLRQ VKRZV WKH GHULYHG IRUZDUG NLQHPDWLF HTXDWLRQVPDWUL[
$IWHUGHWDLOHGZRUNDQGVLPSOLILFDWLRQRIWKHHTXDWLRQWHUPVWKHYHORFLW\NLQHPDWLFV DQDO\VLV\LHOGHGWKH-DFRELDQPDWUL[RIHTXDWLRQ
»
»
»
»
¼ º
«
«
«
«
¬ ª
V F G G
G G G F F V V F V
G G G V V V F F F
$
$
$
$
$
7 T T
T T T T T T
T T T T T T
»»
»»
»»
»
»
¼ º
««
««
««
«
«
¬ ª
»¼ º
«¬ ª
T T
T T
T
T T
T
Z
F V
F F
G G G V
V V
G G G F
- -
- Y
$XWRQRPRXV2SHUDWLRQ'HVLJQ
7KH EDWWHULHV HOHFWULF FLUFXLWV DQG FRQWURO HOHFWURQLFV ZLOO EH LQVWDOOHG LQVLGH WKH YHKLFOH LQ PRGXODU IRUP 7KH HOHFWURQLF ERDUGV ZLOO EH SRZHUHG E\ D VHSDUDWH VPDOOHU EDWWHU\ $OO FRPPXQLFDWLRQV ZLWK H[WHUQDO 3&V IRU SURJUDPPLQJ GDWD DFTXLVLWLRQ HWF ZLOO EH YLD VHULDO LQWHUIDFH 2WKHU DGKRF FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VWDWXV VWDUWVWRSHWFGXULQJDXWRQRPRXVRSHUDWLRQZLOOEHYLDDZLUHOHVVOLQN;
)LJ%ORFNGLDJUDPRIFRQWURODQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQHOHFWURQLFV
7KHEORFNGLDJUDPRI)LJLVDJHQHUDOSODQRIWKHRQERDUGHOHFWURQLFV7KH³LWHP ORFDWRUV\VWHP´ZLOOEHDGGHGODWHU
7KH PDLQ RQERDUG HOHFWURQLFV ZLOO FRQWURO WKH YHKLFOH¶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
3URRIRI&RQFHSW
,QLWLDO WHVWLQJ RI LQGLYLGXDO V\VWHPV KDV SURYHG WKH GHVLJQ FRQFHSW $OO 3,&
FRQWUROOHUVDQGKDYHEHHQSURJUDPPHGDQGWHVWHGVXFFHVVIXOO\H[FOXGLQJWKH DUP PRYHPHQW SURFHGXUHV 3URJUDPPLQJ RI WKH URERWLF DUP FRQWUROOHU ZLOO FRPPHQFHZKHQWKHIRUZDUGNLQHPDWLFVRIWKHDUPDUHFRPELQHGZLWKSURWRW\SHOLQN G\QDPLFV DQG VHOHFWHG PRWRU GDWD )LQDO SURJUDPPLQJ ZLOO IROORZ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ DQGWHVWLQJRIWKHSURWRW\SHDUP$GGLWLRQDOKDUGZDUHERDUGDQGZD\9+)UDGLRV ZDV XVHG LQ WHVWLQJ ; ZLUHOHVV FRPPXQLFDWLRQ ,QLWLDO SURRI RI FRQFHSW SURJUDPPLQJ IRU WKH JULSSHU¶V ((3520 VDYHG GDWD DV ZHOO DV PDLQ 0&8 FRPPXQLFDWLRQVKDVEHHQVXFFHVVIXO
*ULSSHU'HVLJQ
7KHV\VWHPLVFRPSULVHGRIDPHFKDQLFDOURERWLFHQGHIIHFWRUXWLOL]LQJDVHWRIIRXU
³ILQJHUV´ DQ HOHFWULF PRWRU DQG PRWRU FRQWUROOHU DV ZHOO DV WKH GHGLFDWHG FRQWURO HOHFWURQLFV ERDUG 3RZHU LV VXSSOLHG IURP WKH RQERDUG EDWWHULHV 'LIIHUHQW VHWV RI ILQJHUVZLOOFKDQJHWKHRYHUDOOJULSSHU¶VJHRPHWU\WRVXLWIRUKDUYHVWLQJGLIIHUHQWVL]H IUXLWV7KH\PD\DOVRXWLOL]HGLIIHUHQWIUXLWFRQWDFWPDWHULDOIRUDPRUHVHQVLWLYHFURS
6SHFLILFDWLRQVDQG0HFKDQLVP'HVLJQ
7KH JHRPHWU\ DQG IXQFWLRQ RI WKH ILUVW VHW RI ILQJHUV ZDV GHVLJQHG WR HQDEOH WKH FDSWXUHRISURGXFWVRIVSKHULFDOVKDSHDQGVL]HVRIPPXSWRPPLQGLDPHWHU :LWK WKH JULSSHU LQ WKH XSULJKW SRVLWLRQ DV LQ )LJ LW VKRXOG KROG D FDSWXUHG ZHLJKWRIQRWOHVVWKDQJ.JHIIHFWLYHZKLOHLQUDSLGURERWLFDUPPRWLRQ7KH FRQWDFWPDWHULDOVFRYHULQJWKHILQJHUVPXVWEHDSSURYHGIRUIRRGKDQGOLQJ
7KUHHFRPPRQW\SHVRIPHFKDQLVPVZHUHLQLWLDOO\FRQVLGHUHG7ZRILQJHUHGSDUDOOHO MDZVFLVVRUW\SHDQGYHUWLFDOJULSSHUVEXWWKH\GLGQRWRIIHUJRRGFDSWXULQJUHVXOWV 7KHJULSSHUKDVIRXUPRYLQJ³ILQJHUV´ZKLFKSLYRWXSWRGHJUHHVHDFKWRDOORZD PD[LPXPRSHQLQJGLDPHWHURIPPDPRQJWKHP7KLVZLOODOORZWKHURERWLFDUP WRRSHUDWHZLWKLQDPPPD[LPXPSRVLWLRQLQJHUURU
7KH LQLWLDO GHVLJQ RI WKH JULSSHU¶V ILQJHUV LQYROYHG WKH XVH RI IRXU VROLG SLHFHV RI SODVWLFEHQWSURSHUO\WRFDSWXUHVSKHULFDOREMHFWVDQGLVVKRZQLQ)LJ
7KH GHVLJQ RI WKH PRYLQJ SDUWV DOORZV WKHLU HDV\ UHSODFHPHQW LQ FDVH RI ZHDU RU GDPDJH+RZHYHUVRRQDIWHUFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGLQLWLDOWHVWLQJWKH\SURYHGWRKDYHDQ LQKHUHQWGHJUHHKRZHYHUVPDOORIKDUVKKDQGOLQJVRPHVHQVLWLYHIUXLW$OVRVPDOOHU LWHPVWHQGHGWR³HVFDSH´WKHJULSSHUIURPEHWZHHQDGMDFHQWILQJHUV
)LJ,QLWLDOGHVLJQRIWKHJULSSHU¶V³ILQJHUV´ZLWKSURYLVLRQIRUDVSHHGUHGXFWLRQJHDUVHW 5HYLVLRQVLQWKHRULJLQDOGHVLJQ \LHOGHGWKHSURWRW\SH JULSSHUVKRZQLQ)LJ,WLV VXSSRUWHGYHUWLFDOO\XVLQJWZRDQJOHGPHWDOVXSSRUWVLQRUGHUWRWHVWWKHPHFKDQLFDO IXQFWLRQDOLW\DQGVWDWLFSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHGHVLJQDVZHOODVWRDOORZGHYHORSPHQWRI WKHFRQWUROOHUHOHFWURQLFV
)LJ5HGHVLJQHGJULSSHU¶VILQJHUVDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQRISURWRW\SH
7KHILQJHUVKDYHDWZRVHFWLRQGHVLJQLQRUGHUWRPDLQWDLQWKHVWLIIQHVVRIWKHWRSKDOI DQG DOORZ D IOH[LEOH ZLUH ILQJHUWLS DV VKRZQ LQ )LJ 7KLV KDV WZR DGGLWLRQDO DGYDQWDJHV 7KH YRLG EHWZHHQ WZR FRQVHFXWLYH ILQJHUV LV JUHDWO\ UHGXFHG DQG WKH ORZHUSDUWFDQEHHDVLO\LQWHUFKDQJHGDQGLQH[SHQVLYHO\UHSODFHGLQFDVHRIZHDURU
PRGLILFDWLRQRIPLVVLRQRURSHUDWLQJHQYLURQPHQW)LQJHUWLSVRIGLIIHUHQWJHRPHWU\
RUPDWHULDOFDQEHDWWDFKHG
'HVFULSWLRQDQG2SHUDWLRQ
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
$VWDQGDUGVWHSPRWRUFRQWUROOHUZLWKGXDO+EULGJHHOHFWURQLFVKDVEHHQPRGLILHGWR RSHQDQGFORVHWKH ILQJHUV7KH3,&FRQWUROOHURQWKHERDUGKDVEHHQUHSODFHG ZLWK DQRWKHU SURJUDPPHG IRU DGMXVWDEOH FORVLQJ WRUTXH IDVWVORZ PRYHPHQW UHVHW DXWRPDWLF SRVLWLRQ FDOLEUDWLRQ SRVLWLRQ HQFRGLQJGHFRGLQJ DQG JHQHUDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQZLWKKLJKHUOHYHOPRGXOHV0RWRUWRUTXHLVFRQWUROOHGE\OLPLWLQJWKH PD[LPXP FXUUHQW WKURXJK WKH PRWRU¶V ZLQGLQJV XVLQJ 3:0 $GGLWLRQDO FLUFXLW PRGLILFDWLRQVKDYHEHHQPDGHWRWKLVHIIHFW7KHWRUTXHOHYHOZKLFKVHWVWKH3:0 SHUFHQWDJH LV FRPPXQLFDWHG E\ WKH IDUPHU WR WKH PDVWHU FRQWUROOHU ZKHQ WKH FRPPDQG WR VWDUW KDUYHVWLQJ LV VHQW 7KH OHYHO GHSHQGV RQ SUHYLRXV UHVXOWV IURP KDUYHVWLQJRIWKHVSHFLILFFURS
$VWHSPRWRULVXVHGEHFDXVHLWFDQSURGXFHDKLJKKROGLQJWRUTXHZLWKRXWFKDQJLQJ LWVSRVLWLRQDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\WKHSUHVVXUHDSSOLHGWRWKHFDSWXUHGSURGXFW3RZHUWR WKHPRWRURQO\LVSURYLGHGIURPWKHPDLQ9EDWWHULHV
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
7KHRWKHUFRQWUROOHU3,&KDQGOHVDOOLQWHUPRGXOHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ $OO3,&FRGH LVZULWWHQLQ&ODQJXDJHXVLQJVWUXFWXUHGSURJUDPPLQJWHFKQLTXHV
*ULSSHU7HVWLQJ
7KHJULSSHUZDVWHVWHGVWDWLFDOO\EDVHGRQWKHW\SHVRIGDPDJHWKDWFDQEHFDXVHGWR D KDUYHVWHG IUXLW VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH 7KH WRUTXH OHYHO 3:0 SHUFHQWDJH ZDV WHVWHG IRUVRPHWHVWHGIUXLWWRGHWHUPLQHWKHPD[LPXPVDIHYDOXHIRUHDFK7KHUHVXOWVWKDW
IROORZHG ZHUH H[FHOOHQW ,W LV DVVXPHG WKDW QR IXUWKHU GDPDJH LV FDXVHG IURP WKH IUXLW¶VRZQZHLJKWWRRULSHWRKDQGOH
7DEOH7\SHVRISRVVLEOHGDPDJHHIIHFWHGWRVHQVLWLYHKDUYHVWHGLWHPV
7\SHRIGDPDJH &DXVH
&UXVKLQJRUVSOLWWLQJ ([FHVVLYHIRUFH 6XSHUILFLDOJUD]LQJRIWKHVNLQ &RQWDFWPDWHULDO 9LVLEOHLQWHUQDOEUXLVLQJ ([FHVVLYHIRUFH ,QWHUQDOEUXLVLQJQRWYLVLEOH &ROOHFWLRQELQKDQGOLQJ 2WKHUKDQGOLQJRSHUDWLRQVGDPDJH &ROOHFWLRQELQKDQGOLQJ
7KH ILQDO GHVLJQ ZDV WHVWHG VWDWLFDOO\ RQ DQJOHG PHWDO VXSSRUWV 7KH RSHQLQJ DQG FORVLQJJHRPHWU\RIWKHJULSSHUUHPDLQHGXQFKDQJHGDIWHUUHSHDWHGRSHUDWLRQV)LJ VKRZV D SUREOHP ZKHQ XVLQJ ILQJHUWLSV RI ODUJHU VL]H ZKHUH WKH WDUJHWHG IUXLW RU DGMDFHQW IUXLW FDQ JHW FDXJKW EHWZHHQ WKH ILQJHUV 7HVWHG SURGXFWV ZHUH UHSHDWHGO\
FDSWXUHGVXFFHVVIXOO\DQGZLWKRXWGDPDJHDVVKRZQLQ)LJ2IFRXUVHWKHVPDOOHU LWHPZRXOGKDYHEHHQEHWWHUVHUYHGXVLQJILQJHUWLSVRIDVPDOOHUVL]H7KHILQJHUWLSV PDGHRIVWHHOZLUHSHUIRUPHGIDUEHWWHUWKDQWKHLQLWLDOVROLGGHVLJQ7KHODFNRIVKDUS HGJHV WKH ODUJH DUHD RI FRQWDFW ZLWK WKH SURGXFW DQG WKH JHRPHWU\ RI WKH FORVLQJ PRWLRQSURYLGHGH[FHOOHQWUHVXOWV
:KHQ WHVWLQJ DW IXOO PRWRU WRUTXH QR OLPLWLQJ RI WKH PRWRU¶V FXUUHQW DOO WHVWV GDPDJHGDOOWHVWHGIUXLW,QDQRWKHUWHVWZKHQDVROLGREMHFWZDVLQVHUWHGWREORFNWKH JULSSHU¶VFORVLQJDFWLRQWKHUHZDVQRGDPDJHWRWKHJULSSHUGXHWRWKHIOH[LELOLW\RI WKHZLUHILQJHUWLSV
$SUREOHPDURVHZKHQFROOHFWDEOHIUXLWZHUHSLFNHGIURPDSLOHFORVHJURXS,QWKLV FDVHWZRLWHPVZHUHPLVWDNHQIRURQHDQGLQDQHIIRUWWRFROOHFWWKHPWKH\ZHUHQRW VHFXUHO\FDSWXUHGRQWKHILUVWDWWHPSW2QHULSHLWHPIHOORIIGXHWRVKDNLQJWKHSLOH 'XULQJ G\QDPLF WHVWLQJ LI WKH JULSSHU¶V HOHFWURQLFV LQGLFDWH D IDLOHG FDSWXUH WKH KDUYHVWLQJ DSSURDFK ZLOO EH VOLJKWO\ PRGLILHG DQG D VHFRQG KDUYHVWLQJ DWWHPSW ZLOO FRPPHQFH)XUWKHUDGMXVWPHQWVDQGDWWHPSWVLIDQ\VKRXOGUHODWHWRWKHPHWKRGRI ORFDWLQJWKHLWHPVRWKHUZLVHWKHVSHFLILFWDUJHWHGIUXLWVKRXOGEHGLVPLVVHG
)LJ7KHILQJHUWLSJHRPHWU\LVPXFKODUJHUWKDQWKHIUXLWVL]H
)LJ6XFFHVVIXOFDSWXULQJRIVHQVLWLYHLWHPVODUJHDQGVPDOO
&RQFOXVLRQV
7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV DQ HIIRUW IRU WKH GHVLJQ RI WKH SURWRW\SH RI DQ DXWRQRPRXV YHKLFOHZLWKD³ILYHOLQN´URERWLFDUPDQGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDVXLWDEOHJULSSHU 7KH JULSSHU ZDV GHVLJQHG DQG LWV SURWRW\SH ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG DQG WHVWHG VWDWLFDOO\
IRULWVHIIHFWLYHQHVVLQFROOHFWLQJIUXLWVRIVL]HVXLWDEOHWRWKHILQJHUWLSVXVHGZLWKRXW GDPDJLQJ WKHP 7KH JULSSHU HQFORVHVFDSWXUHV LQVWHDG RI VTXHH]LQJFDSWXULQJ WKH IUXLWZKLFKUHVXOWVLQPLQLPL]HGGDPDJHVE\GHVLJQ(OHFWURQLFFLUFXLWERDUGVZHUH FRQVWUXFWHG ZLWKDSSURSULDWHFRQWURODQGWKHLULQLWLDOSURJUDPPLQJ ZDVVXFFHVVIXOO\
LPSOHPHQWHGIRUWKHJULSSHU¶VRSHUDWLRQ7KHURERWLFDUPDQGUHODWHGHOHFWURQLFVDUH LQWKHGHVLJQSKDVH
)XUWKHU JULSSHUUHODWHG UHVHDUFK ZLOO EH GLUHFWHG LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D FXWWLQJ PHFKDQLVP SRVVLEO\ DWWDFKHG DW WKH WLS RI WKH JULSSHU $GGLWLRQDO HOHFWURQLFV ZLOO SURYLGHIRUWKHYHKLFOH¶VURDPLQJDQGWKHIUXLWORFDWRUV\VWHP
5HIHUHQFHV
$FDFFLD*00LFKHOLQL5&0ROILQR50DQG5D]]ROL530RELOH URERWVLQJUHHQKRXVHFXOWLYDWLRQLQVSHFWLRQDQGWUHDWPHQWRISODQWV,QWHUQDWLRQDO :RUNVKRSRQ$GYDQFHVLQ6HUYLFH5RERWLFVS
$VWUDQG % DQG %DHUYHOGW $ $Q $JULFXOWXUDO 0RELOH 5RERW 9LVLRQ
%DVHG 3HUFHSWLRQ IRU 0HFKDQLFDO :HHG &RQWURO $XWRQRPRXV 5RERWV S
%DN7DQG-DNREVHQ+$JULFXOWXUDO5RERWLF3ODWIRUPZLWK)RXU:KHHO 6WHHULQJIRU:HHG'HWHFWLRQ%LRV\VWHPV(QJLQHHULQJS
%HOIRUWH * 'HEROL 5 *D\ 33LFFDUROR 3 DQG 5LFDXGD $' 5RERW GHVLJQ DQG WHVWLQJ IRU JUHHQKRXVH DSSOLFDWLRQV %LRV\VWHPV (QJLQHHULQJ S
%LOOLQJVOH\-$XWRPDWLF*XLGDQFHRI$JULFXOWXUDO0RELOHVDWWKH1&($
,QGXVWULDO5RERW$Q,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDOS
%XUJRV ; 5LEHLUR $ *XLMDUUR 0 DQG 3DMDUHV * 5HDOWLPH LPDJH SURFHVVLQJ IRU FURSZHHG GLVFULPLQDWLRQ LQ PDL]H ILHOGV &RPSXWHU DQG (OHFWURQLFVLQ$JULFXOWXUHS
&KR6,&KDQJ6-DQG.LP<<'HYHORSPHQWRID7KUHH'HJUHHVRI )UHHGRP 5RERW IRU +DUYHVWLQJ /HWWXFH 8VLQJ 0DFKLQH 9LVLRQ DQG )X]]\ /RJLF
&RQWURO%LRV\VWHPV(QJLQHHULQJ
.DYRXVVDQRV ( 3RO\JHULQRV 3 3DODPDV * DQG 7RXWRXQW]LV $
$XWRQRPRXV 5RERWLF 3ODWIRUP 6XLWDEOH IRU *UHHQKRXVH :RUNV 6\QFKURQL 7HFKQLNL(SLWKHRULVLS
.LWDPXUD6DQG2ND.5HFRJQLWLRQDQGFXWWLQJV\VWHPRIVZHHWSHSSHU IRU SLFNLQJ URERW LQ JUHHQKRXVH KRUWLFXOWXUH ,((( ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 0HFKDWURQLFVDQG$XWRPDWLRQ1LDJDUD)DOOV&DQDGDS
.RQGR 1 DQG 0RQWD 0 6WUDZEHUU\ +DUYHVWLQJ 5RERWV $QQXDO ,QWHUQDWLRQDO0HHWLQJ7RURQWR&DQDGD$6$(3DSHU1R
0DULQLV ( 'HVLJQ RI DQ $XWRQRPRXV 5RERWLF 9HKLFOH IRU &ROOHFWLRQ RI 2EMHFWVVW1DWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5RERWLFV$WKHQV&'SURFHHGLQJV
0RQWD 0 .RQGR 1 DQG 6KLEDQR < $JULFXOWXUDO 5RERW LQ *UDSH 3URGXFWLRQ6\VWHP,(((,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ5RERWLFVDQG$XWRPDWLRQ S
3OHEEH * *UDVVR /RFDOL]DWLRQ RI VSKHULFDO IUXLWV IRU URERWLF KDUYHVWLQJ 0DFKLQH9LVLRQDQG$SSOLFDWLRQVS±
5HHG-10LOHV6-%XWOHU-%DOGZLQ0DQG1REOH5$XWRPDWLF 0XVKURRP +DUYHVWHU 'HYHORSPHQW -RXUQDO RI $JULFXOWXUDO (QJLQHHULQJ 5HVHDUFKS
6RXWKDOO % +DJXH 7 0DUFKDQW - $ DQG %X[WRQ % ) $Q
$XWRQRPRXV &URS 7UHDWPHQW 5RERW 3DUW , $ .DOPDQ )LOWHU 0RGHO IRU /RFDOL]DWLRQ DQG &URS:HHG &ODVVLILFDWLRQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 5RERWLFV 5HVHDUFKS
7LOOHW 1' 5RERWLF 0DQLSXODWRUV LQ +RUWLFXOWXUH D 5HYLHZ -RXUQDO RI
$JULFXOWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFKS
9DQ+HQWHQ(9DQ7XLMO%+RRJDNNHU*-9DQ'HU:HHUG0-+HPPLQJ - .RUQHW -* DQG %RQWVHPD - $Q $XWRQRPRXV 5RERW IRU 'HOHDILQJ
&XFXPEHU 3ODQWV *URZQ LQ D +LJKZLUH &XOWLYDWLRQ 6\VWHP %LRV\VWHPV (QJLQHHULQJS