• Aucun résultat trouvé

Model-Based Testing of GUI Applications Featuring Dynamic Instanciation of Widgets

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Model-Based Testing of GUI Applications Featuring Dynamic Instanciation of Widgets"

Copied!
11
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-03099199

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03099199

Submitted on 7 Jan 2021

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access

archive for the deposit and dissemination of

sci-entific research documents, whether they are

pub-lished or not. The documents may come from

teaching and research institutions in France or

abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est

destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents

scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non,

émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de

recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires

publics ou privés.

Model-Based Testing of GUI Applications Featuring

Dynamic Instanciation of Widgets

Alexandre Canny, Philippe Palanque, David Navarre

To cite this version:

(2)

0RGHO%DVHG7HVWLQJRI*8,$SSOLFDWLRQV)HDWXULQJ

'\QDPLF,QVWDQFLDWLRQRI:LGJHWV



$OH[DQGUH&DQQ\ ICS-IRIT

Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier 7RXORXVH)UDQFH

DOH[DQGUHFDQQ\#LULWIU

3KLOLSSH3DODQTXH ICS-IRIT

Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier 7RXORXVH)UDQFH

SDODQTXH#LULWIU

'DYLG1DYDUUH ICS-IRIT

Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier 7RXORXVH)UDQFH

QDYDUUH#LULWIU



Abstract²7KHWHVWLQJRIDSSOLFDWLRQVZLWKD*UDSKLFDO8VHU ,QWHUIDFH *8,  LV D FRPSOH[ DFWLYLW\ EHFDXVH RI WKH LQILQLW\ RI SRVVLEOHHYHQWVHTXHQFHV,QWKHILHOGRI*8,7HVWLQJPRGHOEDVHG DSSURDFKHVEDVHGRQUHYHUVHHQJLQHHULQJRI*8,DSSOLFDWLRQKDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG WR JHQHUDWH WHVW FDVHV 8QIRUWXQDWHO\ HYLGHQFHV VKRZWKDWWKHVHWHFKQLTXHVGRQRWVXSSRUWVRPHRIWKHIHDWXUHVRI PRGHUQ*8,DSSOLFDWLRQV7KHVHIHDWXUHVLQFOXGHG\QDPLFZLGJHWV LQVWDQWLDWLRQ RU DGYDQFHG LQWHUDFWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV HJ PXOWL WRXFK  ,Q WKLV SDSHU ZH SURSRVH WR EXLOG PRGHOV RI WKH DSSOLFDWLRQV IURP UHTXLUHPHQWV DV LW LV VWDQGDUG SUDFWLFH LQ 0RGHO%DVHG 7HVWLQJ 7R GR VR ZH LGHQWLILHG ,&2 ,QWHUDFWLYH &RRSHUDWLYH2EMHFW DVRQHRIWKHPRGHOOLQJWHFKQLTXHVDOORZLQJ WKHGHVFULSWLRQRIFRPSOH[*8,EHKDYLRU:HGHPRQVWUDWHWKDW WKLVQRWDWLRQLVVXLWDEOHIRUJHQHUDWLQJWHVWFDVHVWDUJHWLQJFRPSOH[ *8,DSSOLFDWLRQVLQDSURFHVVGHULYHGIURPWKHVWDQGDUG0RGHO %DVHG7HVWLQJSURFHVV

Keywords—GUI Testing, Model-Based Testing, User Interface Description Languages

, ,1752'8&7,21

7KHWHVWLQJRIDSSOLFDWLRQVZLWKD*UDSKLFDO8VHU,QWHUIDFHLV NQRZQ WR EH D FRPSOH[ DFWLYLW\ >@ HVSHFLDOO\ GXH WR WKH XQSUHGLFWDELOLW\RIWKHKXPDQEHKDYLRUDVZHOODVWRWKHLQILQLWH QXPEHU RI SRVVLEOH HYHQW VHTXHQFHV >@ 7R FRSH ZLWK WKHVH FKDOOHQJHV PRGHOEDVHG WHVWLQJ WHFKQLTXHV KDYH EHHQ GHYHORSHG WR WU\ WR JHQHUDWH UHOHYDQW WHVW VHTXHQFHV ZLWKRXW UHO\LQJ RQ PDQXDOVFULSWLQJ RU FDSWXUH DQG UHSOD\ RI WHVWHU¶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³SXWWKDWWKHUH´YRLFHJHVWXUHLQWHUDFWLRQ>@  G\QDPLFLQVWDQWLDWLRQRILQSXWGHYLFHV HJDGGLQJILQJHUVRQD WRXFKVFUHHQ VFDOLQJG\QDPLFLQVWDQWLDWLRQRI*8,ZLGJHWV HWF(DFKRIWKHVHIHDWXUHVUDLVHVFKDOOHQJHVIRUERWKPRGHOOLQJ DQGWHVWLQJDQGWKLVSDSHUIRFXVHVRQWKHFKDOOHQJHVUHODWHGZLWK 0%7 RI DSSOLFDWLRQV IHDWXULQJ G\QDPLF LQVWDQWLDWLRQ RI *8, ZLGJHWV 7R RYHUFRPH WKHVH FKDOOHQJHV ZH LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH H[SUHVVLYHQHVV RI VHYHUDO 8VHU ,QWHUIDFH 'HVFULSWLRQ /DQJXDJHV 8',/V  WR HVWDEOLVK ZKLFK RQHV DUH H[SUHVVLYH HQRXJK WR DOORZ WKH JHQHUDWLRQ RI WHVW FDVHV IRU VXFK DSSOLFDWLRQV :H LGHQWLILHG ,&2 ,QWHUDFWLYH &RRSHUDWLYH 2EMHFW  DV WKH EHVW ILW IRU WKLV SXUSRVH :H LOOXVWUDWH WKH SRVVLELOLWLHV RIIHUHG E\ WKLV QRWDWLRQ E\ PRGHOOLQJ DQ $LU 7UDIILF &RQWURO $SSOLFDWLRQ $GGLWLRQDOO\ ZH SURSRVH D SURFHVVGHULYHGIURP>@WRHQDEOHERWKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DQGWKHWHVWLQJRID*8,DSSOLFDWLRQIURPWKH,&2PRGHOV7KLV SURFHVVUHOLHVRQUDQGRPFRQVWUDLQHGVLPXODWLRQRIWKHPRGHOV WR EXLOG UHOHYDQW WHVW FDVHV ZKLOH DOORZLQJ WR FRSH ZLWK WKH SRWHQWLDOO\ LQILQLWH QXPEHU RI HYHQW VHTXHQFHV WKDW FDQ EH JHQHUDWHG

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

(3)

HQFRXQWHUHGLQ*8,WHVWLQJEHIRUHGLVFXVVLQJKRZH[SUHVVLYHD GHVFULSWLRQWHFKQLTXHPXVWEHWRHQDEOHWHVWFDVHVJHQHUDWLRQ IURPPRGHOVEXLOWSULRUWRGHYHORSPHQW

A. Challenges and Current State of the Art in GUI Testing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

&DSWXUH5HSOD\WHFKQLTXHV ZKHUHXVHULQWHUDFWLRQDUHORJJHG IRU EHLQJ UHSOD\HG ODWWHU LQ UHJUHVVLRQ WHVWLQJ HJ *8,&DW >@7HVW$XWRPDWLRQ); 

$XWRPDWLF*8,7HVWLQJWHFKQLTXHVDLPVDWVROYLQJVRPHRIWKH LVVXHVEURXJKWE\PDQXDO*8,WHVWLQJDSSURDFKHVE\RIIHULQJ EHWWHU FRYHUDJH RI WKH HYHQW VHTXHQFHV WKURXJK DXWRPDWHG H[SORUDWLRQRIWKHH[HFXWLRQVSDFH9DULRXVWHFKQLTXHVHQDEOHV DXWRPDWLF*8,WHVWLQJVXFKDV>@

x 5DQGRP:DON HJ 7HVWDU5DQGRP >@ 8,$SSOLFDWLRQ([HUFLVHU0RQNH\  ZKLFKUDQGRPO\

SOD\V HYHQWV RQ DYDLODEOH *8, ZLGJHWV DQG LV SDUWLFXODUO\ UHOHYDQW IRU FUDVKWHVWLQJ PDNLQJ VXUH WKDW QR HYHQW VHTXHQFH OHDG WR WKH $87 VWRS UHVSRQGLQJFUDVKHV  x 0RGHO%DVHG7HFKQLTXHV HJ$%7>@*8,7$5 >@ 7HVWDU4/($51,1* >@  WKDW GULYH WKH JHQHUDWLRQRIWHVWFDVHVZLWKDPRGHORIWKH*8,RIWKH $870RGHOEDVHGWHFKQLTXHVXVHJUDSKPRGHOVEXLOW G\QDPLFDOO\ ZKLOH H[SORULQJ WKH H[HFXWLRQ VSDFH RI WKH$87>@

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

KWWSDEERWVRXUFHIRUJHQHWGRFRYHUYLHZVKWPO KWWSVVHOHQLXPGHYGRFXPHQWDWLRQHQZHEGULYHU KWWSZZZWHVWDXWRPDWLRQI[FRP

KWWSVGHYHORSHUDQGURLGFRPVWXGLRWHVWPRQNH\

(QJLQHHULQJ 0%6(  LQ 6RIWZDUH (QJLQHHULQJ >@ PDNHV LW FRQFHLYDEOHWKDWLQDIRUHVHHDEOHIXWXUHPRUHDQGPRUH*8, DSSOLFDWLRQVZLOOEHEXLOWIURPVRPHVRUWRIPRGHOEXWZKLFK" $GYDQFHG *8, DSSOLFDWLRQV IHDWXUHV EHKDYLRU WKDW FDQQRW EH GHVFULEHG >@>@ XVLQJ WKH PRGHOOLQJ WHFKQLTXHV IRXQG LQ *8,7HVWLQJ>@7KHVHEHKDYLRUVLQFOXGHVRQHVEDVHGRQQRQ VWDQGDUG*8,ZLGJHWV HJGUDZLQJDUHDRIDGUDZLQJWRRO 

G\QDPLFLQVWDQWLDWLRQRI*8,ZLGJHWVRUDFWLRQVWLHGWRPXOWLSOH HYHQWV VRXUFHV HJ PXOWLSOH ILQJHUV GXULQJ PXOWLWRXFK LQWHUDFWLRQ  7KH IROORZLQJ VXEVHFWLRQ GLVFXVVHV WKH VWDWH RI WKH DUW LQ GHVFULELQJ *8, DSSOLFDWLRQV WR KHOS LQ LGHQWLI\LQJ PRGHOOLQJ WHFKQLTXHV WKDW VXSSRUW WKH GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKHVH EHKDYLRUV WR HQDEOH WHVW FDVHV JHQHUDWLRQ ZLWK IRFXV RQ G\QDPLFLQVWDQWLDWLRQRI*8,ZLGJHWV

B. Modelling of GUI Applications

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x 'DWDGHVFULSWLRQ IRUGHVFULELQJWKHREMHFWVDQGYDOXHV VRLQIRUPDWLRQVXFKDVZLGJHWORFDWLRQDWDJLYHQWLPH LVNQRZ x 6WDWH(YHQWUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDVFRPPRQO\GHVFULEHG LV0RGHO%DVHGWHFKQLTXHVIRU*8,7HVWLQJ>@

x 4XDOLWDWLYH WLPH EHWZHHQ WZR FRQVHFXWLYH PRGHO

HOHPHQWVDLPVDWUHSUHVHQWLQJRUGHULQJRIDFWLRQVVXFK DVSUHFHGHQFHVXFFHVVLRQDQGVLPXOWDQHLW\

x 4XDQWLWDWLYH WLPH EHWZHHQ WZR FRQVHFXWLYH PRGHO

HOHPHQWV UHSUHVHQWV EHKDYLRUDO WHPSRUDO HYROXWLRQV UHODWHGWRDJLYHQDPRXQWRIWLPH XVXDOO\H[SUHVVHG LQPLOOLVHFRQGV 

x &RQFXUUHQW EHKDYLRU UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ LV QHFHVVDU\

ZKHQ WKH LQWHUDFWLYH V\VWHPV IHDWXUH PXOWLPRGDO LQWHUDFWLRQV

x '\QDPLFLQVWDQWLDWLRQRIZLGJHWVLVDFKDUDFWHULVWLF

UHTXLUHGIRUWKHGHVFULSWLRQRILQWHUIDFHVZKHUHREMHFWV DUHQRWDYDLODEOHDWWKHFUHDWLRQRIWKHLQWHUIDFHDVIRU

:H FDOO QRQVWDQGDUG WKH *8, ZLGJHWV WKDW ZHUH EXLOW

(4)

LQVWDQFHLQGHVNWRSOLNHLQWHUIDFHVZKHUHQHZLFRQV DUHFUHDWHGDFFRUGLQJWRXVHUDFWLRQV

7DEOH  GHWDLOV WKH H[SUHVVLYHQHVV RI 8,'/V UHJDUGLQJ WKHVH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV)RUDOOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKHUHDUHWKUHHSRVVLEOH YDOXHV x <HVPHDQVWKDWWKDWFKDUDFWHULVWLFLVH[SOLFLWO\KDQGOHG E\WKH8,'/ x 1R PHDQV WKDW WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLF LV QRW H[SOLFLWO\ KDQGOHG x &RGHPHDQVWKDWWKHFKDUDFWHULVWLFLVPDGHH[SOLFLWEXW RQO\DWWKHFRGHOHYHODQGLVWKXVQRWDFRQVWUXFWRIWKH 8,'/

Table 1. UIDL expressiveness for the main characteristics of modern application (adapted from [17]).

 'XHWRVSDFHFRQVWUDLQWZHZRQ¶WGHWDLORQWKHKDQGOLQJRIDOO WKHVHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVE\DOOWKH8,'/VZHSUHVHQW<HWWKDQNV WRDQDQDO\VLVEDVHGRQFDWHJRULHVRI8,'/VZHFDQREVHUYH WKDWVWDWHEDVHGDQGIORZEDVHGDSSURDFK DOVRXVHGLQ0%7RI *8, DSSOLFDWLRQV DV VKRZQ LQ >@  DUH QRW VXLWDEOH IRU DQ HIIHFWLYH GHVFULSWLRQ RI DGYDQFHG *8, DSSOLFDWLRQV $GGLWLRQDOO\ ZH REVHUYH WKDW 8,'/V EDVHG RQ 3HWUL 1HWV DXJPHQWHG ZLWK WHPSRUDO DVSHFWV WLPH ZDV LQWHQWLRQDOO\ DYRLGHGLQ3HWUL¶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

ZRUNVWDWLRQ IRU KDQGOLQJ WKH WUDIILF RYHU D JLYHQ VHFWRU E\ FRPPXQLFDWLQJZLWKWKHSLORWVLQWKHSODQHVFXUUHQWO\IO\LQJLQ WKH VHFWRU 7KLV VHFWLRQ SUHVHQWV DQ RYHUYLHZ RI WKH $7& DSSOLFDWLRQDQGWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVLWPXVWIXOILOOV

A. Overview of the ATC Application

)URPKLVKHUSRVLWLRQDQDLUWUDIILFFRQWUROOHUFDQLQWHUDFWZLWK DLUFUDIWSLORWVXVLQJWZRPHDQVYRLFHDQGGDWDOLQNPHVVDJHV )RUWKH$LU7UDIILF&RQWUROOHUWKH$7&$SSOLFDWLRQ VHH)LJ  LVWKHHQWU\SRLQWIRUHYHU\H[FKDQJHVKHZDQWVWRLQLWLDWHZLWK WKH SLORW 7KH DLU WUDIILF FRQWUROOHUV PD\ UHTXHVW WKH SLORW WR FRQWDFWWKHPXVLQJWKHUDGLR 92,&(FRPPDQG RUVHQGWKHP FRPPDQG WH[WPHVVDJHWKURXJKGDWDOLQN WRFKDQJHWKHFRXUVH RIWKHLUIOLJKWV7KHVHFRPPDQGVDUHWKHIROORZLQJDQGDUHDOO IROORZHGE\DSDUDPHWHUYDOXH x )5(4IRUDVNLQJWKHSLORWWRVZLWFKIURPRQHUDGLR IUHTXHQF\WRDQRWKHURQH x &)/IRUQRWLI\LQJWKHQHZ &OHDUHG)OLJKW/HYHOIRU WKHIOLJKW LHWKHDOWLWXGHLWLVDOORZHGWRIO\DW  x 63(('IRUUHTXHVWLQJDVSHHGFKDQJH x +($'IRUUHTXHVWLQJDQKHDGLQJFKDQJH x %($&21IRUUHTXHVWLQJDFKDQJHRIWKHURXWHRIWKH SODFHE\GHVLJQDWLQJWKHQH[WEHDFRQLWKDVWRIO\RYHU 

Fig. 1. The ATC Application with the pop-up menu for flight DLH5629 opened and SPEED sub-menu selected.

7KH*8,RIWKH$7&DSSOLFDWLRQ )LJ FDQEHVSOLWLQWKUHH x WKH OLJKW JUH\ SDUW ZKLFK FRUUHVSRQG WR WKH VHFWRU

KDQGOHG E\ WKH FRQWUROOHU ,Q WKLV VHFWRU ZKLWH OLQH UHSUHVHQW SODQH URXWHV 2Q WKHVH URXWHV SODQHV DUH UHSUHVHQWHGE\DVXFFHVVLRQRIZKLWHGRWVWKHILUVWRQH EHLQJWKHDFWXDOSRVLWLRQRIWKHSODQHDQGWKHVPDOOHU RQHV LWV SUHYLRXV SRVLWLRQV $ORQJ ZLWK WKHVH GRWV LQIRUPDWLRQ FRQFHUQLQJ WKH IOLJKW DUH GLVSOD\HG WKH FDOOVLJQRIWKH IOLJKWLWV VSHHGLWVKHDGLQJDQGWKH QH[WEHDFRQLWLVVXSSRVHGWRIO\RYHU

x WKHGDUNJUH\SDUWZKLFKUHSUHVHQWDOOWKHRXWVLGHRI WKHFRQWUROOHGVHFWRU

(5)

o 2QWKHOHIWVLGHWKHGLUHFWFRPPDQGPHQX QR SDUDPHWHU LV QHHGHG  ZKLFK RIIHUV WKUHH FRPPDQGV6(1'DQG$%257 IRUVHQGLQJ

RUFDQFHOOLQJWKHFXUUHQWGDWDOLQNFRPPDQG  DQG92,&(IRUDVNLQJWKHSLORWVWRFDOOWKH

FRQWUROOHU XVLQJ WKH UDGLR VHQGLQJ WKH UHTXHVW LV VWLOO UHTXLUHG RQFH 92,&( LV VHOHFWHG 

o 2QWKHULJKW VLGHRI WKH PHQXWKHXVHUFDQ VHOHFW RQH RI ILYH FRPPDQGV ZKLFK QHHG SDUDPHWHU )5(4 &)/ 63((' +($'

DQG%($&21  (DFK WLPH WKH FRQWUROOHU

VHOHFWVRQHRIWKHVHFRPPDQGVDQRWKHUSRS XSPHQXDSSHDUVWKDWDOORZVIRUHQWHULQJWKH SDUDPHWHURIWKHFRPPDQG%\SUHVVLQJ&1& FDQFHO  WKLV SRSXS PHQX LV FORVHG E\ VHOHFWLQJDYDOXHWKHSDUDPHWHULVVHW7KHDLU WUDIILF FRQWUROOHU FDQ FKRRVH DPRQJVW DGGLWLRQDO YDOXHV E\ VFUROOLQJ DPRQJVW WKH DYDLODEOHRQHVXVLQJWKHDUURZVDWWKHWRSDQG ERWWRPRIWKHYDOXHOLVW

B. Requirements for the ATC Application

7KHIROORZLQJVHWRIUHTXLUHPHQWVKDYHWREHIXOILOOHGE\WKH $7&DSSOLFDWLRQ

x $FRQWURORUGHULVRQO\UHFHLYHGE\RQHSODQH x $Q\UHTXHVWVHQWE\DFRQWUROOHU ZLOOEHUHFHLYHGDW

VRPHWLPHE\DSLORW

x $ FRQWURO RUGHU LV VHQW WR RQO\ RQH SODQH RQO\ RQH SODQHFDQEHVHOHFWHGDWDWLPH  x )RUHDFKFRQWURORUGHURQO\RQHLQIRUPDWLRQLVVHQW x $OOFRQWURORUGHUVILQLVKE\HLWKHU$ERUWRU6HQG x ,WLVQRWSRVVLEOHWREXLOGVHYHUDORUGHUVDWDWLPH 7KHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVFDQEHFODVVLILHGLQWZRFDWHJRULHVKLJK OHYHOUHTXLUHPHQWVUHODWHGWRWKHYHU\ VHPDQWLFVRIDLUWUDIILF FRQWURODQGORZHUOHYHORQHVUHODWHGWRLQWHUDFWLRQWHFKQLTXHV ,QWKHIROORZLQJRIWKLVSDSHUZHZLOOGLVFXVVRQKRZWRPRGHO DQG WHVW VRPH RI WKHVH UHTXLUHPHQWV RQ *8, ZLGJHWV UHSUHVHQWLQJWKHDLUFUDIWVWKDWDUHWKHG\QDPLFDOO\LQVWDQWLDWHG ZLGJHWVLQWKLVDSSOLFDWLRQ

,9 7+(,&286(5,17(5)$&('(6&5,37,21/$1*8$*( %\DQDO\]LQJWKHH[SUHVVLYHQHVVRI8,'/VZHKDYHHVWDEOLVKHG WKDW ,&2 ,QWHUDFWLYH &RRSHUDWLYH 2EMHW  LV RQH RI WKH PRVW UHOHYDQW IRU GHVFULELQJ WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI DGYDQFHG *8, DSSOLFDWLRQV,QWKLVVHFWLRQZHLQWURGXFH,&2DQGGHWDLOVKRZ LWHQDEOHVWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHEHKDYLRURIWKH*8,

A. Informal Presentation of ICO

,&2V ,QWHUDFWLYH &RRSHUDWLYHV 2EMHFWV  DUH D IRUPDO GHVFULSWLRQ WHFKQLTXH GHGLFDWHG WR WKH VSHFLILFDWLRQ RI LQWHUDFWLYH V\VWHPV ,&2 XVHV FRQFHSWV ERUURZHG IURP WKH REMHFWRULHQWHGDSSURDFK G\QDPLFLQVWDQWLDWLRQFODVVLILFDWLRQ HQFDSVXODWLRQ LQKHULWDQFH FOLHQWVHUYHU UHODWLRQVKLS  WR GHVFULEH WKH VWUXFWXUDO RU VWDWLF DVSHFWV RI V\VWHPV DQG XVHV KLJKOHYHO3HWULQHWVWRGHVFULEHWKHLUG\QDPLFVRUEHKDYLRU7KH ,&2 QRWDWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ D EHKDYLRUDO GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH

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

B. Notation for the description of the behavioral part of the GUI

7KH,&2QRWDWLRQXVHVFRQFHSWVERUURZHGIURP3HWULQHWV)LJ SUHVHQWVDQH[DPSOHRIVXFK3HWULQHWZKLFKLVRQHRIWKH,&2 PRGHOZHXVHWRGHVFULEHWKH$7&DSSOLFDWLRQ,WLVPDGHRI

SODFHV RYDO VKDSHV HJ )OLJKWV  WUDQVLWLRQV UHFWDQJXODU VKDSHVHJDGGLQJ)OLJKW DQGDUFV7KHPDUNLQJRIWKLV3HWUL

QHWLVWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIWRNHQV QXPEHUHGFLUFOHVLQWKHSODFHV 

LQ WKH GLIIHUHQW SODFHV DW D JLYHQ WLPH )LJ  D DQG)LJ  E SUHVHQWVWZRGLIIHUHQWPDUNLQJV $V,&2UHOLHVRQ2EMHFW3HWUL QHWVWRNHQVFDQFDUU\YDOXHVIURPJHQHULFW\SHV HJLQWIORDW  WRFRPSOH[REMHFWVLQFOXGLQJLQVWDQFHVRIRWKHU2E&6HV)LJ GHWDLOVWKH PDUNLQJRIWKH SODFH³)OLJKW´ IRXQGLQ)LJD (DFKOLQHRIWKHWDEOHLQ)LJGHVFULEHVWRNHQV+HUHWKHUHDUH  OLQHV ZLWK D PXOWLSOLFLW\ RI  PHDQLQJ WKDWWKHUH DUH WKUHH WRNHQ LQ WKH SODFH HDFK FDUU\LQJ D GLIIHUHQW REMHFW ,Q WKDW SDUWLFXODU FDVH WKH REMHFWV FDUULHG DUH WKUHH LQVWDQFHV RI 2E&6HV FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH ,&2 GHVFULSWLRQ RI 6LPSOH)OLJKWV



Fig. 2. Marking of the place "Flights" of the model PlaneManager1.

7KHPDUNLQJRIDQ,&2FDQFKDQJHDIWHULQYRFDWLRQVRUILULQJ RI DUPHG WUDQVLWLRQV 7KHUH DUH WZR NLQGV RI WUDQVLWLRQV LQ

,&2VWDQGDUG WUDQVLWLRQV DQG HYHQW WUDQVLWLRQV 7KH\ DUH

(6)

LQFRPLQJDUFV)RULQVWDQFHLQ)LJWKH³WUDQVLWLRQ´FDQEH

ILUHGLI³SODFH´FRQWDLQVDWRNHQFDUU\LQJWKHYDOXH LQLWLDOO\ LWFRQWDLQVRIWKHP 1RWHWKDWRQO\RQHWRNHQLVFRQVXPHG ZKHQWKHWUDQVLWLRQLVILUHGVRVWHSDUHUHTXLUHGWRFRQVXPHU WKH WZR WRNHQV ZLWK YDOXH  1RWH WKDW LQ 3HWVKRS DUPHG WUDQVLWLRQ DUH UHSUHVHQWHG LQ SXUSOH QRQDUPHG RQHV LQ JUH\ VHH)LJ  init)  first firing)  second firing) 

Fig. 3. Example of a transition with a pre-condition. Initially, place0 contains 9 tokens, 2 of which carrying a value of 5.

(YHQWWUDQVLWLRQVGLIIHUIURPVWDQGDUGRQHVDVWKH\DUHILUHGLI

DQGRQO\LIWKH\DUHDUPHGDQGWKHHYHQWWKH\DUHOLVWHQLQJIRU KDVEHHQSURGXFHG(YHQWWUDQVLWLRQVDUHWKHRQHVUHOHYDQW IRU JHQHUDWLQJ HYHQW VHTXHQFHV IRU *8, 7HVWLQJ ,Q WKH

ERWWRPOHIWRI)LJEWKHWUDQVLWLRQ³VHQGLQJ&RPPDQG´LVDQ H[DPSOHRIHYHQWWUDQVLWLRQ1H[WWRLWVWLWOH³VHQG´LQGLFDWHV WKH QDPH RI WKH HYHQW WKH WUDQVLWLRQ LV OLVWHQLQJ IRU %HORZ GHWDLOVDUHSURYLGHGUHJDUGLQJWKLVHYHQWVXFKDVWKHH[SHFWHG VRXUFH ³IURP´menuDQRWKHUPRGHOGHVFULELQJDPHQX WKH SDUDPHWHUV RI WKH HYHQW LI DQ\ LQ WKDW FDVH WKH command

  Note:$WUDQVLWLRQZLWKRXWLQFRPLQJDUFVDQGLWVSUHFRQGLWLRQ VHWWR³WUXH´LVFRQVLGHUHGDUPHG VHOHFWHGLQWKHPHQX DQGWKHSUHFRQGLWLRQVRQWKHHYHQW$WWKH YHU\ERWWRPRIWKHWUDQVLWLRQVDUHLQYRFDWLRQVRQRWKHU2E&6HV ,QYRFDWLRQVHQDEOHVXQLFDVWDQGV\QFKURQRXVFRPPXQLFDWLRQ

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³VHQGLQJ&RPPDQG´ WKH ERWWRP SDUW FRQWDLQV LQYRFDWLRQV RQ ERWK WKH 2E&6 GHVFULELQJ WKH PHQX

PHQXFORVH  DQG WKH IOLJKW

IOLJKWVHQG&RPPDQG FRPPDQG 

C. Notation for description of the presentation part of the GUI (rendering and activation)

,QDGGLWLRQWRWKH3HWULQHWGHVFULELQJWKHEHKDYLRURIWKH*8, ,&2GHVFULSWLRQGHILQHVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHEHKDYLRUDO PRGHO DQG WKH *8, HOHPHQWV 7R GR VR LW PDNHV XVH RI

UHQGHULQJ DQG DFWLYDWLRQ IXQFWLRQV 5HQGHULQJ KRZ WKH

FKDQJHVLQWKHEHKDYLRUDOPRGHODIIHFWVWKH*8, DQGDFWLYDWLRQ KRZ WKH DFWLRQV RQ WKH *8, ZLGJHWV DIIHFWV WKH EHKDYLRUDO PRGHO  IXQFWLRQV DUH SURYLGHG LQ WKH IRUP RI WDEOHV VXFK DV 7DEOHDQG7DEOHUHVSHFWLYHO\

7KHUHQGHULQJIXQFWLRQ VHH7DEOH DVVRFLDWHVWKHFKDQJHV

RI WKH SODFHV PDUNLQJV ZLWK UHQGHULQJ PHWKRGV RQ *8, HOHPHQWV)RUH[DPSOHLQ7DEOHUHQGHULQJPHWKRGVIRUWKH SODFH³)OLJKWV´RI)LJDUHDVVRFLDWHGWRWKHIROORZLQJHYHQW WRNHQHQWHULQJ WRNHQBHQWHU DQGOHDYLQJ WRNHQBUHPRYHG WKH SODFHDVZHOODVUHVHWWLQJWKHPDUNLQJ PDUNLQJBUHVHW RIWKH SODFH LHJRLQJEDFNWRLQLWLDOPDUNLQJ 7DEOHVKRZVWKDW D  E  

(7)

ZKHQHYHU D WRNHQ HQWHUV WKH SODFH ³)OLJKWV´ D FRPSRQHQW ZLGJHW  LV DGGHG WR WKH GUDZLQJ DUHD RI WKH UDGDU VFUHHQ 6LPLODUO\ D ZLGJHW LV UHPRYHG ZKHQHYHU D WRNHQ OHDYHV WKH SODFH

Table 2. Excerpt of the rendering function associated with Fig. 4.

3ODFH 2E&6(YHQW 5HQGHULQJPHWKRG

)OLJKWV WRNHQBHQWHU DGG FRPSRQHQW  RI WKH UDGDU GUDZLQJDUHD

)OLJKWV WRNHQBUHPRYHG UHPRYH FRPSRQHQW  RI WKH UDGDUGUDZLQJDUHD

)OLJKW PDUNLQJBUHVHW UHPRYH$OO  RI WKH UDGDU GUDZLQJDUHD

7KHDFWLYDWLRQ IXQFWLRQ VHH 7DEOH   DVVRFLDWHV WKH *8,

HOHPHQWV ZLWK WKHHYHQWWUDQVLWLRQVELGLUHFWLRQDOO\2QRQH

KDQG WKH XVHU HYHQWV HJ PRXVH&OLFNHG RQ D IOLJKW  DUH DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHHYHQWRIDWUDQVLWLRQ HJRSHQ)OLJKW 2Q WKH RWKHU WKH VWDWHV RI HYHQW WUDQVLWLRQV DUPHG RU QRW  DUH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK DFWLYDWLRQ PHWKRGV HJ VHW(QDEOHG ERRO  7DEOH  VKRZV WKDW WKH ³RSHQ)OLJKW´ HYHQW LQ WKH ³RSHQLQJ)OLJKW´ WUDQVLWLRQ IURP)LJ   LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK D PRXVH&OLFNHG HYHQW RQ D IOLJKW 7DEOH  DOVR LQGLFDWHV WKDW ZKHQHYHU WKH DVVRFLDWHG WUDQVLWLRQ LV DUPHG IOLJKWV PXVW EH HQDEOHG FOLFNDEOH  GLVDEOHG QRQFOLFNDEOH  RWKHUZLVH 1RWH WKDWHYHQWKRXJKWKH\DUHQRWYLVLEOHZKHQQRIOLJKWVDUHRSHQ 6(1'DQG$%257PHQXLWHPDUHHQDEOHGGLVDEOHGDFFRUGLQJ WRWKHVWDWHRIWKHLUDVVRFLDWHGHYHQWWUDQVLWLRQVWKXVSUHYHQWLQJ WKHXVHRIDFFHOHUDWRUNH\VLIDQ\

Table 3. Excerpt of the activation function associated with Fig. 4.

8VHU(YHQW 2E&6(YHQW $FWLYDWLRQPHWKRG PRXVH&OLFNHGRQ

DIOLJKW RSHQ)OLJKW VHW(QDEOHG ERRO  RIIOLJKWV

DFWLRQ3HUIRUPHG

RQ6(1' VHQG VHW(QDEOHG ERRO  RI6(1'PHQXLWHP

DFWLRQ3HUIRUPHG

RQ$%257 FDQFHO VHW(QDEOHG ERRO  RI$%257PHQXLWHP 9 02'(//,1*2)7+($7&$33/,&$7,21*8,86,1*,&2 7KHPRGHOOLQJRIWKH$7&DSSOLFDWLRQXVLQJ,&2UHTXLUHVWKH GHVFULSWLRQ XVLQJ2E&6DQGUHQGHULQJDFWLYDWLRQIXQFWLRQV RI WKUHHHOHPHQWV WKHUDGDULPDJH IOLJKWDQG PHQX7KLV VHFWLRQLQWURGXFHVWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHVHWKUHHHOHPHQWVDQG KLJKOLJKWVWKHLUPHDQVRIVXSSRUWLQJG\QDPLFLQVWDQWLDWLRQDV ZHOO DV WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV WKDW HQDEOHV WKHP WR VXSSRUW WKH UHTXLUHPHQWSUHYLRXVO\OLVWHG

A. Description of the Radar Image (Main Screen)

7KH³PDLQVFUHHQ´RIWKH$7&DSSOLFDWLRQFRQVLVWVLQDQLPDJH RIWKHVHFWRUFRQWUROOHGE\WKHDLUWUDIILFFRQWUROOHURQZKLFK DLUFUDIWDUHGUDZQDIWHUEHLQJG\QDPLFDOO\LQVWDQWLDWHG)LJ SUHVHQWVWZRPDUNLQJVRIWKHPRGHOGHVFULELQJWKHUDGDULPDJH EHKDYLRU 7KHG\QDPLFLQVWDQWLDWLRQRIIOLJKWVLVVXSSRUWHGWKURXJKWKH DGG)OLJKWLQYRFDWLRQ7KH³DGGLQJ)OLJKW´WUDQVLWLRQFRQVXPHV WKHWRNHQSODFHGLQWKH³6,3BDGG)OLJKW´DQGDGGWKHPWRWKH )OLJKWVSODFH ,QWHUDFWLRQZLWKWKHG\QDPLFDOO\LQVWDQWLDWHGDLUFUDIWPXVWEH FRQWUROOHGDVLWLVUHTXLUHGWKDW

x $ FRQWURO RUGHU LV VHQW WR RQO\ RQH SODQH RQO\ RQH SODQHFDQEHVHOHFWHGDWDWLPH  x $OOFRQWURORUGHUVILQLVKE\HLWKHU$ERUWRU6HQG :LWKUHJDUGVWR*8,ZLGJHWVWKLVPHDQVWKDW x UHT $IOLJKWVKRXOGEHFOLFNDEOHLIDQGRQO\LIWKHUH LVQRIOLJKWDOUHDG\RSHQHG x UHT &ORVLQJRIWKHSRSXSPHQXLVDOORZHGRQO\DV DUHVXOWRIDFOLFNRQ6HQGRU$ERUW DVRSSRVHGWRWKH EHKDYLRURIFRQWH[WXDOPHQXVLQVWDQGDUGDSSOLFDWLRQV LHRQHVWKDWDUHFORVLQJDVVRRQDVDQRWKHULVRSHQHG  ,Q)LJDWKUHHIOLJKWVDUHRQWKHVHFWRU SODFH³)OLJKWV´ EXW QR IOLJKWV DUH RSHQHG SODFH ³2SHQHG)OLJKWV´  7KXV LW LV SRVVLEOHWR³RSHQ´DIOLJKW WKHHYHQWWUDQVLWLRQ³2SHQLQJ)OLJKW LVDUPHG :KHQWKH³RSHQ)OLJKW´HYHQWLVUDLVHGE\DIOLJKWWKH PDUNLQJRIWKH,&2FKDQJHVWRWKHRQHSUHVHQWHGLQ)LJE7KH ILULQJRIWKHWUDQVLWLRQOHGWRWKHFRQVXPSWLRQRIWKHWRNHQLQ WKHSODFH³0D[2SHQ)OLJKW´ WKHIOLJKWWRNHQLVFRSLHGDVDWHVW DUFLVXVHG 7KLVGLVDUPHGWKHWUDQVLWLRQ³RSHQLQJ)OLJKW´$W WKLVSRLQWDQGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHDFWLYDWLRQIXQFWLRQ 7DEOH DOO WKHIOLJKWVEHFRPHQRQFOLFNDEOHIXOILOOLQJ UHT  ,Q)LJEDIOLJKWLVRSHQHGZKLFKOHGWRWKHRSHQLQJRIWKH PHQX DFWLRQ ³PHQXRSHQ IOLJKW ´ LQ WKH ³RSHQLQJ)OLJKW´ WUDQVLWLRQ 7KHIXOILOOPHQWRI UHT LVHQVXUHGE\WKHIDFWWKDW WKH ³PHQXFORVH ´ LQYRFDWLRQ LV SHUIRUPHG RQO\ RQ WKH ³VHQGLQJ&RPPDQG´ DQG ³FDQFHOOLQJ&RPPDQG´ WUDQVLWLRQV 7KHVH WUDQVLWLRQV UHVSHFWLYHO\ KDQGOH ³VHQG´ DQG ³FDQFHO´ HYHQWVIURPWKHPHQX:KHQRQHRIWKHVHWUDQVLWLRQVLVILUHG WKHWRNHQLQ³2SHQHG)OLJKW´LVFRQVXPHGDQGDWRNHQLVDGGHG WR0D[2SHQ)OLJKWVWKHPRGHOUHWXUQVWRWKHPDUNLQJRI)LJD B. Description of a Flight

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

C. Description of the Menu

(8)

³FRPPDQG:LWKRXW3DUDP´  RU D FRPPDQG WKDW LV QRW WKH ³92,&(´ RQH LV VHOHFWHG ZLWK D SDUDPHWHU VHW SODFH ³3$5$0(7(5´ 

1RWHWKDWWRSUHYHQWVHQGLQJDSDUDPHWHULQFRPSDWLEOHZLWKWKH VHOHFWHGFRPPDQGWKLVSDWWHUQLVGHVLJQHGWRUHPRYHDQ\WRNHQ IURP WKH SODFH ³3$5$0(7(5´ ZKHQ D FOLFN RQ D QHZ FRPPDQG LV GRQH D WRNHQ LV DGGHG LQ ³&/($5 3$5$0(7(5´LIDSDUDPHWHUZDVVHWWKHWRNHQLVFRQVXPHG E\ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ ³FOHDULQJ3DUDPHWHU´ 7KH DUF EHWZHHQ WKH SODFH ³3$5$0(7(5´ DQG WKH ³QR3DUDPHWHU7R&OHDU´ WUDQVLWLRQ LV DQ LQKLELWRU RQH LW LPSOLHV WKDW WKH WUDQVLWLRQ LV DUPHGRQO\LI³3$5$0(7(5´LVHPSW\ 



Fig. 5. Example of a pattern preventing clicking on the "send" button with an incorrect command.

9, $352&(66)2502'(/%$6('7(67,1*2)$33/,&$7,216 )($785,1*'<1$0,&,167$1&,$7,212)*8,:,'*(76 6R IDU ZH VKRZHG WKDW ,&2 HQDEOHV WKH GHVFULSWLRQ RI *8, DSSOLFDWLRQVIHDWXULQJG\QDPLFLQVWDQWLDWLRQRI*8,DQGFDUULHV VRPHSURSHUWLHVUHJDUGLQJ*8,ZLGJHWVWKDQNVWRWKHUHQGHULQJ DQGDFWLYDWLRQVIXQFWLRQV,QWKLVVHFWLRQZHSUHVHQWDSURFHVV LQVSLUHGE\>@WRWDNHDGYDQWDJHRIWKH,&2H[SUHVVLYHQHVVWR HQDEOH

x 7KH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH $87 XVLQJ ,&2 DV VSHFLILFDWLRQ x 7KHJHQHUDWLRQRIWHVWFDVHVIRUWKH$87IURPWKH,&2 PRGHOV 7R FRSH ZLWK WKH FKDOOHQJHV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WHVW FDVHV JHQHUDWLRQWKLVSURFHVVLQYROYHVDUDQGRPH[SORUDWLRQRIWKH DSSOLFDWLRQ PRGHOFRQVWUDLQHGE\WHVWVHOHFWLRQFULWHULD7KLV DOORZVHOHFWLQJUHOHYDQWVDPSOHRIWKHLQILQLWHH[HFXWLRQVSDFH RIDSSOLFDWLRQVGXULQJJHQHUDWLRQ)LJSUHVHQWVRXUSURFHVV WKDWXVHVWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKH$87DVLQSXWV WRSRI)LJ  DQG UHOLHV RQ WKH H[DFW VDPH PRGHOV IRU GULYLQJ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DQG WKH WHVWLQJ DFWLYLWLHV 7KH IROORZLQJ VHFWLRQVGHWDLOWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIWKLVSURFHVVDQGGLVFXVVHVWKH FKDOOHQJHVWKH\UDLVHVHVSHFLDOO\UHJDUGLQJWKHJHQHUDWLRQ RI UHOHYDQWLQYRFDWLRQVDQGHYHQWSDUDPHWHUV hd /KĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞhd dĞƐƚKďũĞĐƚŝǀĞƐ dĞƐƚ^ĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ ;Ğ͘Ő͘ŵĂŶĚĂƚŽƌLJ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƚŝŽŶͿ ZĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ DŽĚĞůůŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞhdĂŶĚ ĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶŽĨZĞŶĚĞƌŝŶŐ ĂŶĚĐƚŝǀĂƚŝŽŶ&ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶƐ ĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶŽĨdĞƐƚ KďũĞĐƚŝǀĞƐ ^ŝŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶĂŶĚ>ŽŐŐŝŶŐŽĨ dĞƐƚĂƐĞƐ;ŝŶWĞƚƐŚŽƉ͕ ĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶĞĚͲƌĂŶĚŽŵŶĞƐƐͿ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞhd dĞƐƚĂƐĞƐĂƐĞĚŽŶ ZĞƐƵůƚŽĨ/K ^ŝŵƵůĂƚŝŽŶ dĞƐƚ^ĐƌŝƉƚƐ/ŶƐƚĂŶĐŝĂƚŝŽŶ /ŶƐƚĂŶĐŝĂƚĞĚ dĞƐƚ^ĐƌŝƉƚƐ dĞƐƚdžĞĐƵƚŝŽŶ sĞƌĚŝĐƚ ĞĨŝŶŝƚŝŽŶŽĨdĞƐƚ ^ĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ;tŝƚŚ dĞƐƚKďũĞĐƚŝǀĞƐŝŶDŝŶĚͿ ,ŝŐŚͲ>ĞǀĞůWĞƚƌŝ ŶĞƚDŽĚĞů ZĞŶĚĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚ ĐƚŝǀĂƚŝŽŶ &ƵŶĐƚŝŽŶ džƚƌĂĐƚŝŽŶŽĨh/ŽŶƚĞŶƚ ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞhd h/ŽŶƚĞŶƚ ĞƐĐƌŝƉƚŝŽŶ 

Fig. 6. The Process of Random-Model Based Testing of applications featuring dynamic instanciation of GUI widgets.

A. Preliminary activities

1) Definition of Test Objectives

(9)

specifications are correctly implemented, which is variously referred to in the literature as conformance testing, correctness testing, or functional testing. However, several other non-functional properties may be tested as well—including performance, reliability, and usability, among many others 'HILQLQJVXFKWHVWREMHFWLYHVLVVWDQGDUGSUDFWLFHLQVRIWZDUH HQJLQHHULQJ %\ EXLOGLQJ PRGHOV SULRU WR GHYHORSPHQW RXU DSSURDFK LV PDLQO\ JHDUHG WRZDUGV $FFHSWDQFH4XDOLILFDWLRQ 7HVWLQJ<HWRQHFDQHOHFWRXUDSSURDFKIRUWKHLGHQWLILFDWLRQ RIIDXOWVLQ5HOLDELOLW\HYDOXDWLRQ

2) Modelling of the AUT and Definition of Rendering and Activation Functions

7KHSURGXFWLRQRIDGHVFULSWLRQRIWKH$87LVDNH\HOHPHQWLQ RXUSURFHVVDVWKLVGHVFULSWLRQLVXVHGLQERWKWHVWJHQHUDWLRQ DQGGHYHORSPHQWDFWLYLWLHV)RUWKHModelling of the AUT and Definition of Rendering and Activation FunctionsDFWLYLW\ WRS OHIWRI)LJ DIRUPDOPRGHOHQJLQHHULVDSSRLQWHGZLWKWKH WDVN RI SURGXFLQJ DQ ,&2 GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ EHKDYLRU LQ WKH &$6( WRRO VXSSRUWLQJ WKH QRWDWLRQ 3HWVKRS 7KLV PRGHO PXVW EH DFFRPSDQLHG E\ WKH GHVFULSWLRQ RI WKH UHQGHULQJ DQG DFWLYDWLRQ IXQFWLRQV LH WKH PDSSLQJ EHWZHHQ *8, HOHPHQWV SURSHUWLHV DQG LQIRUPDWLRQ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK SODFHV WRNHQ HQWHUHG WRNHQ UHPRYHG  DQG WUDQVLWLRQV WUDQVLWLRQDYDLODEOHRUQRW RIWKH3HWULQHWPRGHO

B. Test generation activities

7KHWHVWJHQHUDWLRQDFWLYLWLHVDLPVDWSURGXFLQJIURPWKH,&2 GHVFULSWLRQRIWKH$87WHVWFDVHVDQGWHVWVFULSWVIRUWKH WDUJHWHGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ

1) Definition of Test Selection Criteria

7KH 'HILQLWLRQ RI 7HVW 6HOHFWLRQ &ULWHULD FRQVLVWV LQWR WUDQVODWLQJWKH7HVW2EMHFWLYHVLQWRFRQVWUDLQWVRQWKHPRGHOV IRUWKHWHVWFDVHVJHQHUDWLRQ)RULQVWDQFHLQDVFHQDULRZKHUH WKHREMHFWLYHLVAcceptance/Qualification TestingWKHJRDOLVWR LGHQWLI\UHOHYDQWSODFHVWUDQVLWLRQVfor verifying that customer’s requirements are met)RULQVWDQFHZLWKWKHUHTXLUHPHQW³DOO FRQWURORUGHUVILQLVKE\HLWKHU$ERUWRU6HQG´ZHZDQWWKHWHVW FDVHJHQHUDWRUWRSURGXFHWHVWFDVHVIURPWKHPRGHOE\VHOHFWLQJ SDWKVRQZKLFKWKHHYHQWVUHODWHGWRWKH³$ERUW´DQGRU³6HQG´ FRPPDQGDUHUDLVHG

2) Simulation and Logging of Test Cases

7KH 6LPXODWLRQ DQG /RJJLQJ RI 7HVW &DVHV KDSSHQV LQ WKH &$6(WRROVXSSRUWLQJWKH,&2QRWDWLRQ3HWVKRS7KHDLPRI WKLV VWHS LV WR SURGXFH WUDFHV RI DQ DXWRPDWHG VLPXODWLRQ FRQVWUDLQHGE\WKHWHVWVHOHFWLRQFULWHULD RIWKH3HWULQHWWKDW FRQWDLQV

x WKHLQYRFDWLRQVDQGHYHQWVWREHSOD\HGRQWKH687 x WKHH[SHFWHGVWDWHRIWKH*8,HOHPHQWVEHIRUHDIWHUWKH

LQYRFDWLRQHYHQWLVGRQHUDLVHG

7KH NH\ DW WKLV VWHS LV WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI UHOHYDQW LQYRFDWLRQHYHQWV ZKLFK FDQ EH PDGH GLIILFXOW E\ WKH SDUDPHWUL]HGQDWXUHRIVRPHRIWKHP,QGHHGZKLOHDFOLFNRQ DEXWWRQLVQRWSDUDPHWHUL]HGSURGXFLQJDQLQSXWRQDWH[WER[ LVDVLWUHTXLUHVWKHDFWXDOVWULQJLQSXW,QDVLPLODUZD\WKH VLPXODWRU PXVW NQRZ SDUDPHWHUV RI DQ LQYRFDWLRQ 2XU VWUDWHJLHVIRUGHDOLQJZLWKWKHVHLVVXHVDUHWKHIROORZLQJ

x (YHQW SDUDPHWHUV DUH REWDLQHG E\ VROYLQJ WKH SUH FRQGLWLRQDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHWUDQVLWLRQUHFHLYLQJWKH HYHQW XVLQJ WKH = 607 6DWLVILDELOLW\ 0RGXOR 7KHRU\ VROYHU>@LQWHUIDFHGZLWK3HWVKRS

x ,QVWDQWLDWLRQDQGLQYRFDWLRQSDUDPHWHUVDUHSURYLGHG PDQXDOO\E\WKHXVHUDQGPD\HLWKHUEHGHVFULEHGDV XQLTXH YDOXH UDQJHV HJ SDUDPHWHU altitude

א

[0,25000] RUDUUD\V HJSDUDPHWHUflightNumber

א

(“U2 9876”, “NK 1234”, “D7 6543”) 

$WWKHHQGRIWKHVLPXODWLRQWKHORJVDUHVDYHGLQDQ;0/ILOH )LJSURYLGHVDQRYHUYLHZRIWKH;6'DVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKLV ;0/ ILOH ,W VKRZV WKDW D WHVW GHVFULSWLRQ WHVWGHVF  ILOHV FRQWDLQV

x $GHILQLWLRQRIWKH8VHU,QWHUIDFH XLGHI ZLWKWKHOLVW RI 3HWUL QHWV LQYROYHG LQ WKH VLPXODWLRQ REFVHV  DV ZHOODVWKHHYHQWV HYHQWWUDQVLWLRQ LQYRFDWLRQVDQG UHQGHULQJV SODFHV WKH\FRQWDLQ

x $ OLVW RI DOO WKH XVHU LQWHUIDFH VWDWHV XLVWDWHV  HQFRXQWHUHG GXULQJ WKH VLPXODWLRQ DQ XLVWDWH FRQWDLQLQJ WKH SDUDPHWHUV IRU DFWLYDWLRQV ZDV D WUDQVLWLRQDUPHGRUQRW" DQGUHQGHULQJV ZKDW ZHUH WKHYDOXHFDUULHGE\WKHWRNHQVLQDSODFH" IXQFWLRQV x $OLVWRIWHVWFDVHVFRPSRVHGRIWHVWVWHSV(DFKWHVW

VWHS UHIHUV WR D XLVWDWH WKDW PXVW EH YHULILHG EHIRUH SHUIRUPLQJ DQ\ DFWLRQV 7KH DFWLRQV LQ D VWHS FDQ HLWKHU EH LQYRFDWLRQV RU SURGXFWLRQ RI HYHQWV $IWHU SHUIRUPLQJWKHVHDFWLRQVQRQGHWHUPLQLVWLFEHKDYLRU RI VRPH *8, DSSOLFDWLRQV PD\ OHDG WR GLIIHUHQW XLVWDWHVGHSHQGLQJRIWKHH[HFXWLRQ7RFRSHZLWKWKDW 3HWVKRSORJVDOOWKHSRVVLEOHQH[WVWHSVFRQWDLQLQJDQ 8,VWDWHWKH*8,DSSOLFDWLRQPD\UHDFK



(10)

3) Test Scripts Instanciation

7KH Test Scripts Instantiation FRQVLVW LV D VHPLDXWRPDWHG SURFHVVWKDWEXLOGVWKHVWUXFWXUHRIDWHVWVFULSW -XQLW06WHVW ;&7HVWHWF IURPWKUHHHOHPHQWV

x 7KHWHVWFDVHVEDVHGRQWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHVLPXODWLRQ x 7KH 8, &RQWHQW GHVFULSWLRQ QDPH RI ZLGJHWV

FRQWDLQHUVHWF 

x 7KHOLVWRIUHQGHULQJDQGDFWLYDWLRQIXQFWLRQVIURPWKH ,&2GHVFULSWLRQ

)RUWKHWHVWVFULSWJHQHUDWLRQWRRFFXUWKHXVHUPXVWPDQXDOO\ VSHFLI\ WKH DFWXDO FRUUHVSRQGHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH UHQGHULQJVDFWLYDWLRQIXQFWLRQVDQGWKHDSSOLFDWLRQVRXUFHFRGH 1RWHWKDWRQHPD\KDYHGHFLGHGWRPRGHOWKHDSSOLFDWLRQZLWK D SDUWLFXODU WDUJHW SODWIRUP LQ PLQG  HJ -DYD 6ZLQJ  WKXV GLUHFWO\PHQWLRQLQJWKHPLQWKH,&2UHQGHULQJDQGDFWLYDWLRQ IXQFWLRQ <HW ZH FODLP WKDW WKHVH IXQFWLRQV VKRXOG EH JHQHULFDOO\GHVFULEHG HJ³'HDFWLYDWLRQRIWKHVHQGEXWWRQ´  VRWHVWVFULSWFDQEHLQVWDQWLDWHGIRUGLIIHUHQWWDUJHWSODWIRUP C. Development activities

1) Development of the AUT

7KHDevelopment of the AUTFRQVLVWVLQWKHSURGXFWLRQE\D WHDP RI VRIWZDUH HQJLQHHUV DQG GHYHORSHUV RI DQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKH$87IRUWKHWDUJHWHGSODWIRUP'HWDLOV RQ LPSOHPHQWLQJ IURP DQ ,&2 VSHFLILFDWLRQ DUH SURYLGHG LQ >@DQG>@ 7KLVSURFHVVLQYROYHVREWDLQLQJWKHUHDFKDELOLW\ JUDSKRIWKH,&23HWULQHW$UHDFKDELOLW\JUDSKRID3HWULQHW LVDGLUHFWHGJUDSK* 9( ZKHUHYę9UHSUHVHQWVDFODVVRI UHDFKDEOHPDUNLQJVHę(UHSUHVHQWVDGLUHFWHGDUFIURPDFODVV RI PDUNLQJV WR DQRWKHU FODVV RI PDUNLQJV >@ :H WDNH DGYDQWDJH RI WKH $37 $QDO\VLV RI 3HWUL QHWV DQG ODEHOOHG WUDQVLWLRQV\VWHPV SURMHFWWRJHQHUDWHWKLVJUDSK>@

D. Test Execution

7KHTest ExecutionLVGXHWRWKHQDWXUHRIWKHVFULSWZHJHQHUDWH -XQLW06WHVW;&7HVWHWF WRWDOO\GHSHQGHQWRIWKH,'(WKH WHVWHUVDUH ZRUNLQJRQ)RUWKLVUHDVRQ ZH ZLOOQRWFRPPHQW IXUWKHURQWHVWH[HFXWLRQ

9,,&21&/86,21$1')8785(:25.

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³RIIOLQH´ WHVWLQJ >@ :KLOH WKLV DOORZ IRU HDV\ UHSOD\LQJRIWHVWFDVHVWKLVDOVRLPSOLHVWKDWZHFRQVWUDLQWKH WHVW FDVH JHQHUDWLRQ VR WKH\ DUH PDQDJHDEOH LQ VL]H DQG JHQHUDWLRQLVQRWWRRORQJ:HDUHFXUUHQWO\LQYHVWLJDWLQJWKH RSSRUWXQLW\ RI FRQGXFWLQJ ³RQOLQH´ WHVWLQJ >@ XVLQJ ,&2 :LWKRQOLQHWHVWLQJWKHWHVWJHQHUDWLRQDOJRULWKPVFDQUHDFWWR WKHDFWXDORXWSXWVRIWKH6877KLVKDVWKHSRWHQWLDOWRHQDEOH ORQJHUWHVWUXQZKLOHEHQHILWLQJIURPWKHFRUUHFWQHVVRIPRGHOV EXLOWIURPWKHDSSOLFDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWV 5()(5(1&(6 >@ &$SSHUWDQG0%HDXGRXLQ/DIRQ³6ZLQJ6WDWHVDGGLQJVWDWHPDFKLQHV WRWKHVZLQJWRRONLW´LQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWKDQQXDO$&0V\PSRVLXP RQ8VHULQWHUIDFHVRIWZDUHDQGWHFKQRORJ\0RQWUHX[6ZLW]HUODQG SS±GRL >@ ,%DQHUMHH%1JX\HQ9*DURXVLDQG$00HPRQ³*UDSKLFDOXVHU LQWHUIDFH *8, WHVWLQJ6\VWHPDWLFPDSSLQJDQGUHSRVLWRU\´,QIRUPDWLRQ DQG6RIWZDUH7HFKQRORJ\YROQRSS±2FWGRL MLQIVRI

>@ ( %DUERQL 6 &RQYHUV\ ' 1DYDUUH DQG 3 3DODQTXH ³0RGHO%DVHG (QJLQHHULQJRI:LGJHWV8VHU$SSOLFDWLRQVDQG6HUYHUV&RPSOLDQWZLWK $5,1&6SHFLILFDWLRQ´LQ,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPV'HVLJQ6SHFLILFDWLRQ DQG9HULILFDWLRQ%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJSS±GRL B

>@ 5 %DVWLGH ' 1DYDUUH DQG 3 3DODQTXH ³$ 0RGHOEDVHG 7RRO IRU ,QWHUDFWLYH3URWRW\SLQJRI+LJKO\,QWHUDFWLYH$SSOLFDWLRQV´LQ&+,¶ ([WHQGHG$EVWUDFWVRQ+XPDQ)DFWRUVLQ&RPSXWLQJ6\VWHPV1HZ<RUN 1<86$SS±GRL

>@ 5%DVWLGH'1DYDUUH33DODQTXH$6FK\QDQG3'UDJLFHYLF³$ PRGHOEDVHG DSSURDFK IRU UHDOWLPH HPEHGGHG PXOWLPRGDO V\VWHPV LQ PLOLWDU\DLUFUDIWV´LQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWKLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIHUHQFHRQ 0XOWLPRGDOLQWHUIDFHV6WDWH&ROOHJH3$86$SS±GRL 

>@ ( %HVW DQG 8 6FKODFKWHU ³$QDO\VLV RI 3HWUL 1HWV DQG 7UDQVLWLRQ 6\VWHPV´(OHFWURQ3URF7KHRU&RPSXW6FLYROSS±$XJ GRL(37&6 >@ 5$%ROW³µ3XWWKDWWKHUH¶9RLFHDQGJHVWXUHDWWKHJUDSKLFVLQWHUIDFH´ LQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWKDQQXDOFRQIHUHQFHRQ&RPSXWHUJUDSKLFVDQG LQWHUDFWLYH WHFKQLTXHV 6HDWWOH :DVKLQJWRQ 86$  SS ± GRL >@ -&&DPSRVHWDO³$0RUH,QWHOOLJHQW7HVW&DVH*HQHUDWLRQ$SSURDFK 7KURXJK 7DVN 0RGHOV 0DQLSXODWLRQ´ 3URF $&0 +XP&RPSXW ,QWHUDFWYROQR(,&6SS±-XQGRL >@ $&DQQ\(%RX]HNUL&0DUWLQLHDQG33DODQTXH³5DWLRQDOL]LQJWKH 1HHGRI$UFKLWHFWXUH'ULYHQ7HVWLQJRI,QWHUDFWLYH6\VWHPV´LQ+XPDQ &HQWHUHGDQG(UURU5HVLOLHQW6\VWHPV'HYHORSPHQW

(11)

>@ / &DUGHOOL DQG 5 3LNH ³6TXHDN DODQJXDJH IRU FRPPXQLFDWLQJZLWK PLFH´ 6,**5$3+ &RPSXW *UDSK YRO  QRSS± -XO GRL

>@ /&KHQJ-&KDQJ=<DQJDQG&:DQJ³*8,&DW*8,WHVWLQJDVD VHUYLFH´ LQ  VW ,((($&0 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ $XWRPDWHG6RIWZDUH(QJLQHHULQJ $6( SS±

>@ 6 5 &KRXGKDU\ $ *RUOD DQG $ 2UVR ³$XWRPDWHG 7HVW ,QSXW *HQHUDWLRQIRU$QGURLG$UH:H7KHUH<HW"´LQWK,((($&0 ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ $XWRPDWHG 6RIWZDUH (QJLQHHULQJ $6(  SS±GRL$6(

>@ 3 'UDJLFHYLF DQG -' )HNHWH ³6XSSRUW IRU LQSXW DGDSWDELOLW\ LQ WKH ,&21 WRRONLW´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQIHUHQFH RQ 0XOWLPRGDOLQWHUIDFHV6WDWH&ROOHJH3$86$SS±GRL 

>@ %'XPDV'/DODQQHDQG5,QJROG³+HSKDLV7.DWRRONLWIRUUDSLG SURWRW\SLQJ RI PXOWLPRGDO LQWHUIDFHV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH  LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQIHUHQFH RQ 0XOWLPRGDO LQWHUIDFHV &DPEULGJH 0DVVDFKXVHWWV 86$  SS ± GRL 

>@ -*UHJRU\/%HUWKRXG77U\IRQDV$5RVVLJQRODQG/)DXUH³7KH ORQJ DQG ZLQGLQJ URDG 0%6( DGRSWLRQ IRU IXQFWLRQDO DYLRQLFV RI VSDFHFUDIW´-RXUQDORI6\VWHPVDQG6RIWZDUHYROS)HE GRLMMVV

>@ $+DPRQ33DODQTXH-/6LOYD<'HOHULVDQG(%DUERQL³)RUPDO 'HVFULSWLRQRI0XOWLWRXFK,QWHUDFWLRQV´LQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK$&0 6,*&+, 6\PSRVLXP RQ (QJLQHHULQJ ,QWHUDFWLYH &RPSXWLQJ 6\VWHPV 1HZ <RUN 1< 86$  SS ± GRL 

>@ $+DPRQ33DODQTXH-/6LOYD<'HOHULVDQG(%DUERQL³)RUPDO 'HVFULSWLRQRI0XOWLWRXFK,QWHUDFWLRQV´LQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHWK$&0 6,*&+, 6\PSRVLXP RQ (QJLQHHULQJ ,QWHUDFWLYH &RPSXWLQJ 6\VWHPV 1HZ <RUN 1< 86$  SS ± GRL 

>@ $+DPRQ33DODQTXH0&URQHO5$QGUp(%DUERQLDQG'1DYDUUH ³)RUPDO 0RGHOOLQJ RI '\QDPLF ,QVWDQWLDWLRQ RI ,QSXW 'HYLFHV DQG ,QWHUDFWLRQ 7HFKQLTXHV $SSOLFDWLRQ WR 0XOWLWRXFK ,QWHUDFWLRQV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH  $&0 6,*&+, 6\PSRVLXP RQ (QJLQHHULQJ ,QWHUDFWLYH&RPSXWLQJ6\VWHPV1HZ<RUN1<86$SS± GRL

>@ .+LQFNOH\0&]HUZLQVNLDQG06LQFODLU³,QWHUDFWLRQDQGPRGHOLQJ WHFKQLTXHV IRU GHVNWRS WZRKDQGHG LQSXW´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK DQQXDO$&0V\PSRVLXPRQ8VHULQWHUIDFHVRIWZDUHDQGWHFKQRORJ\6DQ )UDQFLVFR &DOLIRUQLD 86$  SS ± GRL 

>@ ,((( &RPSXWHU 6RFLHW\ 3 %RXUTXH DQG 5 ( )DLUOH\ *XLGH WR WKH 6RIWZDUH(QJLQHHULQJ%RG\RI.QRZOHGJH 6:(%2. 5 9HUVLRQ UGHG/RV$ODPLWRV&$86$,(((&RPSXWHU6RFLHW\3UHVV >@ .-HQVHQ/0.ULVWHQVHQDQG/:HOOV³&RORXUHG3HWUL1HWVDQG&31

7RROVIRUPRGHOOLQJDQGYDOLGDWLRQRIFRQFXUUHQWV\VWHPV´,QW-6RIWZ 7RROV 7HFKQRO 7UDQVIHU YRO  QR  SS ± -XQ  GRL V[ >@ '.DPPHU-:RMG]LDN0.HFN5*URKDQG67DUDQNR³7RZDUGVD IRUPDOL]DWLRQRIPXOWLWRXFKJHVWXUHV´LQ$&0,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH RQ,QWHUDFWLYH7DEOHWRSVDQG6XUIDFHV6DDUEUFNHQ*HUPDQ\SS ±GRL >@ ..DWVXUDGD<1DNDPXUD+<DPDGDDQG71LWWD³;,6/DODQJXDJH IRUGHVFULELQJPXOWLPRGDOLQWHUDFWLRQVFHQDULRV´LQ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH WK LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQIHUHQFH RQ 0XOWLPRGDO LQWHUIDFHV 9DQFRXYHU %ULWLVK &ROXPELD &DQDGD  SS ± GRL 

>@ 9/HOOL$%ORXLQ%%DXGU\DQG)&RXORQ³2QPRGHOEDVHGWHVWLQJ DGYDQFHG *8,V´ LQ  ,((( (LJKWK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 6RIWZDUH 7HVWLQJ 9HULILFDWLRQ DQG 9DOLGDWLRQ :RUNVKRSV ,&67:  SS±GRL,&67:

>@ / 0DULDQL 0 3H]]H 2 5LJDQHOOL DQG 0 6DQWRUR ³$XWR%ODFN7HVW $XWRPDWLF %ODFN%R[ 7HVWLQJ RI ,QWHUDFWLYH $SSOLFDWLRQV´ LQ 9HULILFDWLRQDQG9DOLGDWLRQ,((()LIWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ 6RIWZDUH7HVWLQJSS±GRL,&67 >@ $00HPRQDQG%11JX\HQ³$GYDQFHVLQ$XWRPDWHG0RGHO%DVHG

6\VWHP 7HVWLQJ RI 6RIWZDUH $SSOLFDWLRQV ZLWK D *8, )URQW(QG´ LQ $GYDQFHVLQ&RPSXWHUVYRO09=HONRZLW](G(OVHYLHUSS ±

>@ '1DYDUUH33DODQTXH-)/DGU\DQG(%DUERQL³,&2V$0RGHO EDVHG 8VHU ,QWHUIDFH 'HVFULSWLRQ 7HFKQLTXH 'HGLFDWHG WR ,QWHUDFWLYH 6\VWHPV$GGUHVVLQJ8VDELOLW\5HOLDELOLW\DQG6FDODELOLW\´$&07UDQV &RPSXW+XP,QWHUDFWYROQRSS±1RYGRL 

>@ /GH0RXUDDQG1%M¡UQHU³=$Q(IILFLHQW6076ROYHU´LQ7RROV DQG $OJRULWKPV IRU WKH &RQVWUXFWLRQ DQG $QDO\VLV RI 6\VWHPV %HUOLQ +HLGHOEHUJSS±GRLB >@ %11JX\HQ%5REELQV,%DQHUMHHDQG$0HPRQ³*8,7$5DQ LQQRYDWLYHWRROIRUDXWRPDWHGWHVWLQJRI *8,GULYHQVRIWZDUH´$XWRP 6RIWZ(QJYROQRSS±0DUGRLV  >@ 62QH\%0\HUVDQG-%UDQGW³&RQVWUDLQW-6SURJUDPPLQJLQWHUDFWLYH EHKDYLRUV IRU WKH ZHE E\ LQWHJUDWLQJ FRQVWUDLQWV DQG VWDWHV´ LQ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH WK DQQXDO $&0 V\PSRVLXP RQ 8VHU LQWHUIDFH VRIWZDUH DQG WHFKQRORJ\ &DPEULGJH 0DVVDFKXVHWWV 86$  SS ±GRL

>@ 3$3DODQTXH5%DVWLGH/'RXUWHDQG&6LEHUWLQ%ODQF³'HVLJQRI XVHUGULYHQ LQWHUIDFHV XVLQJ 3HWUL QHWV DQG REMHFWV´ LQ $GYDQFHG ,QIRUPDWLRQ 6\VWHPV (QJLQHHULQJ %HUOLQ +HLGHOEHUJ  SS ± GRLB

>@ 33DODQTXH5%DVWLGHDQG)3DWHUQz³)RUPDO6SHFLILFDWLRQDVD7RRO IRU 2EMHFWLYH $VVHVVPHQW RI 6DIHW\&ULWLFDO ,QWHUDFWLYH 6\VWHPV´ LQ +XPDQ&RPSXWHU,QWHUDFWLRQ,17(5$&7¶,),37&,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ +XPDQ&RPSXWHU ,QWHUDFWLRQ WK±WK -XO\  6\GQH\ $XVWUDOLD 6 +RZDUG - +DPPRQG DQG * /LQGJDDUG (GV %RVWRQ0$6SULQJHU86SS±

>@ 3 3DODQTXH 5 %HUQKDXSW ' 1DYDUUH 0 2XOG DQG 0 :LQFNOHU ³6XSSRUWLQJ8VDELOLW\(YDOXDWLRQRI0XOWLPRGDO0DQ0DFKLQH,QWHUIDFHV IRU6SDFH*URXQG6HJPHQW$SSOLFDWLRQV8VLQJ3HWULQHWV%DVHG)RUPDO 6SHFLILFDWLRQ´LQ6SDFH2SV&RQIHUHQFHYROV$PHULFDQ,QVWLWXWH RI$HURQDXWLFVDQG$VWURQDXWLFV

>@ 3 3DODQTXH -) /DGU\ ' 1DYDUUH DQG ( %DUERQL ³+LJK)LGHOLW\ 3URWRW\SLQJ RI ,QWHUDFWLYH 6\VWHPV &DQ %H )RUPDO 7RR´ LQ +XPDQ &RPSXWHU,QWHUDFWLRQ1HZ7UHQGV%HUOLQ+HLGHOEHUJSS± GRLB

>@ & $ 3HWUL ³&RPPXQLFDWLRQ ZLWK DXWRPDWD´ KWWSHGRFVXEXQL KDPEXUJGHLQIRUPDWLNYROOWH[WHSGIGLVVBSHWULBHQJOSGI 

>@ 0 3H]]q 3 5RQGHQD DQG ' =XGGDV ³$XWRPDWLF *8, 7HVWLQJ RI 'HVNWRS$SSOLFDWLRQV$Q(PSLULFDO$VVHVVPHQWRIWKH6WDWHRIWKH$UW´ LQ &RPSDQLRQ 3URFHHGLQJV IRU WKH ,667$(&223  :RUNVKRSV 1HZ<RUN1<86$SS±GRL >@ 08WWLQJ$3UHWVFKQHUDQG%/HJHDUG³$WD[RQRP\RIPRGHOEDVHG WHVWLQJDSSURDFKHV´6RIWZ7HVW9HULI5HOLDEYROQRSS± $XJGRLVWYU

>@ . 9RURE\RY DQG 3 .ULVKQDQ ³&RPSDULQJ PRGHO FKHFNLQJ DQG VWDWLF SURJUDP DQDO\VLV $ FDVH VWXG\ LQ HUURU GHWHFWLRQ DSSURDFKHV´ 3URFHHGLQJVRI669

>@ 7(-9RV30.UXVH1&RQGRUL)HUQiQGH]6%DXHUVIHOGDQG- :HJHQHU ³7(67$5 7RRO 6XSSRUW IRU 7HVW $XWRPDWLRQ DW WKH 8VHU ,QWHUIDFH /HYHO´ ,-,60' YRO  QR  SS ± -XO  GRL ,-,60'

Références

Documents relatifs

$IWHUVHYHUDOIHUPHQWDWLRQVWKHORVVHVRIPDVVEHWZHHQWKH EHJLQQLQJDQGWKHHQGRIWKHIHUPHQWDWLRQHYROYHLQWKHVDPH SURSRUWLRQV LQGHSHQGHQWO\ RI WKH TXDQWLW\ XVHG

Nous proposons dans ette partie d'expérien es de omparer et d'évaluer les résultats d'un ltre de Kalman étendu et d'un réseau bayésien dé riv ant la inématique d'un véhi ule

MPI’s remote memory access interface defines one-sided communication operations, data consistency, and synchronization models for accessing memory regions that are exposed through

L’article a pour objectif de mettre en place une solution de monitoring à distance et en temps réel de la consommation énergétique utilisant des technologies

SPEECH AND HEAD GESTURE SEGMENTATION The mapping between speech and head gestures is done by using the Coupled Hidden Markov Models (CHMMs), which could be seen as a collection of

scientifique et politique du phénomène, l’instinct le cède au conditionnement qui opère par les stimuli du contexte (ici l’angoisse collective produite par la

We remark nevertheless, from qualitative analyses of use of the regulator in real driving conditions, and from the lived experience of this use by subjects, that this drop in trust in

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des