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[1] Bell, J.S., Physics, 1, 195, 1964

[2] Bell, J.S., Rev. of Modern Phys, 38, 447, 1966 [3] Bell, J.S., pp.171-181 in d'Espagnat ed. Il Corso, 1971

[4] Clauser, J.F. and A. Shimony, Rep. on Progr. in Physics, 41, 1881, 1978 [5] Belinfante, F.J., A Survey of Hidden-Variables Theories, Pergamon

Press, Oxford, 1973

[6] Einstein, A., B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, Phys. Rev., 47, 777-780, 1935 [7] Canals-Frau, D., Physics Essays, 11, 46-52, 1998

[8] Canals-Frau, D., Annales de la Fondation L. de Broglie, 23, 74-80, 1998 [9] Canales-Frau, D., ibid, 25, 325-336, 2000

[10] Lochak, G., Annales de la Fondation L. de Broglie, 26, Special issue, 5- 42, 2001

[11] Lochak, G., Foundation of Physics, 5, 173-184, 1976

[12] de Broglie, L., G. Lochak, J.A.Beswick, & J. Vassalo-Pereira, Founda- tion of Physics, 5, 3-14, 1976

[13] Aspect, A., P. Grangier, & G.Roger, Phys. Rev. Lett., 49, 91-94, 1982 [14] Aspect, A., J. Dalibard, & G. Roger, ibid, 49, 1804-1807, 1982

[15] Tittel, W., J. Brendel, H. Zbinden, & N.Gisin, Phys. Rev. Lett., 81, No.17, 3563-3566, 1998

[16] Mizuki, M., Annales de la Fondation L. de Broglie, 21, 83-91, 2001 [17] Mizuki, M., Journ. Phys. Soc. Japan, 70, 1917-1923, 2001

[18] Shimony, A., Conceptual foundation of quantum mechanics, in The New Physics, ed. by P. Davies, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1898

[19] Clauser, J.F., & M.A. Horne, Phys. Rev. D., 10, 526-535, 1974

[20] Clauser, J.F., M.A. Horne, A. Shimony, & R.A. Holt, Phys. Rev. Lttr., 23, 880-884, 1969

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