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https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02463105
Submitted on 31 Jan 2020
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Structure des croûtes profondes à déformation syn-magmatique en contexte extensif
Marie Bidault
To cite this version:
Marie Bidault. Structure des croûtes profondes à déformation syn-magmatique en contexte extensif.
Géophysique [physics.geo-ph]. Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2019. Français. �NNT : 2019BRES0021�. �tel-02463105�
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,ĞƵƌĞƵƐĞŵĞŶƚƋƵ͛ŽŶĠƚĂŝƚĞŶƐĞŵďůĞăůĂĨŝŶ͘YƵ͛ĞƐƚͲĐĞƋƵĞĕĂĂƵƌĂŝƚĠƚĠďŝĞŶŶƵůƐĂŶƐǀŽƵƐ͘DĞƌĐŝĂƵdž ĐŽͲďƵƌĞĂƵĚƵͲϭ͗,ƵŝdžŝŶĞƚZĠŵŝ͊DĞƌĐŝĂƵdžĐŽͲďƵƌĞĂƵ;ŵĂůŐƌĠĞƵdžͿĚƵͲϮ͗ĞŶŽĞƚDĂƐƐ͊DĞƌĐŝ ŵĞƌĐŝ͊sƌĂŝŵĞŶƚ͊DĞƌĐŝĂƵdžŐĠŶĠƌĂƚŝŽŶƐƐƵŝǀĂŶƚĞƐ͗^Ăďŝďŝ;ƉŽƵƌŵ͛ĂǀŽŝƌĠǀŝƚĠĞĚ͛ĂůůĞƌăŵŵĂƵƐƚƌŽƉ ƐŽƵǀĞŶƚͿ͕:ĞĂŶ;ƉŽƵƌƚĞƐďůĂŐƵĞƐŶƵůůĞƐͿ͕DĂģůůĞ;ƉŽƵƌůĞĐĂŵƉŝŶŐŽƵŝŽƵŝŽƵŝ͕ůĞƐďĂŝŐŶĂĚĞƐĚĂŶƐƵŶĞ
ĞĂƵăͲϮΣ͕ũ͛ĞdžĂŐğƌĞăƉĞŝŶĞͿ͕:ƵĚŝƚŚ;ƉŽƵƌƚŽŶĂƚƚĞŶƚŝŽŶĞƚƚĂďŝĞŶǀĞŝůůĂŶĐĞͿ͘DĞƌĐŝă,ŽƵĚĂĂƵƐƐŝ Ě͛ĂǀŽŝƌƉĂƌƚĂŐĠĞƚŽƵƚĐĞĨƵŶĂǀĞĐŵŽŝ͊
DĞƌĐŝĂƵdžĂƵƚƌĞƐ;ǀŝĞƵdž͕ǀŽŝƌ͕ƚƌğƐǀŝĞƵdžͿĂŶĐŝĞŶƐƚŚĠƐĂƌĚƐ͗sŝƌŐŝů͕:ĞĂŶͲDŝ͕DĂŶƵ͕DƵŵƵ͕ŶĂ͕>ĂƵƌŝŶĞ͕
DĂƌĐŽ͕ZŽŵĂŝŶ;ĐŽŵƉğƌĞĚĞLJŽŐĂĞƚĚ͛/ƌůĂŶĚĞͿ͘
DĞƌĐŝ ă 'ĂƐƉĂƌĚ͕ ŵŽŶ ĐŽƉĂŝŶ ĚĞ ŐĂůğƌĞ ĚĞ ĨŝŶ ĚĞ ƚŚğƐĞ͊ DĞƌĐŝ ƉŽƵƌ ƚŽƵƚĞƐ ĐĞƐ ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐ͕
ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝƋƵĞƐ͕ƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝƋƵĞƐ͕ůĞƐďĂůĂĚĞƐĚĞĨŝŶĚĞũŽƵƌŶĠĞƉĞŶĚĂŶƚĐĞƐǁĞĞŬͲĞŶĚƐĚĞƚƌĂǀĂŝů͘dƵŶĞ ŵ͛ĂƐƉĂƐƚŽƵũŽƵƌƐĂŝĚĠăƚƌĂǀĂŝůůĞƌĞĨĨŝĐĂĐĞŵĞŶƚŵĂŝƐĐĞƐŵŽŵĞŶƚƐƉĂƐƐĠƐĞŶƐĞŵďůĞĠƚĂŝĞŶƚǀƌĂŝŵĞŶƚ ĐŚŽƵĞƚƚĞƐ͘dƵLJĞƐƉƌĞƐƋƵĞ͘
DĞƌĐŝăĞŶŽŠƚƉŽƵƌƚŽƵƚĞƐůĞƐĐŽŶǀĞƌƐĂƚŝŽŶƐƋƵ͛ŽŶĂĞƵƋƵĂŶĚũ͛ĠƚĂŝƐăKƌůĠĂŶƐ͊DĞƌĐŝă'ĂĞƚĂŶ͕ƉŽƵƌ ƚŽŶĐĂƌĂĐƚğƌĞĚŝĨĨŝĐŝůĞ͕ƚĂŐĞŶƚŝůůĞƐƐĞĞƚƚŽŶŝŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ͘:ĞƉĞŶƐĞĂƵƐƐŝăzĂĐŬ͕ĕĂLJĞƐƚĕĂĨĂŝƚϴĂŶƐ͕
ĚŽŶƚϱĂŶƐĚĂŶƐůĂŵġŵĞĐůĂƐƐĞ͘sĂŶĐŽƵǀĞƌŵĞǀŽŝůă͊
DĞƌĐŝăZĠũZĠũƉŽƵƌĐĞƚƚĞƉƌĞŵŝğƌĞĂŶŶĠĞĞƚĚĞŵŝĚĞƚŚğƐĞ͘KŶƐ͛ĞƐƚĚĠĐŽƵǀĞƌƚĞƐƚĂƌĚŝǀĞŵĞŶƚŵĂŝƐ ů͛ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶͨŵŝĞƵdžǀĂƵƚƚĂƌĚƋƵĞũĂŵĂŝƐͩĨŽŶĐƚŝŽŶŶĞǀƌĂŝŵĞŶƚƉŽƵƌŶŽƵƐ͘:ĞƐƵŝƐǀƌĂŝŵĞŶƚŚĞƵƌĞƵƐĞ ĚĞĐĞƋƵĞů͛ĂǀĞŶŝƌƚ͛ĂǀĂŝƐƌĠƐĞƌǀĠ;ĞƚƚĞƌĠƐĞƌǀĞĞŶĐŽƌĞͿĂƉƌğƐƚĂƚŚğƐĞ͘
DĞƌĐŝ ĞŶŽ͕ ĚĞ ŵ͛ĂǀŽŝƌ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĠ ƉĞŶĚĂŶƚ ĐĞƚƚĞ ĚĞƌŶŝğƌĞ ĂŶŶĠĞ Ğƚ ĚĞ ŵĞ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞƌ ĞŶĐŽƌĞ ĂƵũŽƵƌĚ͛ŚƵŝ͘dƵŵ͛ĂƐĠŶŽƌŵĠŵĞŶƚĂŝĚĠ͕ĚŝƌĞĐƚĞŵĞŶƚĞƚŝŶĚŝƌĞĐƚĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƉŽƵƌĐĞƚƚĞƚŚğƐĞĞƚƉŽƵƌƚŽƵƚ ůĞ ƌĞƐƚĞ͘ DĞƌĐŝ ƉŽƵƌ ůĂ ƌĞŵŝƐĞ ĂƵ ƌĂƉ͕ ůĂ ƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝĞ ;ƉĂƌĨŽŝƐ ĚĞ ďĂƐ ĠƚĂŐĞͿ Ğƚ ůĞƐ ƌĠƉŽŶƐĞƐ ĂƵdž ƋƵĞƐƚŝŽŶŶĞŵĞŶƚƐƉĂƐƚŽƵũŽƵƌƐƚƌğƐŝŶƚĠƌĞƐƐĂŶƚƐƋƵĞũĞƚĞƉŽƐĂŝƐ͘
DĞƌĐŝ ă DĂƌŝŽŶ͕ ŵŽŶ ĂŵŝĞͲƌĞƵƐĞ ;Đ͛ĞƐƚ ŶƵů ŵĂŝƐ ũ͛ĂǀĂŝƐ ƋƵĂŶĚ ŵġŵĞ ĞŶǀŝĞ ĚĞ ůĞ ŵĞƚƚƌĞͿ͘ dƵ ĞƐ ƌĠĞůůĞŵĞŶƚŵĂƉůƵƐďĞůůĞƌĞŶĐŽŶƚƌĞƉĞŶĚĂŶƚĐĞƚƚĞƚŚğƐĞ͘dƵĞƐŝŶĐƌŽLJĂďůĞ͘sƌĂŝŵĞŶƚ͘:ĞŶĞƐĂŝƐƉĂƐĐĞ ƋƵĞů͛ĂǀĞŶŝƌƚĞƌĠƐĞƌǀĞŵĂŝƐũĞƐĂŝƐƋƵĞƚƵĞƐĞŶƚŽƵƌĠĞĚĞŐĞŶƐƋƵŝƚ͛ĂŝŵĞŶƚĞƚƋƵĞƋƵŽŝƋƵĞƚƵĐŚŽŝƐŝƐƐĞƐ ƚƵĂƵƌĂƐƵŶĞǀŝĞĠƉĂŶŽƵŝĞĞƚŚĞƵƌĞƵƐĞ͘sŽŝůă͘
DĞƌĐŝă:ƵůŝĞŶĚĞŵ͛ĂǀŽŝƌĂĐĐŽŵƉĂŐŶĠƉĞŶĚĂŶƚĐĞƐĂŶŶĠĞƐĚĞƚŚğƐĞĞƚĚĞŵ͛ĂǀŽŝƌĨĂŝƚŐƌĂŶĚŝƌ͘
DĞƌĐŝă:ĂƐƉĞƌĚ͛ĂǀŽŝƌĠƚĠƵŶĐŽŵƉĂŐŶŽŶƉŽŝůƵƉĂƚŝĞŶƚĞƚƉĂĐŝĨŝƐƚĞ͘
DĞƌĐŝăŵĂĨĂŵŝůůĞƚŽƵƚĞĞŶƚŝğƌĞ͕ƋƵŝŵġŵĞƐŝĞůůĞĞƐƚƵŶƉĞƵĐĂďŽƐƐĠĞ͕ĞƐƚƵŶĞƚƌğƐũŽůŝĞĨĂŵŝůůĞ͘
DĞƌĐŝă>ĂƵƌĞŶƚĚ͛ĂǀŽŝƌĠƚĠůăĚĂŶƐůĞƐŵŽŵĞŶƚƐĚŝĨĨŝĐŝůĞƐĐĞƐĚĞƌŶŝĞƌƐŵŽŝƐ͕ŵĞƌĐŝƉŽƵƌůĞƐũĞƵdžĚĞ ƐŽĐŝĠƚĠĞŶĨĂŵŝůůĞůĞƐǁĞĞŬͲĞŶĚƐĞƚůĞƐĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐƉŚŝůŽƐŽƉŚŝƋƵĞƐ͘
DĞƌĐŝăŵĞƐƉĂƌĞŶƚƐƉŽƵƌů͛ĂŵŽƵƌ͕ƉĂƐĨŽƌĐĠŵĞŶƚĐůĂƐƐŝƋƵĞ͕ƋƵ͛ŝůƐŵ͛ŽŶƚĚŽŶŶĠ͛͘ĞƐƚĂƵƐƐŝŐƌąĐĞă ǀŽƵƐƋƵĞũ͛ĞŶƐƵŝƐŝĐŝĂƵũŽƵƌĚ͛ŚƵŝ͘
DĞƌĐŝăůŽLJƐĞƚWĂďůŽ͕ŵĞƐƉĞƚŝƚƐĨƌğƌĞƐ͕ƋƵŝŵĞƌĞŶĚĞŶƚǀƌĂŝŵĞŶƚĨŝğƌĞƚŽƵƐůĞƐũŽƵƌƐ͘sŽƵƐŐƌĂŶĚŝƐƐĞnj͕
ǀŽƵƐǀŽƵƐĠƉĂŶŽƵŝƐƐĞnjĞƚǀŽƵƐĚĞǀĞŶĞnjĚĞƐƉĞƌƐŽŶŶĞƐďŝĞŶǀĞŝůůĂŶƚĞƐ͕ŐĞŶƚŝůůĞƐĞƚĂƚƚĞŶƚŝŽŶŶĠĞƐ͕Ğƚ Đ͛ĞƐƚƚŽƵƚĐĞĚŽŶƚƵŶĞŐƌĂŶĚĞƐƈƵƌƉĞƵƚƌġǀĞƌ͘:ĞǀŽƵƐĂŝŵĞ͘
DĞƌĐŝ>ĂƵƌĞŶƚ͕
DĞƌĐŝĚ͛ĂǀŽŝƌĠƚĠŵŽŶĚŝƌĞĐƚĞƵƌĚĞƚŚğƐĞĞƚŵŽŶĂŵŝ͘:͛ĂŝďŝĞŶĐŽŶƐĐŝĞŶĐĞƋƵĞũĞŶ͛ĂŝƉĂƐĠƚĠ ƵŶĐĂĚĞĂƵƚŽƵƐůĞƐũŽƵƌƐƉĞŶĚĂŶƚĐĞƐƋƵĂƚƌĞĚĞƌŶŝğƌĞƐĂŶŶĠĞƐ;ĞƚůĞƐĂŶŶĠĞƐĚ͛ĂǀĂŶƚŶŽŶƉůƵƐͿ͕ŵĞƌĐŝ Ě͛ĂǀŽŝƌƚĞŶƵďŽŶ͘DĞƌĐŝĂƵƐƐŝĚ͛ĂǀŽŝƌĞƐƐĂLJĠĚĞŵĞƚƌĂŶƐŵĞƚƚƌĞƚĂƉĂƐƐŝŽŶăƚƌĂǀĞƌƐĚĞƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐĚĞ ƚĞƌƌĂŝŶŝŶĐƌŽLJĂďůĞƐ͕ĚĞƐĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƐĞŶƌŝĐŚŝƐƐĂŶƚĞƐ͘DĞƌĐŝĂƵƐƐŝ;ŵĂŝƐƵŶƉĞƵŵŽŝŶƐƋƵĂŶĚŵġŵĞͿĚĞ ŵ͛ĂǀŽŝƌ ŵŝƐ ůĂ ƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ ;Ğƚ ĚĞ ŵ͛ĞŶ ŵĞƚƚƌĞ ĞŶĐŽƌĞ ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶƚ ƋƵĂŶĚ ũ͛ĠĐƌŝƐ ĐĞƐ ůŝŐŶĞƐͿ͕ ŵĞƌĐŝ ĚĞ ŵ͛ĂǀŽŝƌƉŽƵƐƐĠĂƵ;ă͍ͿďŽƵƚ͘ĞŵŽŝͲŵġŵĞ͘ĞůĂƚŚğƐĞ͘
:͛ĠĐƌŝƐĐĞƐƌĞŵĞƌĐŝĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƉƌğƐƋƵ͛ŽŶĂŝƚƉƌŝƐůĂĚĠĐŝƐŝŽŶĚĞƌĞƉŽƌƚĞƌůĞƌĞŶĚƵĚƵŵĂŶƵƐĐƌŝƚĞƚũ͛ĞƐƉğƌĞ͕
ǀƌĂŝŵĞŶƚ͕ƋƵĞŵĂůŐƌĠůĞƐĚĠĐĞƉƚŝŽŶƐ͕ƚƵĞƐĨŝĞƌĚĞĐĞƚƚĞƚŚğƐĞ͕ĞƚĚĞŵŽŝ͘
ĞƚƚĞƚŚğƐĞĂĐŚĂŶŐĠďĞĂƵĐŽƵƉĚĞĐŚŽƐĞƐĞŶŵŽŝ͕ŵ͛ĂĂƉƉƌŝƐďĞĂƵĐŽƵƉ͕ĂƵƚĂŶƚƐƵƌŵŽŝͲŵġŵĞ͕ƐƵƌůĞƐ ĂƵƚƌĞƐ͕ƋƵĞƐƵƌůĂƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͘:ĞŶĞƚĞƌĞŵĞƌĐŝĞƌĂŝƐũĂŵĂŝƐĂƐƐĞnjƉŽƵƌĕĂ͘:ĞƐĂŝƐƋƵĞƚƵĂƐŚąƚĞƋƵĞĕĂƐĞ ƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƉŽƵƌƉŽƵǀŽŝƌƐŽƵĨĨůĞƌĞƚũ͛ĞƐƉğƌĞƋƵĞĐĞƚƚĞĨŝŶĚĞƚŚğƐĞƐĞƌĂĂƵƚĂŶƚƵŶĞƐĂƚŝƐĨĂĐƚŝŽŶƋƵ͛ƵŶ
ƐŽƵůĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘
^ŽŵŵĂŝƌĞŐĠŶĠƌĂů
/ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶ ϭϭ
ŚĂƉŝƚƌĞ/͗ƚĂƚĚĞƐĐŽŶŶĂŝƐƐĂŶĐĞƐ ϭϳ
/Ͳ ZŝĨƚƐǀŽůĐĂŶŝƋƵĞƐĞƚŵĂƌŐĞƐƉĂƐƐŝǀĞƐǀŽůĐĂŶŝƋƵĞƐ ϮϬ //Ͳ ĂƌĂĐƚĠƌŝƐƚŝƋƵĞƐĚĞƐĐƌŽƸƚĞƐƉƌŽĨŽŶĚĞƐĚĞƐZsƐĞƚDWsƐ Ϯϴ ///Ͳ ĨĨĞƚĚƵŵĂŐŵĂƚŝƐŵĞŵĂĨŝƋƵĞ͗ĂƉƉƌŽĐŚĞƚŚĠŽƌŝƋƵĞ ϯϲ
ŚŽŝdžĚĞƐnjŽŶĞƐĚ͛ĠƚƵĚĞĞƚŵĠƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞ ϱϬ
ŚĂƉŝƚƌĞ//͗^LJŶƚŚğƐĞďŝďůŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝƋƵĞĚĞƐnjŽŶĞƐĚ͛ĠƚƵĚĞ ϱϵ
/Ͳ >ĂŽŶĞĚ͛/ǀƌĠĞ ϲϮ
//Ͳ >ĂWƌŽǀŝŶĐĞŵĂŐŵĂƚŝƋƵĞĚĞ^ĞŝůĂŶĚ ϳϴ
ŚĂƉŝƚƌĞ///͗ĠĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĚƵĐƚŝůĞʹ,ŝƐƚŽŝƌĞĚĞƐĐƌŽƸƚĞƐƉƌŽĨŽŶĚĞƐ ϵϭ
/Ͳ >ĂĚĠĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĚƵĐƚŝůĞĚĞůĂŽŶĞĚ͛/ǀƌĠĞ ϵϱ
//Ͳ >ĂĚĠĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĚƵĐƚŝůĞĚĞ^ĞŝůĂŶĚ ϭϰϮ
ŚĂƉŝƚƌĞ/s͗DĂŐŵĂƚŝƐŵĞĞƚĚĠĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ ϭϲϯ
/Ͳ >ĞŵĂŐŵĂƚŝƐŵĞŵĂĨŝƋƵĞĚĞůĂŽŶĞĚ͛/ǀƌĠĞ ϭϲϳ
//Ͳ >ĂƐƵŝƚĞŐƌĂŶŝƚŝƋƵĞƉĞƌŵŝĞŶŶĞĚ͛/ǀƌĠĞ ϭϵϲ
///Ͳ >ĞŵĂŐŵĂƚŝƐŵĞĚĞ^ĞŝůĂŶĚ ϮϬϰ
ŚĂƉŝƚƌĞs͗ƚƵĚĞƌŚĠŽůŽŐŝƋƵĞĚĞůĂŽŶĞĚ͛/ǀƌĠĞ ϮϮϳ
ʹĠĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶĞdžƉĠƌŝŵĞŶƚĂůĞĞŶWƌĞƐƐĞWĂƚĞƌƐŽŶ
/Ͳ džƉĠƌŝĞŶĐĞƐĞƚŵĠƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞ ϮϯϬ
//Ͳ DĂƚĠƌŝĂƵdžĚĞĚĠƉĂƌƚ Ϯϯϴ
///Ͳ ZŚĠŽůŽŐŝĞ Ϯϰϲ
/sͲ ĐŚĂŶƚŝůůŽŶƐĚĠĨŽƌŵĠƐ ϮϲϮ
sͲ ŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ ϮϳϮ
ŚĂƉŝƚƌĞs/͗ŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶ Ϯϳϳ
/Ͳ EĂƚƵƌĞĞƚƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚĞƐĐƌŽƸƚĞƐŝŶĨĠƌŝĞƵƌĞƐĚĞZsƐĞƚDWsƐ ϮϴϬ //Ͳ ZŚĠŽůŽŐŝĞĚĞƐĐƌŽƸƚĞƐŝŶĨĠƌŝĞƵƌĞƐĚĞZsƐĞƚDWsƐ Ϯϴϳ
///Ͳ /ŵƉůŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƉŽƵƌů͛ĠǀŽůƵƚŝŽŶĚĞƐDWsƐ ϯϬϳ
ŽŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶ ϯϬϵ
>ŝƐƚĞďŝďůŝŽŐƌĂƉŚŝƋƵĞ ϯϭϮ
ŶŶĞdžĞƐ ϯϮϰ
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