• Aucun résultat trouvé

A new trend for knowledge-based decision support systems design

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "A new trend for knowledge-based decision support systems design"

Copied!
22
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: hal-01484954

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01484954

Submitted on 8 Mar 2017

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est Pascale Zaraté, Shaofeng Liu. A new trend for knowledge-based decision support systems design. International Journal of Information and Decision Sciences, 2016, vol. 8 (n° 3), pp. 305-324. �10.1504/IJIDS.2016.078586�. �hal-01484954�

(2)

To link to this article : DOI :

10.1504/IJIDS.2016.078586

URL :

http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJIDS.2016.078586

To cite this version :

Zaraté, Pascale and Liu, Shaofeng A new trend for

knowledge-based decision support systems design. (2016) International

Journal of Information and Decision Sciences, vol. 8 (n° 3). pp.

305-324. ISSN 1756-7017

O

pen

A

rchive

T

OULOUSE

A

rchive

O

uverte (

OATAO

)

OATAO is an open access repository that collects the work of Toulouse researchers and

makes it freely available over the web where possible.

This is an author-deposited version published in :

http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/

(3)

$QHZWUHQGIRUNQRZOHGJHEDVHGGHFLVLRQVXSSRUW

V\VWHPVGHVLJQ

3DVFDOH=DUDWp 

7RXORXVH&DSLWROH8QLYHUVLW\ ,5,7UXHGX'R\HQ*DEULHO0DUW\ 7RXORXVH&HGH[)UDQFH (PDLO]DUDWH#LULWIU &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU

6KDRIHQJ/LX

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

5HIHUHQFH WR WKLV SDSHU VKRXOG EH PDGH DV IROORZV =DUDWp 3 DQG /LX 6   µ$ QHZ WUHQG IRU NQRZOHGJHEDVHG GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHPV GHVLJQ¶ Int. J.Information and Decision Sciences9RO1RSS±

%LRJUDSKLFDO QRWHV 3DVFDOH =DUDWp LV D 3URIHVVRU DW 7RXORXVH  &DSLWROH 8QLYHUVLW\ 6KH FRQGXFWV KHU UHVHDUFKHV DW WKH ,5,7 /DERUDWRU\ 6KH KROGV D 3K'LQ&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHV'HFLVLRQ6XSSRUWIURPWKH/$06$'(/DERUDWRU\ DWWKH3DULV'DXSKLQH8QLYHUVLW\3DULV  +HUFXUUHQWUHVHDUFKLQWHUHVWV LQFOXGHVGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHPVJURXSGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHPVGLVWULEXWHG DQG DV\QFKURQRXV GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ SURFHVVHV NQRZOHGJH PRGHOOLQJ FRRSHUDWLYHNQRZOHGJHEDVHGV\VWHPVFRRSHUDWLYHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ6KHLVWKH (GLWRULQ&KLHI RI International Journal of Decision Support Systems Technologies6LQFHVKHLVWKHFRRUGLQDWRURIWKH(XUR:RUNLQJ*URXSRQ '666KHSXEOLVKHGVHYHUDOVWXGLHVDQGZRUNVWKUHHERRNVHGLWHGIRXUERRNV HGLWHGVSHFLDOLVVXHVLQVHYHUDOLQWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDOVWKUHHSURFHHGLQJVRI LQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQIHUHQFHV  SDSHUV LQ VHYHUDO LQWHUQDWLRQDO MRXUQDOV WZR

(4)

     

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ournal of Decision Systems

7KLVSDSHULVDUHYLVHGDQGH[SDQGHGYHUVLRQRIDSDSHUHQWLWOHGµ.QRZOHGJH EDVHG GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHPV D VXUYH\ RQ WHFKQRORJLHV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQV GRPDLQV¶SUHVHQWHGDW*'17RXORXVH)UDQFH±-XQH



 ,QWURGXFWLRQ

'HFLVLRQ VXSSRUW 6\VWHPV '66  DUH GHYHORSHG WR VXSSRUW GHFLVLRQ PDNHUV LQ WKHLU VHPLVWUXFWXUHG WDVNV DQG DSSHDUHG WRZDUGV WKH HQG RI V $FNRII   7KH ILUVW DUFKLWHFWXUHSURSRVHGE\6SUDJXHDQG&DUOVVRQ  ZDVFRPSRVHGE\

 DPRGHOEDVHPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHP  DGDWDEDVHPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHP  DKXPDQFRPSXWHULQWHUIDFH

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x DGDWDEDVHPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPDQGWKHDVVRFLDWHGGDWDEDVHZKLFKVWRUHVRUJDQLVHV VRUWVDQGUHWXUQVWKHGDWDUHOHYDQWIRUDSDUWLFXODUFRQWH[WRIGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ x DPRGHOEDVHPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPDQGWKHDVVRFLDWHGPRGHOEDVHZKLFKKDVD VLPLODUUROHWRWKHGDWDEDVHPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPH[FHSWWKDWLWRUJDQLVHVVRUWVDQG VWRUHVWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQ¶VTXDQWLWDWLYHPRGHOV x WKHLQIHUHQFHHQJLQHDQGWKHNQRZOHGJHEDVHZKLFKSHUIRUPVWKHWDVNVUHODWLQJWR UHFRJQLWLRQRISUREOHPVDQGJHQHUDWLRQRIILQDORULQWHUPHGLDU\VROXWLRQVDORQJZLWK IXQFWLRQVUHODWLQJWRWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIWKHSURFHVVRISUREOHPVROYLQJ

(5)

x DXVHULQWHUIDFHZKLFKLVDNH\HOHPHQWLQWKHIXQFWLRQVRIWKHRYHUDOOV\VWHP x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p   EDVHG WKHLU VWXG\ RQ VWXGLHGSDSHUVDQGIRXQGWZRD[LVRIDQDO\VLV

D NQRZOHGJHPRGHOOLQJWHFKQRORJLHV E UHDVRQLQJWHFKQRORJLHV

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µ,6,ZHERIVFLHQFH¶.H\ZRUGVXVHGIRUWKH LQLWLDOVHDUFKZHUHµNQRZOHGJHEDVH¶µUHDVRQLQJ¶µZHEEDVHG¶µGHFLVLRQVXSSRUW¶ DQGµVHUYLFHV\VWHPV¶:HUHILQHGWKHVHDUFKE\VHOHFWLQJWKHVFLHQFHWHFKQRORJ\DQG VRFLDOVFLHQFHLQRUGHUWRHOLPLQDWHUHVXOWVIURPOHVVUHOHYDQWDUHDV7KHVHDUFKLV IXUWKHUUHILQHGE\UHVWULFWLQJWRWKHSHULRGRI±:HEHOLHYHWKDWLVDQ DSSURSULDWHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIRUUHVHDUFKLQ.%'66 .OMDMLü :HXVHGWKH µNQRZOHGJHEDVH¶µUHDVRQLQJ¶µZHEEDVHG¶µGHFLVLRQVXSSRUW¶DQGµVHUYLFH V\VWHPV¶EHFDXVHWKH\KDYHEHHQXVHGDVNH\ZRUGVLQPRVWFLWHGDUWLFOHVRQWKH VXEMHFWDQGWRREWDLQWKHPRVWFRPSOHWHUHVXOWVSRVVLEOH

(6)

       7KHQRQWKHEDVLVRIDWKHPDWLFDQDO\VLVRIWKHDEVWUDFWVRIWKHVHOHFWHGSDSHUVZH HOLPLQDWHGWKRVHZKLFKGLGQRWDGGUHVVNQRZOHGJHEDVHRUUHDVRQLQJRUZHEEDVHG WHFKQRORJLHVLQUHODWLRQWRGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWDQGVHUYLFHV\VWHPV:HDOVRGLGD FXUVRU\UHDGLQJRIWKHDUWLFOHVWKDWZHUHHOLPLQDWHGWREHVXUHWKDWWKH\ZHUHRXWRI VFRSHRIRXUOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ  :HDGGHGDQXPEHURISDSHUVWKDWZHUHQRWLQFOXGHGLQ,6,VHDUFKUHVXOWVIURPWKUHH ZHOONQRZQMRXUQDOVLQ'66DUHDInternational Journal of Decision Support Systems

TechnologyJournal of Decision SystemsDQGInternational Journal of Information and Decision Science

 :HFRPSOHPHQWHGRXUVHOHFWLRQE\DGGLQJWKUHHERRNVZLGHO\FLWHGLQ'66ILHOG 7KHILQDOVHOHFWLRQLQFOXGHVUHIHUHQFHVDVDQDO\VHGLQWKLVOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ

 6XUYH\RQWHFKQRORJLHV

,QRUGHUWRDQDO\VHWKHVHVSDSHUVZHGHILQHVHYHUDOFULWHULD:HILUVWO\GLVWLQJXLVKWKUHH FULWHULD EDVHG RQ WKH XVHG WHFKQRORJLHV ZKLFK DUH WKH XVHG WHFKQRORJ\ IRU NQRZOHGJH PRGHOOLQJ DQG WKHQ XVHG WHFKQRORJLHV IRU UHDVRQLQJ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DQG ILQDOO\ ZHEEDVHGWHFKQRORJLHV

3.1 Technologies for knowledge modelling

:H ILUVWO\ PXVW GLVWLQJXLVK WKH WHFKQRORJLHV XVHG IRU NQRZOHGJH PRGHOOLQJ :H GLVWLQJXLVK WZR NLQGV RI NQRZOHGJH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV clustering DQG ontology %\ NQRZOHGJHZHLQFOXGHDOOWKHrequired facts for reasoning and producing results

7KH FOXVWHULQJ WHFKQLTXHV FRQVLVW LQ GLYLGLQJ WKH NQRZOHGJH LQ GLIIHUHQW FODVVHV RU NQRZOHGJHFODVVLILFDWLRQ6LPLODUUXOHVDUHUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHVDPHFOXVWHUDQGGLVWLQFW FOXVWHUV RI UXOHV DUH IRUPHG XVLQJ UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV 6HYHUDO SDSHUV XVH WKLV NLQG RI WHFKQLTXHV $UPHQJRO:DNXOLF]'HMDHWDO<DQJHWDO3RPERHWDO *KUDEHWDO 7KHVHDXWKRUVDVVXPHWKDWWLPHLVJDLQLQJZKHQGHDOLQJZLWK ODUJHNQRZOHGJHEDVH

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

E EXLOGLQJIX]]\UXOHVLQWRRQWRORJ\

7KH WZR PDLQ NQRZOHGJH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV FRQVLVW LQ FOXVWHULQJ DQG RQWRORJLHV 1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHFRQVLGHUHGNQRZOHGJHFDQGLYLGHWKUHHNLQGVRUOHYHOV

(7)

D contextual knowledge E content knowledge F unstructured knowledge

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

:DQJDQG&KHXQJ  SURSRVHGWRGHYHORSDPRGHOIRUXQVWUXFWXUHGNQRZOHGJH EDVHG RQ QDUUDWLYHV GRFXPHQWV IRU ZKLFK NQRZOHGJH UHVLGHG LQ FOLHQW¶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

0RGHOOLQJ WKURXJK WHFKQRORJLHV FRPLQJ IURP NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW GRPDLQ LV DOZD\VDJRRGZD\WRGHYHORSNQRZOHGJHEDVHG'667LPPRQV  2GXR]D   DQG=LHOLQVNLHWDO  XVHNQRZOHGJHDFTXLVLWLRQRUFDSWXUHWUDQVODWLRQDQGVKDULQJ DSSURDFK=LPPHUPDQQHWDO  GHYHORSDQDSSURDFKEDVHGRQNQRZOHGJHFDSWXUH IURP H[SHULHQFH DQG OHVVRQV OHDUQW %RXVVHED   GHYHORS D NQRZOHGJH WUDQVIHU PHWKRGRORJ\-RKDQVVRQHWDO  SURSRVHDPHWKRGRORJ\IRUGLIIHUHQWLDWHNQRZOHGJH PDWXULW\GXULQJSURGXFWVHUYLFHV\VWHPVSURMHFWVLQWKHDHURVSDFHVHFWRU)LQDOO\'DYL HWDO  GHYHORSDIUDPHZRUNIRUNQRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQWLQWKHKHDOWKFDUHGRPDLQ $QRWKHUGLIIHUHQWZD\WRPRGHONQRZOHGJHIRUGHFLVLRQPDNLQJLVWREXLOGDPRGHORI VHYHUDOLQGLFDWRUV7KLVDSSURDFKKDVEHHQLPSOHPHQWHGWKURXJKD'66IRULQIRUPDWLRQ VHUYLFHVE\3RSSRDQG=HQJHU  $GLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKLVGHYHORSHGIRUNQRZOHGJH PRGHOOLQJ WKDQNV WRQHWZRUNLQJ E\$ONKXUDLML HW DO  ,QGHSHQGHQWO\ RI DOO WKHVH GHYHORSHG WHFKQLTXHV LW LV DOVR QHFHVVDU\ WR GHVLJQ PHWKRGRORJLHV IRU NQRZOHGJH PRGHOOLQJ2QHPHWKRGRORJ\DSSOLHGWRTXDOLW\PDQDJHPHQWLVSURSRVHGE\3\RQHWDO  $OOWKHVHPRGHOOLQJWHFKQRORJLHVDUHWKHQXVHGE\LQIHUHQFHHQJLQHLQRUGHUWR SURGXFH QHZ SLHFH RI NQRZOHGJH RU VROXWLRQV WR D SUREOHP :H SURSRVH LQ WKH QH[W VHFWLRQDFODVVLILFDWLRQRIUHDVRQLQJRULQIHUHQFHWHFKQRORJ\EDVHGRQWKHVDPHSDSHUV

(8)



     

3.2 Technologies for reasoning

:H GLVWLQJXLVK ILYH UHDVRQLQJ RU LQIHUHQFH WHFKQRORJLHV UXOHEDVHG UHDVRQLQJ RBR 

CBR QDUUDWLYHEDVHG UHDVRQLQJ NBR  RQWRORJ\EDVHG UHDVRQLQJ OBR  JHQHWLF

DOJRULWKPV GA  RSWLPLVDWLRQ Opti  DQG VLPXODWLRQ Simu  WHFKQRORJLHV DQG ILQDOO\ PLQLQJDSSURDFKHV Min 

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

:DQJ DQG &KHXQJ   SURSRVH D 1%5 .%'66 7KLV V\VWHP GHDOV ZLWK XQVWUXFWXUHG QDUUDWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQ 7KH REMHFWLYH LV WR VKDUH H[SHULHQFH DQG OHVVRQV OHDUQHG IRU GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ WKURXJK VWRULHV DQG QDUUDWLYHV )RU WKLV V\VWHP DQ 1%5 DOJRULWKPFRPSULVHVWKUHHNH\PRGXOHVNH\FRQFHSWH[WUDFWLRQVLPLODULW\DQDO\VLVDQG DVVRFLDWLRQ DQDO\VLV )RU WKLV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ WKH DXWKRU SURSRVHV DV IXWXUH ZRUN WR PHDVXUH WKH VLPLODULW\ DPRQJ WKH NH\ FRQFHSWV LQ RUGHU WR KDYH D PRUH SUHFLVH GHWHUPLQDWLRQRQWKHVLPLODULW\DQDO\VLVDQGDVVRFLDWLRQDQDO\VLV

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

+XDQJ HW DO   SURSRVHV D .%'66 EDVHG RQ *$ +H LPSOHPHQWHG D FRHYROXWLRQDU\*$IRUGHWHFWLQJJDPPDUD\VLJQDOVILYHOD\HUKLHUDUFK\±LQSXWOD\HU FRQGLWLRQOD\HUUXOHOD\HUFRQVHTXHQFHOD\HURXWSXWOD\HUDUHGLVWLQJXLVKHG

,QGHSHQGHQW RI WKH XVHG LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV .%'66 DUH GHYHORSHG IRU VHYHUDO NLQGV RI DSSOLFDWLRQ GRPDLQV 7KHVHV DSSOLFDWLRQ GRPDLQV DUH GHVFULEHG LQ WKH IROORZLQJVHFWLRQ'DUPRXODQG(ONRVDQL  GHYHORSDQDUWLILFLDOLPPXQHV\VWHPWR FRQWUROGLVWXUEDQFHVLQSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ6HYHUDODXWKRUVXVHWHFKQLTXHVIURPPLQLQJ DSSURDFKLQRUGHUWRVXSSRUWUHDVRQLQJLQ.%'66 Min 7KHVHPLQLQJWHFKQLTXHVDUH GHYHORSHGE\$ELGL  DQG/LXHWDO  

(9)

$QRWKHU SRLQW WKDW PXVW EH PHQWLRQHG LV WKDW VRPH .%'66 DUH EDVHG RQ FODVVLFDO UHDVRQLQJDSSURDFKOLNHIRUH[DPSOHRSWLPLVDWLRQDQGVLPXODWLRQWHFKQRORJLHV OptiDQG

Simu  'HYDGDVDQ HW DO   DQG &KHXQJ HW DO   XVH D PXOWLREMHFWLYH

RSWLPLVDWLRQDSSURDFKUHVSHFWLYHO\LQWKHILUVWVWXG\DQGDVLQJOHREMHFWLYHRSWLPLVDWLRQ WHFKQLTXHUHVSHFWLYHO\LQWKHVHFRQGVWXG\LQRUGHUHODERUDWHFROODERUDWLYHSODQQLQJ,Q WKH VDPH DSSOLFDWLRQ GRPDLQ QHWZRUN SODQQLQJ FRPLQJ IURP RSWLPLVDWLRQ VWXGLHV VHQVLWLYHDQDO\VLVLVDQLQWHUHVWLQJDSSURDFKWRGHYHORSLQGLFDWRUVIRUPHGLFDOGLDJQRVLV 5RGUtJXH]*RQ]iOH]HWDO 

1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHGHVLJQRI.%'66LQYROYHVPRUHWHFKQRORJLHVIURPQHZWUHQGVRI LQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQOLNH:HE:HERUFORXGFRPSXWLQJ

3.3 New trends: web-based technologies

$V GHVFULEHG E\ $QWXQHV HW DO   ³:HE  LV NQRZQ DV DQ HDUO\ VWDJH RI WKH FRQFHSWXDOHYROXWLRQRIWKH:RUOG:LGH:HEZKHUHXVHUVVLPSO\DFWHGDVSXEOLVKHUVDQG FRQVXPHUVRIFRQWHQWDVZHESDJHLQIRUPDWLRQZDVFORVHGWRH[WHUQDOHGLWLQJ5DWKHUWKDQ DVSHFLILFWHFKQRORJ\XSGDWHRUVSHFLILFDWLRQ:HEFRUHZDVDWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLQWKH ZD\ ZHE SDJHV ZHUH PDGH DQG XVHG DGGLQJ D PXOWLWXGH RI XVHUV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU DOO LQIRUPDWLRQPDQDJHPHQWDFWLYLWLHV´

$WWKHVDPHWLPHLQWKH:HEWKHPDLQLPSURYHPHQWFRQVLVWVLQWKHGHYHORSPHQW RI FROODERUDWLYH WRROV WR VXSSRUW JURXS DFWLYLWLHV OLNH IRU H[DPSOH GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ SURFHVVHV =DUDWp 7KHVHVFROODERUDWLYHIXQFWLRQDOLWLHVDUHJHQHUDOO\LPSOHPHQWHG WKURXJKZHEVHUYLFHV

7KH WHUP VHPDQWLF ZHE %HUQHUV/HH HW DO   FRQVLGHUHG E\ PDQ\ DV DQ HYROXWLRQRI:HE±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tQH]*DUFt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

(10)

     

 6XUYH\RQ.%'66DSSOLFDWLRQLQVHUYLFHV\VWHPV

%DVHGRQWKHSDSHUVUHYLHZHGWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKH.%'66LQVHUYLFHV\VWHPVFDQEH FODVVLILHG LQWR ILYH PDLQ DUHDV KHDOWKFDUH VHUYLFH SXEOLF VHUYLFH ,7 VHUYLFH FXVWRPHU VHUYLFHDQGRWKHUV7KHDSSOLFDWLRQVLQKHDOWKFDUHVHUYLFHDUHSUHGRPLQDQW

4.1 KBDSS to support healthcare service

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x &OLQLFDOGLDJQRVLVWRLPSURYHWKHDFFXUDF\RIDQDO\VLVRIFRQGLWLRQVDQGDGDSWLRQRI HYLGHQFHEDVHGVWDQGDUGLQWHUYHQWLRQSODQVWRWKHFRQGLWLRQV $UPHQJRO 0HGORFNHWDO&HVDULRDQG(VSRVLWR0LQXWRORHWDO5LDQRHWDO 6FKLSSHUHWDO  x &OLQLFDOSDWKZD\VWRVWDQGDUGLVHPHGLFDODFWLYLWLHVDQGWKHUHE\LPSURYHKHDOWKFDUH TXDOLW\ <DQJHWDO VXFKDVWKURXJKWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRIZRUNIORZFRQWUROLQWR FOLQLFDOJXLGHOLQHV /HHHWDO  x &OLQLFDOULVNDVVHVVPHQWWRKHOSUHGXFHPHGLFDOHUURUVDQGSDWLHQWVDIHW\LQFLGHQWV DQGWKXVUHGXFHWKHKHDOWKFDUHVHUYLFHFRVWVFDXVHGE\SDWLHQWVDIHW\LQFLGHQWV .RQJ HWDO  x 0HGLFDWLRQUHYLHZWRLPSURYHPHGLFDWLRQXVDJHOHDGLQJWRUHGXFWLRQVLQ GUXJUHODWHGSUREOHPVDQGSRWHQWLDOO\VDYLQJVRQKHDOWKFDUHV\VWHPFRVWV %LQGRII HWDO&RODQWRQLRHWDO DQGWRHYDOXDWHWKHKHDOWKFDUHV\VWHPVIRUWKH IXWXUHSROLF\GHYHORSPHQW =LHOLQVNLHWDO  x 3UHYHQWLYHFDUHXVLQJFORXGEDVHGNQRZOHGJHEDVHZLWKOHVVRQVOHDUQW 'L[RQHWDO   x +RPHFDUHDVVLVWDQFHWRVXSSRUWWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIFRPSOH[GLVWULEXWHGKHDOWKFDUH V\VWHPV 9DOOVHWDO  x 0HQWDOKHDOWKFDUHIRURIIHULQJWLPHO\DQGTXDOLW\VHUYLFHVVRDVWRPDLQWDLQWKH KHDOWKRIWKHFRPPXQLW\ :DQJDQG&KHXQJ  x 0XOWLPRUELGLW\SDWLHQWVFDUHVXSSRUWHGE\FRQVHQVXVGHFLVLRQVDPRQJDODUJH QXPEHURIKHDOWKFDUHSURIHVVLRQDO 0DUWtQH]*DUFtDHWDO  x )LQDOO\LWLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWDJXHVWHGLWRULDOSURYLGHVDJRRGRYHUYLHZRI.%'66 DSSOLFDWLRQWRKHDOWKVFLHQFHV %LFKLQGDULW]DQG0RQWDQL 0RUHUHFHQWO\ 3RPERHWDO  SURYLGHGDV\VWHPDWLFUHYLHZRQSDLQPDQDJHPHQWXVLQJ .%'66WRDOORZREWDLQLQJNQRZOHGJHIURPFOLQLFDOGDWDSURGXFHGE\ERWK KHDOWKFDUHSURIHVVLRQDOVDQGSDWLHQWV

(11)

4.2 KBDSS to support public service

$VHFRQGPDLQGRPDLQWKDWNQRZOHGJHEDVHGVHUYLFHV\VWHPVKDYHEHHQZLGHO\H[SORUHG LV SXEOLF VHUYLFH LQFOXGLQJ HJRYHUQPHQW WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ HGXFDWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLW\ VDIHW\,QUHFHQW\HDUVHJRYHUQPHQWLVDSRSXODUWHUPDGRSWHGWRLQGLFDWHWKHXVHRI,&7 WHFKQRORJLHVIRUJRYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHVWRLPSURYHERWKWKHUDQJHDQGTXDOLW\RIVHUYLFHV WR FLWL]HQV HVSHFLDOO\ E\ HQDEOLQJ WKH LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ FLWL]HQV DQG JRYHUQPHQW DJHQFLHV 7RGD\¶V HJRYHUQPHQW KDV EHFRPH PRUH FRPSOH[ DQG GLVWULEXWHG WKDQ HYHU .%'66KDVSOD\HGDNH\UROHLQKHOSLQJJRYHUQPHQWDOGHFLVLRQPDNHUVWRGHYHORSDQG DFWLYDWHQHZVHUYLFHVWKDWFDQWDLORUPRUHFLWL]HQV¶QHHGVDQGUHTXLUHPHQWVE\KDQGOLQJ PRUHJRYHUQPHQWDJHQFLHVDQGDJUHDWQXPEHURIFLWL]HQVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\ 'H0HRHWDO   )XUWKHUPRUH $SRVWRORX HW DO   LQYHVWLJDWHG WKH .%'66 FRQWULEXWLRQ WR HJRYHUQPHQW VHUYLFHVLQDFRQWLQXRXVO\FKDQJLQJHQYLURQPHQWWKDW PD\EHFDXVHGE\ FKDQJLQJFLWL]HQV¶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

4.3 KBDSS to support IT service

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

(12)



     

([LVWLQJ UHVHDUFK VHHP WR DJUHH WKDW LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR FDSWXUH DQG VKDUH NQRZOHGJH UHSUHVHQWHG E\ SUDFWLFDO H[SHULHQFH JDLQHG DQG OHVVRQV OHDUQW =LPPHUPDQQ¶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¶V RSLQLRQV 6DPSDLRHWDO 7KHVWXG\IRXQGWKDWWKHVHUYLFHV\VWHPLVHIIHFWLYHLQLPSURYLQJ LWVUHVLOLHQFHWRXVHU¶VFROOXVLYHDQGLQFRKHUHQWEHKDYLRXUV

4.4 KBDSS to support customer service

,QWKHVHUYLFHLQGXVWU\FXVWRPHUVDUHLQWKHFHQWHURIWKHVHUYLFHFUHDWLRQDQGGHOLYHU\ SURFHVV%HFDXVHRIWKHKLJKLPSRUWDQFHRIFXVWRPHU¶VSUHVHQFHIRUWKHYDOXHFRFUHDWLRQ FXVWRPHUVKDYHKLJKYLVLELOLW\RIWKHVHUYLFHTXDOLW\DQGGHSHQGDELOLW\KHQFHZLWKORZ WROHUDQFH WR SRRU VHUYLFH IOH[LELOLW\ RU VHUYLFH GHOD\ 9DUJR HW DO  -HRQ HW DO  ,PSURYLQJFXVWRPHUVHUYLFHQDWXUDOO\DWWUDFWVPDQ\.%'66UHVHDUFKHUV¶LQWHUHVWV VWXG\LQJ IURP VHUYLFH SODQQLQJ WR TXDOLW\ FRQWURO IURP FXVWRPHU LQTXLU\ VHUYLFH WR DIWHUVDOH VHUYLFH ,Q WKH FXUUHQW HVHUYLFH HUD .%'66 XVLQJ FROODERUDWLYH LQWHOOLJHQFH KDVSURYHQHIIHFWLYHLQVXSSRUWILQGLQJWKHEHVWFROODERUDWRUVGXULQJWKHIRUPDWLRQDQG IXQFWLRQLQJ VWDJHV RI FROODERUDWLYH QHWZRUNV 'HYDGDVDQ HW DO   $OVR IURP WKH QHWZRUN VHUYLFH SODQQLQJ SHUVSHFWLYH &KHXQJ¶V ZRUN DGGUHVVHG WKH LVVXH RI KRZ WR VXSSRUW FKDQJHV LQ ORJLVWLFV VHUYLFHV DQG VKLIWLQJ FXVWRPHU¶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¶ DZDUHQHVV RI WKH NQRZOHGJHEDVH DQG VXSSRUWV FURVVERXQGDU\ GLVFXVVLRQV RQ WKH UHFHLYHG PDWXULW\ RI

(13)

DYDLODEOH NQRZOHGJH WKHUHE\ LGHQWLI\LQJ DQG PLWLJDWLQJ OLPLWDWLRQV -RKDQVVRQ HW DO  

4.5 Others

6RPHRWKHUDSSOLFDWLRQVRINQRZOHGJHEDVHGVHUYLFHV\VWHPVDUHVFDWWHUHGDURXQGYDULRXV LQWHUHVWLQJGRPDLQVIRUH[DPSOHLQGHWHFWLQJJDPPDUD\VLJQDOVLQWKHXQLYHUVH +XDQJ HW DO   URDG VDIHW\ ZLWK WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ WR FDU GULYLQJ %UH]LOORQ HW DO   FRQVXOWDQF\ VHUYLFH LQ PXOWLQDWLRQDO FRUSRUDWLRQV FRQWH[W %RXVVHED HW DO   ODQGXVHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJXQGHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRISD\PHQWVIRUHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHV 6XQ DQG 0OOHU   DQG ZDVWH ZDWHU PDQDJHPHQW &RUWHV HW DO  $XOLQDV HW DO  

 5HODWLRQVKLSVDPRQJDSSOLFDWLRQGRPDLQVDQGXVHGWHFKQRORJLHV

7KHSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQVORRNHGDWWKHXVHGWHFKQRORJLHVLQ.%'66DQGWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQ GRPDLQVVHSDUDWHO\7KLVVHFWLRQSUHVHQWVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWWHFKQRORJLHV DQG WKDW EHWZHHQ WKH WHFKQRORJLHV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ GRPDLQV 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV RQ GHYHORSLQJIXWXUH.%'66DUHVXEVHTXHQWO\SURYLGHG

5.1 Relationships

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

(14)

       )LJXUH 7KUHHW\SHVRIUHODWLRQVKLSVDPRQJWHFKQRORJLHVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQV VHHRQOLQHYHUVLRQ IRUFRORXUV   7HFKQRORJLHVIRU .QRZOHGJHPRGHOOLQJ &OXVWHULQJ 2QWRORJ\ .QRZOHGJHW\SHVXQGHUSLQQHG  &RQWH[WXDONQRZOHGJH  &RQWHQWNQRZOHGJH  8QVWUXFWXUHGNQRZOHGJH  6WUXFWXUHGNQRZOHGJH 7HFKQRORJLHVIRU UHDVRQLQJLQIHUHQFH 5XOHEDVHG

UHDVRQLQJ &DVHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJ 1DUUDWLYH EDVHG UHDVRQLQJ 2QWRORJ\ EDVHG UHDVRQLQJ 6HUYLFHDSSOLFDWLRQGRPDLQV +HDOWKFDUH VHUYLFH 3XEOLF

VHUYLFH ,7VHUYLFH 2WKHUV

&OLQLF GLDJQRVLV 0DQDJHPHQW WUHDWPHQW )ROORZXS &XVWRPHU VHUYLFH :HEEDVHGWHFKQRORJLHV :HE 6HPDQWLF :HE 6RFLDOQHWZRUNV &ORXGFRPSXWLQJ 2WKHUV  )LJXUH (ODERUDWLRQRQOLQNVEHWZHHQWHFKQRORJLHVDQGVHUYLFHDSSOLFDWLRQGRPDLQV VHHRQOLQH YHUVLRQIRUFRORXUV  

7KH GHWDLOV RI WKH DERYH H[WHUQDO OLQNV LH W\SH  DQG W\SH   DUH VXPPDULVHG DQG IXUWKHU HODERUDWHG PRUH FOHDUO\ LQ )LJXUH  )RU FODULI\ SXUSRVH WKLV ILJXUH GRHV QRW LQFOXGHLQWHUQDOOLQNV LHW\SHOLQNV ,QWKLV)LJXUHDVWDUVLJQUHSUHVHQWVDQH[SOLFLW OLQNIRXQGEHWZHHQWZRW\SHVRIWHFKQRORJLHV NQRZOHGJHPRGHOOLQJDQGUHDVRQLQJ DV ZHOODVZLWKDSSOLFDWLRQGRPDLQV KHDOWKFDUHSXEOLFVHUYLFHV,7VHUYLFHVDQGFXVWRPHU

(15)

VHUYLFHV LQWKHOLWHUDWXUH,IWKH.%'66LVEXLOWXSRQWKHWKLUGW\SHRIWHFKQRORJLHVLH ZHEEDVHG WHFKQRORJLHV VXFK DV :HE  VHPDQWLF ZHE FORXG FRPSXWLQJ RU VRFLDO QHWZRUNV WKHQWKHVWDUVLJQLVVXUURXQGHGE\DJOREHLQWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ$VFDQEH VHHQIURPWKH)LJXUHWKHVWDUVFRQFHQWUDWHLQVRPHVSHFLILFDUHDVEXWDUHVFDUFHLQRWKHU DUHDV 7KH IROORZLQJ REVHUYDWLRQV KDYH EHHQ PDGH )LUVWO\ LQ WHUPV RI NQRZOHGJH UHDVRQLQJ5%5VHHPVWRKDYHFRQQHFWLRQVWRDOONQRZOHGJHPRGHOOLQJWHFKQRORJLHVDQG DSSOLFDWLRQGRPDLQVIROORZHGE\&%5VOLJKWO\EHKLQG*$LVWKHOHDVWXVHG RQO\KDVD OLQNWRFXVWRPHUVHUYLFHGRPDLQ EDVHGRQWKHOLWHUDWXUHLQFOXGHGLQWKLVUHYLHZSDSHU 6HFRQGO\LQWHUPVRINQRZOHGJHPRGHOOLQJWHFKQRORJLHVERWKFOXVWHULQJNQRZOHGJHDQG RQWRORJ\WHFKQRORJ\KDYHVWURQJOLQNVWRPRVWRIWKHVHUYLFHDSSOLFDWLRQGRPDLQV7KH ODVWREVHUYDWLRQLVWKDWPDMRULW\RIWKHOLQNVDUHZHEEDVHGZKLFKPHDQVWKDWFXUUHQWO\ VHUYLFH V\VWHPV KDYH DOUHDG\ WDNHQ DGYDQWDJH RI WKH WHFKQRORJLHV WR LPSURYH VHUYLFH PRELOLW\ DQG IOH[LELOLW\ HVSHFLDOO\ ZHE WHFKQRORJ\EDVHG VHUYLFH V\VWHPV FDQ SURYLGH XQSUHFHGHQWHG FRQYHQLHQFH WR XVHUV HLWKHU JHQHUDO SXEOLF RU EXVLQHVV FXVWRPHUV .HHQDQ 

5.2 Recommendations

%DVHGRQWKHH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKH.%'66WHFKQRORJLHVDQGDSSOLFDWLRQGRPDLQVFHUWDLQ FKDOOHQJHV DQG WUHQGV KDYH EHHQ REVHUYHG IRU IXWXUH UHVHDUFK GLUHFWLRQV IURP WZR SHUVSHFWLYHV .%'66 GHYHORSPHQW LQ JHQHUDO DQG LQ SDUWLFXODU WR VXSSRUW VHUYLFH GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ

5.2.1 Challenges and recommendations for future KBDSS development in general x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x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

(16)

       WKHVSHHGDFFXUDF\KDVEHHQDQLPSRUWDQWLVVXHWRPRVWUHDVRQLQJWHFKQRORJLHV )XWXUHUHVHDUFKVKRXOGVSHQGPRUHHIIRUWLQYHULI\LQJNQRZOHGJH =DUDWp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

5.2.2 Recommendations for the development of KBDSS in service decision-making

%HFDXVHRIWKHIDFWWKDWVHUYLFHLQGXVWU\DLPVWREHVWVHUYHDQGKHOSSXEOLFFRPPXQLW\ DQG WDUJHW FXVWRPHU JURXSVGHFLVLRQ PDNHUVQHHG WR DOORZ VHUYLFH XVHUV¶SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQGWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWVHUYLFHXVHUV¶QHHGVUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGWKHLUSUHIHUHQFHVLQVHUYLFH GHFLVLRQPDNLQJFRQWH[WVXEVHTXHQWO\VHUYLFHV\VWHPVQHHGWRHPSKDVLVHERWKWKHXVHRI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG FROODERUDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV GHFLVLRQ PRGHOV =DUDWp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¶V DELOLWLHV SURIHVVLRQDO NQDFN WUDGH VHFUHWV URXWLQHV ± XQZULWWHQ UXOHV RI LQGLYLGXDO DQG FROOHFWLYH EHKDYLRXU SDWWHUQV  DUH DYDLODEOHDURXQGEXWWKHFRQWH[WXDONQRZOHGJHLVQRWZHOOGHILQHGLWZRXOGFDXVHJUHDW FRJQLWLYH EXUGHQ WR GHFLVLRQ PDNHUV *UXQGVWHLQ HW DO   7R DGGUHVV WKH DERYH LVVXHVH[LVWLQJUHVHDUFKKDVLQYHVWLJDWHGDQGSURSRVHGVROXWLRQVWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI LQWHUDFWLYHOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQWWRHQFRXUDJHNQRZOHGJHWUDQVIHUDFURVVGLVFLSOLQHVXVH RIRYHUODSSLQJWHDPVDQGMRLQWOHDUQLQJ)XUWKHUUHVHDUFKLVQHHGHGWRGHYHORSW\SRORJLHV WKDWFDQIDFLOLWDWHPRUHHIIHFWLYHVKDULQJRIWDFLWNQRZOHGJHE\LQWHJUDWLQJFRUHHOHPHQWV LQFOXGLQJ WUXVW DQG FDUH OHDGHUVKLS FKDULVPD NQRZOHGJH FXOWXUH FRQFHSW DQG VRFLDO QHWZRUN DQDO\VLV 6KDTUDK   %\ GHYHORSLQJ WKH W\SRORJ\ DQG DGRSWLQJ LW LQWR NQRZOHGJHEDVHG VHUYLFH V\VWHPV WKH ULJKW FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG FROODERUDWLRQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUHZLOOEHSURYLGHGWRVXSSRUWNQRZOHGJHIORZLQVHUYLFHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ6R IDU WKHUH LV YHU\ OLWWOH UHVHDUFK SXEOLVKHG WR DGGUHVV WKH NQRZOHGJH PRGHOOLQJ DQG UHDVRQLQJ PHFKDQLVPV WKDW DUH SDUWLFXODUO\ VXLWHG WR IRVWHU FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG FROODERUDWLRQWRVXSSRUWSDUWLFLSDQWRULHQWHGVHUYLFHGHFLVLRQPDNLQJHYHQWKRXJKVRPH

(17)

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

7KHUH LV QR GRXEW WKDW ZHE WHFKQRORJLHV KDYH DOUHDG\ PDGH DQ LPSDFW RQ VHUYLFH V\VWHPV±HQDEOLQJWKHPRYHPHQWWRZDUGVHVHUYLFHVLQUHFHQW\HDUV /LXHWDO  $ORQJZLWKWKHIDVWSDFHRIVHPDQWLFZHEFORXGFRPSXWLQJDQGVRFLDOQHWZRUNVPRYLQJ IRUZDUG.%'66RULJLQDOO\GHYHORSHGIRURIIOLQHRUORFDOXVHZLOOKDYHJUHDWFKDOOHQJH IURPPLJUDWLQJWRQHZRSHQVHUYLFHSODWIRUPVLQRUGHUWRWDNHWKHIXOODGYDQWDJHRIWKH ZHEWHFKQRORJLHV 0DUWtQH]*DUFtDHWDO 6RPHRIWKHPRVWRIWHQPHQWLRQHGVLGH LVVXHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHZHEEDVHGVHUYLFHV\VWHPV QRPDWWHUZKDWW\SHVRINQRZOHGJH PRGHOOLQJDQGUHDVRQLQJWHFKQRORJLHVWKH\DUHEDVHGRQ LQFOXGHSXEOLFFRPPXQLW\DQG FXVWRPHUV¶SULYDF\DQGVDIHW\ZKLFKVKRXOGEHDFRQWLQXRXVLQWHUHVWRIPDQ\.%'66 UHVHDUFKHUV =DUDWp   /LPLWDWLRQVDQGFRQFOXVLRQV

7KLV UHYLHZ SDSHU IRFXVHV RQ WKH UHFHQW GHYHORSPHQW RQ UHOHYDQW WHFKQRORJLHV DQG VHUYLFHDSSOLFDWLRQGRPDLQVRINQRZOHGJHEDVHGGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHPV .%'66 ,W FRPSOHPHQWVDQXPEHURIUHFHQWVXUYH\SDSHUVLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHZKLFKZHUHIRFXVHGRQ VSHFLILFUHODWHGDUHDVVXFKDVWKHLQWHJUDWLRQRINQRZOHGJHEDVHGV\VWHPVDQG'66 /LX HWDO RQWRORJ\HQJLQHHULQJ (DVWRQHWDO FRQWH[WXDONQRZOHGJHLQPHGLFDO &%5 V\VWHPV 0RQWDQL   DQG VHUYLFH VFLHQFH DQG LQQRYDWLRQ 3DWRQ DQG 0F/DXJKOLQ   +RZHYHU WKLV SDSHU EULQJV WRJHWKHU NQRZOHGJH PRGHOOLQJ

(18)

      VHUYLFH E\ HOLFLWLQJ WKH OLQNV DFURVV GLIIHUHQW WHFKQRORJLHV DQG DSSOLFDWLRQ GRPDLQV

7KHUHIRUH WKLV SDSHU H[WHQGV WKH UHYLHZ WR D PXFK EURDGHU SLFWXUH DQG SURYLGHV D V\QHUJLVWLF YLHZ RI .%'66 ZLWK PRUH FRPSOH[ FRPSRVLWLRQ IRU VHUYLFH V\VWHPV 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFKDUHSURYLGHGIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIIXWXUH.%'66 LQ JHQHUDO DQG LQ SDUWLFXODU WR VXSSRUW FDVHV RI VHUYLFH GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ 1HYHUWKHOHVV RQHOLPLWDWLRQRIWKLVZRUNLVWKDWWKLVVWXG\LVZLWKµ,6,ZHERIVFLHQFH¶DQGLWDOORZVWRD FRPSUHKHQVLYH DQDO\VLV ,Q RUGHU WR SURSRVH D V\VWHPDWLF DQDO\VLV DQ DOWHUQDWLYH DSSURDFKZRXOGEHWRLQWHJUDWHDQDQDO\VLVZLWK*RRJOH

5HIHUHQFHV

$ELGL665  µ.QRZOHGJHPDQDJHPHQWLQKHDOWKFDUHWRZDUGVµNQRZOHGJHGULYHQ¶GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUWVHUYLFHV¶International Journal of Medical Informatics9ROSS±

$FNRII5/  µ0DQDJHPHQWPLVLQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPV¶Management Science9RO1R SS±

$ONKXUDLML $ /LX 6 2GHUDQWL )2 $QQDQVLQJK ) DQG 3DQ -   µ.QRZOHGJH QHWZRUN PRGHOOLQJWRVXSSRUWGHFLVLRQPDNLQJIRUVWUDWHJLFLQWHUYHQWLRQLQ,7SURMHFWRULHQWHGFKDQJH PDQDJHPHQW¶Journal of Decision Systems9RO1RSS±

$QWXQHV ) )UHLUH 0 DQG &RVWD -3   µ6HPDQWLF ZHE WRROV DQG GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ¶ LQ =DUDWp3.HUVWHQ*DQG+HUQDQGH]- (GV Group Decisions and Negotiation, Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing9ROSS±

$SRVWRORX'0HQW]DV*6WRMDQRYLF/7KRHQVVHQ%DQG/RER73  µ$FROODERUDWLYH GHFLVLRQ IUDPHZRUN IRU PDQDJLQJ FKDQJHV LQ HJRYHUQPHQW VHUYLFHV¶ Government Information Quarterly9ROSS±

$UPHQJRO (   µ&ODVVLILFDWLRQ RI PHODQRPDV LQ VLWX XVLQJ NQRZOHGJH GLVFRYHU\ ZLWK H[SODLQHGFDVHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJ¶Artificial Intelligence in Medicine9ROSS± $XOLQDV01LHYHV-&&RUWHV8DQG3RFK0  µ6XSSRUWLQJGHFLVLRQPDNLQJLQXUEDQ

ZDVWHZDWHU V\VWHPV XVLQJ D NQRZOHGJHEDVHG DSSURDFK¶ Environmental Modelling and Software9ROSS±

%HUQHUV/HH7+HQGOHU-DQG/DVVLOD2  µ7KHVHPDQWLFZHE¶Scientific American %LFKLQGDULW] , DQG 0RQWDQL 6   µ$GYDQFHV LQ FDVHEDVHG UHDVRQLQJ LQ KHDOWK VFLHQFHV¶

Artificial Intelligence in Medicine9ROSS±

%LQGRII , 6WDQIIRUG $ 3HWHUVRQ * .DQJ %+ DQG 7HQQL 3   µ7KH SRWHQWLDO IRU LQWHOOLJHQW GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHPV WR LPSURYH WKH TXDOLW\ DQG FRQVLVWHQF\ IRU PHGLFDWLRQ UHYLHZ¶Journal of Pharmacy and Therapeutics9ROSS±

%RXVVHED06WXUG\$DQG0RUJDQ*  µ/HDUQLQJIURPWKHZRUOG"+RUL]RQWDONQRZOHGJH IORZVDQGJHRSROLWLFVLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQVXOWLQJILUPV¶The International Journal of Human Resource Management9RO1RSS±

%UH]LOORQ 3 %UH]LOORQ - DQG 3RPHURO -&   µ&RQWH[WEDVHG PHWKRGRORJ\ IRU GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQ WR FDU GULYLQJ¶ International Journal of Decision Support Systems Technology9RO1RSS±

&HVDULR ( DQG (VSRVLWR 0   µ$ NQRZOHGJHEDVHG PHWKRG IRU YHULI\LQJ WKH UHOLDELOLW\ RI FOLQLFDO'66V¶Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Signal Image Technology and Internet Based Systems

&KHXQJ : /HXQJ /& DQG 7DP 3&)   µ$Q LQWHOOLJHQW GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHP IRU VHUYLFHQHWZRUNSODQQLQJ¶Decision Support Systems9ROSS±

&RODQWRQLR6(VSRVLWR00DUWLQHOOL0DQG'H3LHWUR*  µ$NQRZOHGJHHGLWLQJVHUYLFH IRU PXOWLVRXUFH GDWD PDQDJHPHQW LQ UHPRWH KHDOWK PRQLWRULQJ¶ IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine9RO1RSS±

(19)

&RUWHV86DQFKH]0DUUH06DQJXHVD5&RPDV-5RGD,53RFK0DQG5LDQR'   µ.QRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW LQ HQYLURQPHQWDO GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHPV¶ AI Communication 9ROSS±

'DUPRXO 6 DQG (ONRVDQWLQL 6   µ$UWLILFLDO LPPXQLW\ WR FRQWURO GLVWXUEDQFHV LQ SXEOLF WUDQVSRUWDWLRQV\VWHPVFRQFHSWVPHFKDQLVPVDQGDSURWRW\SHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIDNQRZOHGJH EDVHGGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHP¶Knowledge-Based Systems9ROSS±

'DYL &&0 6LOYHLUD '6 DQG 1HWR )%/   µ$ IUDPHZRUN XVLQJ FRPSXWDWLRQDO LQWHOOLJHQFH WHFKQLTXHV IRU GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHPV LQ PHGLFLQH¶ IEEE Latin America transactions9RO1R

'H0DLR&)HQ]D**DHWD0DQG2UFLXROL9/  µ$NQRZOHGJHEDVHGIUDPHZRUNIRU HPHUJHQF\'66¶Knowledge-Based Systems9ROSS±

'H0HR34XDWWURQH*DQG8UVLQR'  µ$GHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHPIRUGHVLJQLQJQHZ VHUYLFHVWDLORUHGWRFLWL]HQSURILOHVLQDFRPSOH[DQGGLVWULEXWHGHJRYHUQPHQWVFHQDULR¶Data & Knowledge Engineering9ROSS±

'HOHQ'DQG'HPLUNDQ+  µ'DWDLQIRUPDWLRQDQGDQDO\WLFVDVVHUYLFHV¶Decision Support Systems9ROSS±

'HPLUNDQ + DQG 'HOHQ '   µ/HYHUDJLQJ WKH FDSDELOLWLHV RI VHUYLFHRULHQWHG GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUWV\VWHPVSXWWLQJDQDO\WLFVDQGELJGDWDLQFORXG¶Decision Support Systems9RO SS±

'HYDGDVDQ 3 =KRQJ + DQG 1RI 6<   µ&ROODERUDWLYH LQWHOOLJHQFH LQ NQRZOHGJH EDVHG VHUYLFHSODQQLQJ¶Expert Systems with Applications9ROSS±

'L[RQ %( 6LPRQDLWLV / *ROGEHUJ +6 3DWHUQR 0' 6FKDHIIHU 0 +RQJVHUPHLHU 7 :ULJKW $ DQG %ODFNIRUG 0LGGOHWRQ %   µ$ SLORW VWXG\ RI GLVWULEXWHG NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW DQG FOLQLFDO GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW LQ WKH FORXG¶Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 9ROSS±

(DVWRQ-0'DYLV-5DQG5REHUWV&  µ2QWRORJ\HQJLQHHULQJWKHµZKDW¶V¶µZK\¶V¶DQG µKRZ¶V¶ RI GDWD H[FKDQJH¶ International Journal of Decision Support Systems Technology 9RO1RSS±

*KUDE66DDG,*DUJRXUL)DQG.DVVHO*  µ$GHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHPIRULGHQWLI\LQJ DQG UHSUHVHQWLQJ OLNHO\ FUXFLDO RUJDQL]DWLRQDO NQRZKRZ DQG NQRZLQJ WKDW¶ Journal of Decision Systems9RO1RSS±

*LO5-DQG0DUWLQ%DXWLVWD0-  µ$QRYHOLQWHJUDWHGNQRZOHGJHVXSSRUWV\VWHPEDVHGRQ RQWRORJ\OHDUQLQJPRGHOVSHFLILFDWLRQDQGDFDVHVWXG\¶Knowledge-Based Systems9RO SS±

*UXQGVWHLQ 0 5RVHQWKDO6DEURX[ & DQG 3DFKXVNL $   µ5HLQIRUFLQJ GHFLVLRQ DLG E\ FDSLWDOL]LQJ RQ FRPSDQ\¶V NQRZOHGJH IXWXUH SURVSHFWV¶ European Journal of Operational Research9RO1RSS±

*X';/LDQJ&<%LFKLQGDULW],=XR&5DQG:DQJ-  µ$FDVHEDVHGNQRZOHGJH V\VWHP IRU VDIHW\ HYDOXDWLRQ GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ RI WKHUPDO SRZHU SODQWV¶ Knowledge-Based Systems9ROSS±

+DJKLJKL3'%XUVWHLQ)=DVODYVN\$DQG$UERQ3  µ'HYHORSPHQWDQGHYDOXDWLRQRI RQWRORJ\ IRU LQWHOOLJHQW GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW LQ PHGLFDO HPHUJHQF\ PDQDJHPHQW IRU PDVV JDWKHULQJV¶Decision Support Systems9ROSS±

+XDQJ + 3DVTXLHU 0 DQG 4XHN &   µ'HFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHP EDVHG RQ KLHUDUFKLFDO FRHYROXWLRQDU\IX]]\DSSURDFKDFDVHVWXG\LQGHWHFWLQJJDPPDUD\VLJQDOV¶Expert Systems with Applications9ROSS±

-HRQ 6 .LP 67 DQG /HH '+   µ:HE  EXVLQHVV PRGHOV DQG YDOXH FUHDWLRQ¶ International Journal of Information and Decision Science9RO1RSS±

-LDQJ < DQG 6HLGPDQQ $   µ&DSDFLW\ SODQQLQJ DQG SHUIRUPDQFH FRQWUDFWLQJ IRU VHUYLFH IDFLOLWLHV¶Decision Support Systems9ROSS±

(20)

     

-RKDQVVRQ & +LFNV % DQG /DUVVRQ $&   µ.QRZOHGJH PDWXULW\ DV D PHDQV WR VXSSRUW GHFLVLRQPDNLQJGXULQJSURGXFWVHUYLFHV\VWHPVGHYHORSPHQWSURMHFWVLQWKHDHURVSDFHVHFWRU Project Management Journal9RO1RSS±

.HHQDQ 3%   µ&ORXG FRPSXWLQJ DQG GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHPV WKH FDVH RI VSDWLDO '66¶ International Journal of Information and Decision Science9RO1RSS± .KDUH95DQG&KRXJXOH5  µ'HFLVLRQVXSSRUWIRULPSURYHGVHUYLFHHIIHFWLYHQHVVXVLQJ

GRPDLQDZDUHWH[WPLQLQJ¶Knowledge-Based Systems9ROSS±

.OMDMLü0  µ7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIV\VWHPVPHWKRGRORJLHVIRULQGXVWULDODQGVFLHQWLILFQDWLRQDO ZHDOWK\ DQG GHYHORSPHQW¶ International Journal of Information Technologies and Systems Approach9RO1RSS±

.RQJ * ;X '/ %RG\ 5 <DQJ -% 0DFNZD\-RQHV . DQG &DUOH\ 6   µ$ EHOLHI UXOHEDVHG GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHPV IRU FOLQLFDO ULVN DVVHVVPHQW¶ European Journal of Operational Research9ROSS±

.RR&+RQJ7DQG.LP-  µ$GHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHPIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHRSWLPDOVL]H RI D QHZ H[SUHVVZD\ VHUYLFH DUHD IRFXVHG RQ WKH SURILWDELOLW\¶ Decision Support Systems 9ROSS±

.RXVHWWL&0LOODUG'(DQG+RZDUG<  µ6WXG\RQRQWRORJ\FRQYHUJHQFHLQDVHPDQWLF ZLNL¶Proceedings of the WikiSym 2008 International Symposium on Wikis Porto3RUWXJDO ±6HSWHPEHU

/DVVLOD 2 DQG +HQGOHU -   µ(PEUDFLQJ µ:HE ¶¶ IEEE Internet Computing 9RO  1RSS±

/HH - -DQJ - 6KLP % .LP 67 .LP .LP +< 6RQJ 6 .LP - &KR , DQG .LP <   µ$ ZRUNIORZ EDVHG FOLQLFDO GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHP WKURXJK LQWHJUDWLRQ RI FOLQLFDO ZRUNIORZ DQG NQRZOHGJH SURFHVVLQJ¶ International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control9RO1RSS±

/LQGJUHQ +   µ.QRZOHGJH DUWHIDFWV DV WRROV WR FRPPXQLFDWH DQG GHYHORS NQRZOHGJH LQ FROODERUDWLYH XVHUGULYHQ GHVLJQ¶ Proceedings of Computer-Based Medical Systems Conference±-XQH5RPH,WDO\

/LX '5 &. /HH -< DQG /HH &)   µ.QRZOHGJH PDSV IRU FRPSRVLWH HVHUYLFHV D PLQLQJEDVHG V\VWHP SODWIRUP FRXSOLQJ ZLWK UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV¶ Expert Systems with Applications9ROSS±

/LX6DQG=DUDWp3  µ.QRZOHGJHEDVHGGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHPVDVXUYH\RQWHFKQRORJLHV DQGDSSOLFDWLRQVGRPDLQV¶LQ=DUDWp3.HUVWHQ*DQG+HUQDQGH]- (GV Group Decision and Negotiations, Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing9ROSS± /LX 6 'XII\ $+% :KLWILHOG 5, DQG %R\OH 0%   µ,QWHJUDWLRQ RI GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW

V\VWHPV WR LPSURYH GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW SHUIRUPDQFH¶ Knowledge and Information Systems 9RO1RSS±

/LX60RL]HU-0HJLFNV3.DVWXULUDWQH'DQG-D\DZLFNUDPD8  µ$NQRZOHGJHFKDLQ PDQDJHPHQWIUDPHZRUNIRUJOREDOVXSSO\FKDLQLQWHJUDWLRQGHFLVLRQV¶Production Planning and Control9RO1RSS±

0DUDNDV*0  Decision Support SystemsQG(GLWLRQ3UHQWLFH+DOO

0DUWtQH]*DUFtD$0RUHQR&RQGH$-yGDU6iQFKH])/HDO6DQG3DUUD&  µ6KDULQJ FOLQLFDOGHFLVLRQVIRUPXOWLPRUELGLW\FDVHPDQDJHPHQWXVLQJVRFLDOQHWZRUNDQGRSHQVRXUFH WRROV¶Journal of Biomedical Informatics9ROSS±

0HGORFN62SRQGR'(VODPL6$VNDUL0:LHUHQJD3GH5RRLM6(DQG$EX+DQQD$   µ/(50 ORJLFDO HOHPHQWV UXOH PHWKRG  D PHWKRG IRU DVVHVVLQJ DQG IRUPDOL]LQJ FOLQLFDO UXOHV IRU GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW¶ International Journal of Medical Informatics 9RO  SS±

0LQXWROR$(VSRVLWR0DQG'H3LHWUR*  µ$SDWWHUQEDVHGNQRZOHGJHHGLWLQJV\VWHPIRU EXLOGLQJFOLQLFDOGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHPV¶Knowledge-Based Systems,9ROSS± 0RQWDQL6  µ+RZWRXVHFRQWH[WXDONQRZOHGJHLQPHGLFDOFDVHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJV\VWHPV

(21)

0RUD05DLVLQJKDQL02¶&RQQRU59*RPH]-0DQG*HOPDQ2  µ$QH[WHQVLYH UHYLHZ RI ,7 VHUYLFH GHVLJQ LQ VHYHQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO ,760 SURFHVV IUDPHZRUNV SDUW ¶ International Journal of Information Technology and Systems Approach 9RO  1R  SS±

2GXR]D &.   µ'HFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHP EDVHG RQ HIIHFWLYH NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW IUDPHZRUNWRSURFHVVFXVWRPHURUGHUHQTXLU\¶LQ-DR&6 (G Decision Support Systems S,17(&+&URDWLD

2XDPDQL ) 6DRXG 1%% DQG *Kp]DOD ++%   µ0DQDJHPHQW RI VRFLRFXOWXUDO NQRZOHGJH XVLQJ DQ RQWRORJ\EDVHG VRFLRFXOWXUDO XVHU SURILOH LQ D FRPSXWHUVXSSRUWHG FROODERUDWLYHOHDUQLQJHQYLURQPHQW¶Journal of Decision Systems9RO1RSS± 3DWRQ5$DQG0F/DXJKOLQ6  µ6HUYLFHVLQQRYDWLRQNQRZOHGJHWUDQVIHUDQGWKHVXSSO\

FKDLQ¶European Management Journal9ROSS±

3RPER 1 $UD~MR 3 DQG 9LDQD -   µ.QRZOHGJH GLVFRYHU\ LQ FOLQLFDO GHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHPV IRU SDLQ PDQDJHPHQW D V\VWHPDWLF UHYLHZ¶ Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 9ROSS±

3RSSR / DQG =HQJHU 7   µ7HVWLQJ DOWHUQDWLYH WKHRULHV RI WKH ILUP WUDQVDFWLRQ FRVW NQRZOHGJHEDVHG DQG PHDVXUHPHQW H[SODQDWLRQV IRU PDNHRUEX\ GHFLVLRQV LQ LQIRUPDWLRQ VHUYLFHV¶Strategic Management Journal9ROSS±

3\RQ &8 /HH 0- DQG 3DUN 6&   µ'HFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHP IRU VHUYLFH TXDOLW\ PDQDJHPHQWXVLQJFXVWRPHUNQRZOHGJHLQSXEOLFVHUYLFHRUJDQL]DWLRQ¶Expert Systems with Applications9ROSS±

5LDQR ' 5HDO ) /RSH]9DOOYHUGX -$ &DPSDQD ) (UFRODQL 6 0HFRFFL 3 $QQLFFKLDULFR5DQG&DOWDJLURQH&  µ$QRQWRORJ\EDVHGSHUVRQDOLVDWLRQRIKHDOWKFDUH NQRZOHGJH WR VXSSRUW FOLQLFDO GHFLVLRQV IRU FKURQLFDOO\ LOO SDWLHQWV¶ Journal of Biomedical Informatics9ROSS±

5RGUtJXH]*RQ]iOH]$7RUUHV1LxR-DQG$ORU+HUQDQGH]*  µ,.6LQGH[DNQRZOHGJH

PRGHOGULYHQLQGH[WRHVWLPDWHWKHFDSDELOLW\RIPHGLFDOGLDJQRVLVV\VWHPVWRSURGXFHUHVXOWV¶ Expert Systems with Applications9ROSS±

6DPSDLR/1GH$57HGHVFR3&0RQWHLUR-$6DQG&XQKD35)  µ$NQRZOHGJH DQG FROODERUDWLRQEDVHG &%5 SURFHVV WR LPSURYH QHWZRUN SHUIRUPDQFHUHODWHG VXSSRUW DFWLYLWLHV¶Expert Systems with Applications9ROSS±

6FKLSSHU -' 'DQNHO ,, '' $UUR\R $$ DQG 6FKDXEHQ -/   µ$ NQRZOHGJHEDVHG FOLQLFDO WR[LFRORJ\ FRQVXOWDQW IRU GLDJQRVLQJ VLQJOH H[SRVXUHV¶ Artificial Intelligence in Medicine9ROSS±

6KDTUDK$$  µ$W\SRORJ\RIWDFLWNQRZOHGJHVKDULQJWKHPHVWRIRVWHULQJJURXSGHFLVLRQ VXSSRUW V\VWHP¶ International Journal of Decision Support Systems Technology 9RO  1RSS±

6SUDJXH 5+ DQG &DUOVRQ ('   Building Effective Decision Support Systems 3UHQWLFH +DOO(QJOHZRRG&OLIIV1-

6XQ=DQG0OOHU'  µ$IUDPHZRUNIRUPRGHOOLQJSD\PHQWVIRUHFRV\VWHPVHUYLFHVZLWK DJHQWEDVHGPRGHO%D\HVLDQEHOLHIQHWZRUNVDQGRSLQLRQG\QDPLFVPRGHOV¶Environmental Modelling & Software9ROSS±

7LPPRQV9  µ,$66,''DUHZHSUDFWLFLQJNQRZOHGJHWUDQVODWLRQHIIHFWLYHO\"¶Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities9RO1RSS±

9DOOV $ *LEHUW . 6DQFKH] ' DQG %DWHW 0   µ8VLQJ RQWRORJLHV IRU VWUXFWXULQJ RUJDQLVDWLRQDO NQRZOHGJH LQ KRPH FDUH DVVLVWDQFH¶ International Journal of Medical Informatics9ROSS±

9DUJR 6/ 0DJOLR 33 DQG $NDND 0$   µ2Q YDOXH DQG YDOXH FRFUHDWLRQ D VHUYLFH V\VWHPVDQGVHUYLFHORJLFSHUVSHFWLYH¶European Management Journal,9ROSS± :DNXOLF]'HMD $ 1RZDN%U]H]LQVND $ DQG -DFK 7   µ,QIHUHQFH SURFHVVHV LQ GHFLVLRQ

(22)

     

:DQJ :0 DQG &KHXQJ &)   µ$ QDUUDWLYHEDVHG UHDVRQLQJ ZLWK DSSOLFDWLRQV LQ GHFLVLRQVXSSRUWIRUVRFLDOVHUYLFHRUJDQL]DWLRQV¶Expert Systems with Applications9RO SS±

<DQJ + /L: /LX .DQG =KDQJ -   µ.QRZOHGJHEDVHG FOLQLFDO SDWKZD\ IRU PHGLFDO TXDOLW\LPSURYHPHQW¶Information Systems Front9RO1RSS±

=DUDWp3  Tools for Collaborative Decision Making:LOH\,67(8.

=KDQJ5/X-DQG=KDQJ*  µ$NQRZOHGJHEDVHGPXOWLUROHGHFLVLRQVXSSRUWV\VWHPIRU RUHEOHQGLQJFRVWRSWLPLVDWLRQRIEODVWIXUQDFHV¶European Journal of Operational Research 9ROSS±

=LHOLQVNL & .HEHGH ' (ERQJXH 0ERQGML 3 6DQRX , .RXYLYLGLOD : DQG /XVDPED'LNDVVD 3   µ.QRZOHGJH V\VWHPV LQ KHDOWK LQ WKH :+2 $IULFDQ 5HJLRQ UHVXOWV RI D TXHVWLRQQDLUHEDVHG VXUYH\¶ Journal of Royal Society of Medicine 9RO  SS±

=LPPHUPDQQ20LNVRYLFD&DQG.VWHU-0  µ5HIHUHQFHDUFKLWHFWXUHPHWDPRGHODQG PRGHOOLQJ SULQFLSOHV IRU DUFKLWHFWXUDO NQRZOHGJH PDQDJHPHQW LQ LQIRUPDWLRQ WHFKQRORJ\ VHUYLFHV¶Journal of Systems and Software9ROSS±

Références

Documents relatifs

$FFRUGLQJ WR WKLV ODVW UHVHDUFK WKH WKUHH GLPHQVLRQV RI EXUQRXW KDYH QHJDWLYH FRUUHODWLRQV ZLWK 3:% DQG RUJDQL]DWLRQDO FRPPLWPHQW )LQDOO\ ZH QRWH &gt;@ WKDW WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI

:H VKRZHG WKDW WKH (XURSHDQ VRLO IXQJDO GLYHUVLW\ YDULHV LQ WHUPV RI ULFKQHVV UHODWLYH DEXQGDQFH DQG GLVWULEXWLRQ DFFRUGLQJ WR ODQG XVHV IRUHVWV SDVWXUHV DUDEOH VRLOV VRLO

Devwudfw Wudglwlrqqdoo|/ pxowl0fulwhuld ghflvlrq pdnlqj +PFGP, olwhudwxuh kdv ghyrwhg lwv hruw wr wkh hydoxdwlrq dqg uhfrppdqgdwlrq vwdjh ri ghflvlrq dqdo|vlv1 D PFGP sureohp lq

$EVWUDFW 7KLV SDSHU LQYHVWLJDWHV WKH FXUUHQW WRROV DQG IUDPHZRUNV IRU VXVWDLQDELOLW\ GHYHORSPHQW DVVHVVPHQWV LQ LQGXVWULDO VHFWRUV DQG DLPV WR

Nous sommes très heureux de vous accueillir aujourd'hui, Monsieur le sous-directeur, toute l'équipe du bureau de la diffusion numérique des collections et vous tous, pour cette

LQWHUIHUHQFHLQ8QLWHG1DWLRQVWREDFFRFRQWUROHIIRUWV UHVXOWHG LQ D GHWDLOHG UHSRUW ZKLFK GRFXPHQWV WKH LQGXVWU\¶V PDQ\ DWWHPSWV WR SUHYHQW GHOD\

WR HQVXUH WKDWDOO DVSHFWV RI UHSURGXFWLYH DQG VH[XDO KHDOWK LQFOXGLQJ LQWHU DOLD PDWHUQDODQG QHRQDWDO KHDOWK DUHLQFOXGHG ZLWKLQ QDWLRQDO PRQLWRULQJ DQG UHSRUWLQJ

Comparison of pressure responses at node J-8130 for all scenarios (i.e., different leak sizes at node J- 26 with different severity of transients induced at node J-44) serves