Draft final report

-,

ECCNOMIC C01~ISSICN ]DR AFRICA Afrioa Regional Conference cn the

Integrated Approach to Rural Developmont Moshi (Tanzania), 13-24 October 1969

DRA]'T ]'INAL REI'ORT

L~~) I ,- -..,. ' --

Da etr ,

LIMI1'ED

E/CN .14/S-',CD/S1 22 October 1969 Originale ENGLISH

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•

Chapter

1:

Chapter

2:

Cho.ptor

3:

Chapter 4:

Chapter 5 : Chapter

6 :

Chapter 7:

I II III

IV

V

E/CN.14/SWCD/Sl

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction

Definition and objectives of Rural

Develop~ont

Factors Influencing Ruro.l Development

Proble~s

of Rural Developnent

Prcsent StrateGies of Rural Development

The Integrated Approo.ch to Rural Development Follow-up Action

TIecoliTIilendations of the Conference

Annexes

List of Participants, Observers Gnd Secretariat Agenda and

~2ily

PrograLHe of Work

List of Docunen

t

s and other eo} octcd p ape r s Consultant Po.pers

Speeches

E/CN .l4/S'ICD/51

IiTIWDUCTIon

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Thi s Report of the 11fric;on Rec;ionf'11 Conference on the IntegrClted Appr08ch to Rur81 Development consists of A aumma r-y of consul t,mt ,qLlJ other pApers pres en ted to it, And discussions And interventions by pArticipAnts observers and other indi v i.dua La who 8ttenderl and took par

t

in the d c Li borvrt i.o i.e of the Conference. The report l1;1s been pr-e p.vr-e d !jY the rc'pporteurs Appointee' for the

tas k by the Conference, vith c:;he .8ssistCince of the JecretRri:':("

2. The Coni'erence WAS orgRl'lized by the Lconoru c Coumiss io", for .Afric;o, the D8g HcUnrl18rsk.j old Found At ion of 3"eoen, the

AfricRn Institute for Econouic Development _~nd PICllllling (IDEP), the Orgf'1nizRtion of Afric'm Unity, and in co-orer;otion with the 'i.egio:;:-wl Inter-Agency Ccmni.ttee on Rur81 Development (ECA, F.W, ILO,

,mo,

DlnC.:", Ifl'iLSCO, UNHCR, UliDP) and the Government of T8nz8niA.

3. The Conference took plnce At the Co-operri'cive College, :,DfJhi, Tpnzm1i8, from 13 - 24 October, 1969.

The d el.Lb er at i.onr. v.er-e c cnduo

t

ed in eighteen I:ⁱ e ner-y sess ions in the aud I torium aCL the Co-o08r8tive College under the

c1irection of the follOWing Officers:

Cl",irn;m: Lr , XiOAkA Rot-ert KA0io ('fanz;1lli8) 1st Vice-Ch8irmc;n: !':r. E. Djibril Aw (hl;,li)

2m1 Vice-ChairmEm:

.:r .

L.C. Chi bowa (Z;mbiA) RApporteurs: [,ir. Kojo :1'vnJ1;;as i (Ghana),

Lr , ~e8n-P,~scRl Br,cZA Ilgcmg8 (Congo-BrAz~ville)

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E/CN.14/SJCD/51

I,. The Secreb1rint of the Conf'o r cn ce c cna Ls

t

ec of:

Director: JTr J. Ri-by-dilli"TlJS (ECA) Co-Director: Mr. Sven Hnmrell

(Dng HmiIl]nrskjolli Pound.vti on )

.cxecuti-ve CiecretRTy: Dr. T. Peter Ouni (UN/ECA)

Asst. Ilxccut ive 3ecretClry: loll'. J. Qui-rino L"nhota!de

c·(3C,I)

0ecretnry: Hr. Llic h8el .Gdo (IDEP)

Li aLs on Officer: 1;1'. J. l.i, Rut as ho by a ('J.'nnzClniFJ) 5. The Openi.ng Sessi-on of the Conference on l'IondRY,

OC-':;Jber 12, 1969, VI"S presided over by ITr. J. Riby-Jillim;ls, Director, ECA Di-vision of ^HUDcm Hesour-:8s Development. It Yle's 0t"encd by the Hcn , 11. E. Ba bu , liLlister for COI'llilerce an d

Industry, Govermuellt of thee Hepu>lic of TRnznni" who VlRS introduced by the Re:::;ioll"l Connoiss Lcne r of Hos hi. In his speech the Linister i~ldicAted t.hat TA1IZnninns ,"1'" honoured 'chRt hoshi had been chosen AS the site for this Conference s inee the SUbject n.rtt cr of the ConJerence is ncst Importr-rrt to the developing \lorld. RurAl dcvelopment, According to the llinister, "is t h o l.ey to pro_,re"f; in developing countries whe ro the 1118jority of the pe op Lc , _,~lLlost 9550 in T;omz anI " , live in rur al. rJyens^li • 'I'he l'Iinist2I' cOL:r.t'1C:l1c'.8cl the cp Lr-Lt ;-:;nd essence of the Arushn DcclFJrFJtion nne the ben~fits of sclf- reliClnce, Afric,ln culture "Hd tr,~dit ton.s L v..Lues , to

p arti cipant s of the Cor.f er-cnc o .

Mr ,

TIi'W-ifilliC'lJ:ls delivered

FI speech to the Conference on be ho l f of the United """tio;1f!.

6. The Conference brou~nt tO~2ther thirty-eight pnrti-ci-]J~~ts

from t:/enty-seven "~fric'ln c ount r i.e s : thi~'ty-five observers including the repr8sentetives of OAU, ILO, ~'.D, m.:,,:8CO, ,IHO, m'D}', UliiWE Ul'IC,clc'; ~,nc~ others from Universities and

or~:,mi-Z:ltiDl1S In ~"st "fric'". PRrticip,lnts And otservers included speciAlists And :'ldministrAtorG in the field of rurCll d ev c L T'nwnt ane, tile VArious other fields: economists, socio- Lo i.i.st s , prcsio;ol and reciollAl pl,--nners, ricricultu:rists and geo,:jrrJphers ⁰ The rlse:l1clrl And dRi ly. ~~:rogr8111111e of 'i:-Torle is to )(:

found RS Appendix II co this Heport.

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7. 'I'he Conf'er-enc e ,'llso »rov iCl.ed the oppo r tuni ty for off Lo LaLa of the vo r i ouc intern8t Lo naL "e;811ciee ,o;"d orG"miz8tions, rind 0 .Ti.oi el s of the various _EC"~ l11eaber soverlliJlents part Lc Lp at tng in it, to COGe together "md c;et acqua Lnt e d Hi th cne "mother, to e hnr-e their know.l.e dge And expe r Lenc e , -md to develop 8 sense of common ~'urpose

8nd c:tlook tow~rds the integr~ted 8pproRch to rur81 developnent.

C;. The report th,qt f'o l Lov.s \:"s ~dopted by the Conference 8t its 16th, 17th .md 18th Plenary 8ess ions.

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CHLPT~R I

OBJECTIV::S ""lTD D::FnnrrIGtr or ltUa...L i!~'\J8LO?Mi5NT Defi~iti0n cf Rural ~evelopment:

1.. rr'~le tcpic ,-las intrcducecl by ~'~r. l!lcise I:ensah, 'Jirec-tor of FJ....C :1egionD.l Office for z.frica anJ Consul taut tG tho Conference. Le inJ.icc.tec. f r-om the outset that the c onoe pt of r-ur-a L development is not easy tv define. Its

complexi ty if, t e eti f i.e.: ^t',l by the mul tiplici ty oI' form" tint rural development

pro~r3mmes have taken in the past and still take in many ~~rts of the wCl"lJ:

"mass action:'ⁱ "poL>ular action": ';rural r-e const r-uct i on '^j "c ommunaL aot i.o n "i 'c omrnuni ty ,'evelopment;1i ;'3.nimatien r'u r-aLe"] -:e:;ricul t.u rn I extensi cn" anc;" the like. .cural deval()pment is ±'requantly confused TAllth ac-:cicul t.u ra.; deve Loprnen-t or with the mechauizatiun 01 th~ CCQntryside.

2. «ur-a I dcve Io omcnt a nvo Lve s the mo.ior-m zct i on of ru r-al a r e a s , clefini tion of a rural e r ea mig'lit be:

hU ~re8 wher3 the predominant activity is i~ the primery secto~ and wnere, cJnseque~t:"_Y, man is closul:r connGctes. to tha lc.nci 8n(:. is nc.tie·-,:ahly sutject to -the c cnc atiOYLS_~Gf hiE natural e nvi r onment ,

3. M·::lGornize.til...'n LrapLi e s an rnc r-ee c e in product i v a pC'der. It n160 implies changes in hu.nen ct t

a

^{t c.de s , r e p.Laci n.,} e. sense of dependenoe on the na t.ur a L e nv i.r-onmorrt with the desire and a bi.Li.ty to inflG.dnoe the

e r-r-an--et..'l',,~nts 01- the.t e nv.i r-onmont , It e e e kc 'to 2st::.~bli£.h eooncrni c base fcr-

~h3 SC'Ci2t,y uh.i cr: -ro u Ld ,:;~ncr~t2 pr~),:;r8ssively 12.r[~er levels of output , and to pr-ornctc the .:J.:lG.L\j'·3-!lC~~ 0 : a knoN'leuge ane; nttitudin::-.l br.se wrich makes p0ssibla the expansion o r man'8 capaci-;,Y' to (.;,J;::,1 r-at i cna Lly ;rTith his eIlvirc.nment.

4.

ThG consultants' d ef'Lni t i.on of rural c;avelopmant as "Tb e outOOr:1(O! of a saries of quanti t2.tiv8 an(~ gualitstive che.l1(l<jE) ooeurX'ing among a Riven

r~ral population end whOSG convercinr effacts indicat8 in tim3 a rire in tbe standQrc1 01 liyinV and favouL'abl~ changes in th3 ~",la,y of life~IT was accepted by tl:l3 Conference.

!if !,.••t., ' /

•••• II

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"ltur'a L devalllpmi3nt, clso nall£. for U L",t ,.xi prciacts £l.n::.~ polic-i\~s ^$('.

desil;'J.1bJ and cO-(jrclin~·:.t3d thc:.t i t ~{ill l'ai~,a th-.:i ;-ihule patt0ril 01" l..i.vin:;

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in so

ecoogmicaJ]v Dn~

"

sociallv.;1

i'lhy Rural DGvelopm0nt?

5 - Ru^{r a ;} areas exist in ^{2 . 1 1} cvunt^{r - i : s} cn., ^{a l l a o u n}t^r t^{c a t h er - ei o r e n ee d}

p ro.jz-arnrnes of ru.ral development, but the n'3GC~ is a.os ; p r e s cinc in developinG c ount ri c s tche r-e thG r-urr.L s e cto r is a ppr-e cia b l.y 12..cC0I' :-hz,n t:l-3 urban sector.

1:1 tha c.evelopin.:s c ountri es , th'8 population is pr ed omi.ne nt Ly rural and rural activities tL,J 1-, i~ ,,:;f n;_~ti~,nnl inc ;nG·,:;8norotL)n • •";.ny eff'..!rj t rna~GrniS3

hoth as a meanE of improvinG diroctly the ,ay of living of the rural population a.n::} as th3 main s ou rc e of income an(~ forei::=;':'1 3xch3n{;'3 Barnings fvr USd in

the c8valupmGfJ.t uf the urban-industrial s ector ,

6. In .Ld·ricc" atc ut

oc1o

^{of tl10 pc pu.Let} a on La ve s in r-uraL areas. Governments

G~uita~le "to pro~i~J the bon8fits ~f J0vulopment only for urban r~sidents.

uver the pa at deoad3~ the pr-ouuctLcn of fe-c'J. per c a pi t:. llc~s ri s e n only

slightly, if at a IL, The; younC: p;~wi?13 ere IG3vitV~ th a cc untr ys i.d.s 2.nJ migrating' into the t()wns o.."L a rC,--C2 gr'<dator -tuu r. tL3 u r ba n 2,\jctor's capacity tc absorb them, creatin~ problems of ov~rcrQx~in~ 8n,~ un8mploY~lent in th~ cities. Life

1:1 t:'10 coun~l.lrYGL..,8'c c nti.nuc e to be; ohnr ac t.o r-i z ec' by Lnatle qua to medical services, improper nut r a'tLon , ul::':;'Gr--Jmplo,ymont and other ills. 'rhes8 faots ffis.k::; ver-:l ur gent T/lell-conceivec' pr-ogs-e.nmes of ru.ra.l 13valapmont.

7" Th0 lonr;-r€tl:,:;O objecti

Vs

01 davelGP.n311t iE tv ChS.l1C0 the uCvnomy

from on s v-ll.ich is pr0pond.erantl;)T agrG-rural to on; chal"actorize:: by _in~lustry;

trace and servioes, unc to rGplac8 a social system which is t~~di~ivnal - sta tic with unu whi o h is mo.Ie rn - dynLmic^(I This dC8S not mean "the imposition of a La en va l.ue s on the indiL"· t3rJ.,) U f; pcpu Ia tion, but tno dGvelopmont of

inJ.i~·~en0us V:::..lU8S tc o ornpa^t i.bi Li.ty with modern c ori.li,tlons.

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E!CU.14!SWCD!5l Page 3

It will be ne c ce aer'y _tc~ inor.JiJ.s21 ;-r c;llctivit.v throu~~h a. ra:.~ical chanr,-6 in producticn techniyues, reform patterns of land tenure and use, an~

diversify rural pr-oduct i on , The object is to create an economy capable 'of self-sustained grcwth.

8. A necessary am: funC.amental aapect of rural development is conat doz-at Lc n of";..tne human f'actor , The rural economy is rich in La nd and labour and

scarce in capital. Programmes of rural cGvelcpmont must therefore rely on the most effeotive use of the human and land resouroes. Further, the attitudes of ~he population will Qetermina the Gegree to which d~vGlopmQnt programmes oan succeed. It is vital that tho populntion take an active part in the formulntion and execution of development pro~rammes in order that the p programmes may conform as closely as possible to local conditicns and nOGes anJ in order thao the people may have some senses of oontrol over their destiny.

9. Th~ ultimat~ aim c>f uevelopmont is the improvement of man's workine and living conditions. With the d0velopment of the economy, the benefits of science anJ technology can to spread mora wilely among

10. Long-term objectives arc not immodiately realizable and it becomes necessary to formul~te medium-range goals as more specific indicators of movement in the desiro: dirootion of change and short-term plan targets as quantitative me aaur-cs of the rates of c hanre of those indicators. For rural development, the medium-rang3 i)oale mi,_;-ht be as follows: incroased per capita income and Ioee production, 1ecra~se in the disparity between rural and urban wa~es, stabili~ationof prices, slowing-down of the population movement into the towns, increase in the level of employment, improvement of the balanoe cf payments position, increased investment and rate of innovation, and an improvement in housing, health facilities, educational provisions and transportation networks.

11. Short-term plan targets might be a stipulated rate of increase of, say, steel production over one or two years, a stipulated increase in tho number of hospitals, etc.

E/eN .14/S\'/CD/51

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12G In sorno countrids, such as the liAR, there is population pressure on the arable lane: a nc a goal mi::ht be control of the rate of pcpulation increase. In other countries, there may be no nae~ for population control;

in such countries, population prGSSUrB on fOvd supply an~ government services points up thG necessity of increasing agricultural rrodaotivity an., speeding up the growth of the eoonomy.

13. whether primacy in the ~evclopmcnt process should be given to agriculturu or industry need not cause now debateo £frican nations are predomiriantly rural; natiunal disposnblc income the~ must, in th2 short run, come from surpluses r;enerated in the rural sector. Investiment rni.ght be allocated to econumic polos(arGa Hi th more favourn.ble uc onomi.c endowment), the benefits of such investiment beine spread to all areas through tha cistrib~tion of government services.

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Introuucing th8 9r8sent topic of the Agenda~

Mr, QUirino-b~nhounmey of t~u E~A 3uid among o~hGr t~ingGf that Man in tho rural arc~ is close to the land ~nj to nature anQ is

positively and n8g~tivcly influenood to a greater or lesser extent by the conditions of h i.e natural .mvir onment , G0ogr2phic.:~1 faotors SQcb as altitude,. 3ullshine., clim~te, soil, rivers, ,'.n::l di.c tr.n c e

=",~-,._-

determine ~hat crops he can grow and his UCC8SS to water suP?lies and to markets.

2. The rural "rea is ch ar-ac tari acd by

(a) i!1adequnt8 eu pp li c s of healtil,) drinkin ~iater.

(b) undeveloped transportation fQciliti~~:~1 rnisiilG the cost of export 2nd import for l"nd-lockad countries such as Malij Zambi2i NiG~r and th~ C8ntral ~fricnn U2public.

(0) limited r~infdll ~nd d~s~rt nre28 in countries such as the U.A.R, ~130ria, Senegal 2nd Libya.

(d) primitive Land use c;nd the abs onc c of soil C0,C,.S3TvCltion methods.

(0) susce~tibility'~the disastrous affiJcts of _to~nadoest f Lood s , ec.rthquuke s r.nd locust Lnv aa i.on a ,

(f) a high crop 1 Jsa factor QUG to plant dise"sGs and the pred2tions of rodents 8nd ather animals.

(g) high t0ml'8r~tures and humidity in some parts ui Africa making f '..X' rcc.uced T,-lork cr.uaci ty,

(h) th8 l~ck uf struotures ~nd ar~2ng8m0nts to miti~~te the effects ,:£ t',Gse natur-a l c ondi t i ona on the p;y.)lc's Hurking und livi~g cculitions.

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CN.14/S\'/CD/Sl PaGe 6

TechnolGI~;'ical a nil Economic Fact(,rs

3. The economy of the rural area is typically a subsistence, agricultural econcmy; with low productivity ane little diversification. Technological knowledge and skills are limiteJ, anG a~ricultural and other implements are rudimentary. The per capita income is low, both absolutely an~ relatively, in comparison to the Urban Sector.

4. i~rkets arc undevelvped. Local markets are for simple exchanges which nre based largely on barter for creps or for other basic need e.c. cloths, farm implements, needs waioh the housetold oannc~ produce for itself. Cash crops grcwn fer export faca a sitQation uf depr2ssed and unst~~ble wurl~ pric3s for agricultural prOsllcts.

5- Th3rj is a lack of infrastructure, social overhoa.j and a chronic shortaee of capital. Credit faoilities do not exist or, when they do, may be exploitative of the peasants as has been the case inthe U.A.R.

6. The peasant is a "scciaL" rather than an "eoonumic" man. Kinship ties and custom determine his economic actions an~ requirements and there is not that

expan~inb mix of wants and necQs Which, 1n tbe moG3rn econ0my,p~ovidesan impetus for innova"\ion and gruwth.

Sooiological an_ PS.ychclo,c,'ical Factcrs:

7. The rural community is frequently a clos0d community, with customs, pra.ctices a nc habits evo Lvad uver s e vc r-aL oen tur ie s and, is hiGhly resistant to chane;o.

8. The extended family system makes for group s~pport. It has provided for the ffi2intenance uf the very yeung, th0 old, the infirm Bnd others who have been unable to pr-ovice for themselves. Late,Ly the capacity of the rural

family to continuD those welfare servicjs have been over-taxed; anc external assistance in the form of stc,te-supported aoJlL1 vo'Lun ta r-y instit~tions have been nooessary and ureent. The system as it wiGGly· exists to-,2ay permits the existence of wi~e-sprea~ underemployment, an~ ^:.8 CQrrespondingly inefficient bu t , on the other hand, still provides sorn" s e cu ri,+';r for gro~p rnemue r s and encouraGes a senS0 of social responsibility.

E/CN.14/S'/CD/5 l Pqc

7

th8 bound~ri~s of his vill~g8 or villagu Jroup. 118 ~l. not yot

10. 'I'he p0d8~nt~ ODilCciv,']s ..")f anc cst r 1 ~LDJ othe r 8 'il'its -

particularly witcher-ft - ::8 intJrv~ning actively in biJ ~-~ily lif0 anG correspondingly perceives 88 smnli th~ 2rGB of his lifo over ';hich he boLievo s he he'8 control. Thill mccy make it difficult for

h i m t o n do pt £13:-1 m < ; t h o d s c . n I a t t it^{u . l o s} c onc crⁿ i ^{n g} f<.:.rmin_{0 t} ^{s a n}i ti.r'y crrnn,geffionts ",nLl f.jGding hn bi ta a s h« mr.y fe·:-:.r primitive actLon from the spirits ohould he ,c0pc:rt significc:,ntly from tL'c:ciitional ",,'!ys.

ll" m2Y nlso doubt thnt h~ c~n nltar the conditions of h1S life by

pc r ta c i.pa cing in t;~C8":: progr2.mm~s.

11. An impo·.rt_~nt figure in th., community i3 th e m(;~~icinc man , wh o is bolieved to have occult ~.nd ^hJi lin~ powurs ~nJ is oonsult8~ TDgulcr1y for advice. 'I'ho jll8dioine m..n is 0108-__ to th., pe o pl e ~:.n:.l und e r st r.nda

th~m well enouch end is thus in 3 pivot~l position to '._ ist or hind~r

pr0grdmmos ~fr r ur-cI dev aLo pmorrt ,

12. In th~ tr~ditiQn~l 8oci~ty, t18ro is rolo diflor8ntiation by

cS~, SGX, ordinal position ~nd soci~l St2tUS. ~long lith the mutu,~l

obligetions of ffiumb8rs of n kinship sroup, this m2Y ccku it difficQlt to introduce ID(ldurn methods of org~nizntion ge~rGd to ~ :tiun~l prOCd- du r-c s :.nd efficiency, r.nd cimed ~:.t Lnc rc .e cd production ,::n'1 not m.rr eLy to ~iJ8r Jistribution.

13. In soma countries such ~;8 thcl U.A.R., tha ~r~b].0 l~nd is

limi ted end tllai-a is po puLct i on pro s sur ; on tho Lr.n.l , Fnmily pl.:nning h r.s th\Jrefore bccom, an u r. ..;Jnt nec c c ei ty and is vi2,'crousl;y pursued • .. noth e r demo.;r:phic L:otor is tIN stcady drift of the y, ung, a bLe :,:;ncl educ .tcd from th .... c ount r-ys i.d e into th., t()'foJns~ Ler.v i.ng only tho oLde r and less mobile or or oduc t.Lv e mhabi t,~~nts in tIL; rurv.l ~r,L18.

Institutioncl Fnctors

14. The Lns^t i tut Lonn I f~'.ctors include t.h ; e stc.bLiahmcnt of D mOI'8

cf'f'e ct Lvo form of Lrcv.L _:~nd n:::tiolJ.,..;l sov8rnment'i po Lic i.cn), pa.rt ie s ,

religious bodies) _Gocr~t societies, _{cr~dit ~nJ} C00pcr tiv~ org~niznti~nG,

- - - _ ....--_.-.> ..-

E/CN.1.~/silcD/51 Pc.g ..

8

institutions T'..:J£·.jsent v rri cu s lil::;/8 of m:.:.~bilizinr; :-:n::...l mvo lvin.e the

pe~s~nt ~nd they compJto for his timQ 8nd -.ttontion.

15_ Politic.l PirLius p12Y : vit21 rolc in ffiJbilizins tlla people for th e ~~nti-colcni~:list st:rLl:';"zle r.nrl h.ive ~rG."':t potcnti a I for u st. '::t:'.>

vch Lc Lc s for r e .. chin ; th o m_:8,:,~S of t~l'J p(Jj):.J..l .ti.ori .vnd i avo l vin ; th c roople in th~ fo~mul .tion nd oX0cuti~lll Jf n_~tioll:~l .~o;lls nd pro~rn~illQG.

Th3 poli t i cc l lc,.dc:cshiD ".rticul tUB th~ society's goals, 'cnd c.;n GGrv~ to bra ~Jdn tho pe~s.~ntls fr~mc of raf~renC0 from the vill~:3~ or tribe to th~ nation.

16. Ur-br.n .r'c e Ld cnt s cr c LetLuI' OL'e .:1i;::;'.;:d.:nrJ mord vo c.r L polit ic cLLy than thu rurnl paoul .tion~ .n~ th~y h. vu r)ft~n forc2d ~oV0rnmots to this, ,ind to :Jnc,.)u.r·_~g :.':::ov,..:rnm~nt~:.; to giv\:; C~lt0 ,-.tt..;ntif)n to th c Lrn po r^t r.nt r o l c of r-urc I c ommu ni t i.c s in till; n.rtⁱ on..I ,~:conomy and to att c nd to thci r nc c.ds , it is l1..;cc;...;ss::.ry th.it rUl'·.l po pu I. .,tions orgc.n.'l.z,,:;

t h emac Ivc s into ..:.:ff...:ctiv...; °.n',:,s:.:.,ur<J :~;1.-'LlUP8 ;:~nd e sta b Li.ch La ai c cn 'i1iith

c cnt ^r 1 ..^{n . I} 1 0 c - : - : . 1 g o ve r nmcⁿ t^{s ,}

17. Roli2;iou8 r0~ul tions must b0 t .k cn i.n t o ~_~CCOl1nt in thO;.:

Lmpl omontc-bi on of rur.1 d evc l.c pmcnt pr;<~r;:~mm.J8. .:3~ch r,jguL-tL.lns mo.y involva thJ 0nuln~3r~tion of pr~hibitud foeds, d-.ys!of .lork 2nd :~Qo&r-~phic~l

:r~C8. It iB 21sc to b0 not~d that rQligiou8 institutions uS~~111y eomncnd the Loyn Lt Las v.nd c cmmi tmcnt of the "',,sent ~"or.) th an othor institutions,

18. To ,.df.jet _e~1:~ng8j considt:rc:tion should b» given to thc dynnnu.cs of ch:~ne;6 ~'rithin th.J cystcm . _th~ 0xti..:nt to Vlhich tho s yst om c an G2nGT.=;t\.;

its Giln ffil1a1 e n t um for ch:..mg"-':~'1n·.d th(: role of j'\.jxt8rn.-:l" 2ccnts in t.hLs

E/CJl.14/S~,'CD/51 p,-:;"

9

20. :lut·"J'it_~1st~n.jin~~ th , stubi La t ; cf th., tr:-tditi:)n::l sy stem , as indicr:t.::d in th. forc:~oin::;, .ruraL s o c i.c^t L.e .in sa" i'::-.l ;J:':.rts of .,.fr'ic.--: (for «x.impl c , Ni0,: l' i c. ) hv.v.. r',)co,~'nizi,J\J "t1,h"': n ,,;.:1 fell' ch-.ng,,;

~.nr.1. h V...: through s...:.lf-hvlr pr-oj i.ct s built -~~'_l.o Lc , c Li n.i c s , rOc.;.L6

L·:nJ. rn: rk~t8 .ind hrv., combined to s.snd 8Dm·.: cf t;-~,...:ir Y',)UllG P\..'o91~; for

21. ·!}xD.-.::.tri~).t0 of'fLci cLs in rur,:il d,iVol'J::'[;h)nt proGr,::-'ffi:,LS may be .in suf'f Lc a ent Ly s en sit i.v c to Locs.L n-:..:oJ.s ·--.n1 customs. Til\:.: ,..:.x.piltrL:.t.::;

uffici.l is ~lso 8,1~rb th~t thu mor. uff~etiv8 th job hu d08s th0 108B

mc d e rri id-::2.s thr.n th., o Ll c r gdn0r"tion. This m.ik c s for tcnci on , .1Ihich c __.n in i ts cLf 00 0. f r.ct or of .inn ov.vti on , To ^<...nh cnc-, this proclls8₁ mo aau ras n ,oJ t o be; t ak cn to ret,eir. tho ynl'_'1,;, "lue .tc'1'8ople in the c ountry sLdo ,

<

E/CN':14/SWCD/51 Page 10

C H A ^{T E TI} III

1.

In the previous section, on factors influencing rural development, the characterirtics of rural areas and populations and the context in which rural de ve Lcpuen

t

progranr:,'es have to be operated, were discussed. In this section, the consultant, Dr. S.Elabd

empha~i8ed

the difficulties and probleu3 encountered during the process of the inplementation of rural de ve Loprie n

^l,

proe;rarllTi!es. In contrast then to the previous section, which described a setting, this section d e sc

r-Lt.e

s a system in the pr-ooe s s of change and the

dy

narru.o considerations to be

r-e

c konod wi thin the development of rural areas.

2. ~ducation

and

Trai~ing~

Zducation is the major means of creating productive manpower for the modern sector of the society and the economy. General educa- tion ainG at the inculc'ltioD of general attitudes of logical thou.:cht, vigorous analysis, broad-mindedness and such character traits as

compaaco.on , tolerance, cnd Lnqu.i e.i ti ve ne s s , Unlike e;eneral education, training is apc oi.f'Lc , and involves the acquisition of particular skilh;

and tech:'liques. The

i·~'portance

of educo.t.a on

fmC'

training in the

^c!OV8-

lopment of Africa is ettected to by the well-known Addis

Abab~

plan in which African government committed themselves to the accelerstioll of their 8ducational programmes.

3. The question of the curriculum content of the educational prog ramue s a s sumo s c or.e.i.de r-a ble Lnpor-t.ance , During the colonial era,

"

the e duca tional system was designed to produc8 wili t.c-oo Ll.r.r- wc.rkc.r«

for the adrm ms

t

ra

ta.

ve arms of government and classical cduc ac i.on

\",[[S

emphaat zod , Such an emphasis is of little, relevance to proGrarames, of rural developmont, however. In fsct, it· creat8s citizens who are

unaware of the pro bleJ:lD of the. rural cec tcr-

²¹¹⁽¹

who·.spir<., to comfortable liVing in the urban-industrial sector.

citizens also tend t. regard manual labor as demeaning.

4. In a sur-vey cO-rried ou ': in l'akerere Un.iversi ty Collesc,

80%

"

\1 -,

E/c;: •

14/s'/!CD/S'1 Page 11

of the UG3.~lda ctude nt.s who po..rticipated in the s tudy expressed fi~,-- \:;

)I'l;fer811C8 tu woz-k 1 n Karnp[~l<.:1, r;:ltobbc or _Ginj~l ('-ih'G -~,hrc(; ~,l2.in ^t·J\:lif:' of _Ug~~nda) £'..fter grcl(1IJ(1-:~ion_, viY'tue:.lly 100% c:::pres8~:;d .: 8()cond c>uicc'

-Lr) \"lork in the souther;'"' 9c:rt (the .uore d cvc l.o pcd po r-t ) of U:~:~1:1cli' ,_-'_-[~c;r [_~r~J.dU~-',tion.

5.

It be c ome o necessary, ^jXi d~~'_:ignine; ,_due tion Lor rural

dc:velopmc~nt, t.o devise cur-ri.cul.a whi.ch wi l L c cun t.c rr.ct this attii..~lde

of prGf~r~ncc for the developed s0ctors. ~he urban 8~ctor is not

sroY'~'ing f-:.s t; _e~1ough to <-:bc~0rb -:~:8 output of tb~j cduc,~tio~;i11 sye-eel;, ccne.

CdUCi:l,tcd ne opI,o are in ur"'~n.t J81118Dd in the country sid€:. The object for CdUC,:;~-~:'on lox' rural (Jevclop;.Hcni., _s}'1~uld be to pr'orluc e jobiJ.'2.k0TS _r:~i': ,iCY'

than job-see}:ors; job--cre:,-tors r.-:._1er the.'} job-fin,rc.

6. Effor'~s h.ive b'2en dude in Ti1D,ny Afric211 courtr-Les to d8Dign

·~~is

type of educ;,tio1l01

curl'iculwn.

In Botswana, according to the

oorrt r-Lbut ' on by TTr. P. VCln Ronsb:urg of th,: L sc}'1001 the S:iClnolung '-:ill

;3choolj ~1ns Lntroduc.xl c our cc o in civic L·duc,~'~.ion to r2pl2-~e the c La s s i.ca.L curr-i culu.'.' s o,-:pl'iJ.sis on the hic;tor:." 2.nd cult-Doe of the Eur-opo an :l;-l'Llor•.s vvith [',J:} C::Tilphn3is on an a':v;::.ren,:::ss of" the African

c o nt ^{e x} t, ^its h i ' 3 t o r y ~~_L.:.d i t3 ~=r~l3.mics ^{o f} ci"dnge. ^{H or e} ilViorkl2r::J T.3r1gr:dos;

are or:;ani sed to do crrrpe^ritry, sewi ng , e p.in.i.ing , VVf~L:,vin~ and d r er.8-

7.

A pilot project in t;,,~ Fr'.,-mt"nhc' Te,~,chers 'l'rc,ining Collego in Ui'::?l.nda sponscred 1Jj: Ul!E:::~CO is nl~]o dcei' necl to ~)rOi'!1otc an ednc ,tior.:.~:l Qpp~onch in \lhich t23Chc~s do loss in the c12ssrooQ ~nd involve the

studonts more i:1 extr3-cl~1ssroom operations in rl~lich t~ler~; is incr8Clcuc1 .invol,vome nt in ::.>uch activities

as

brick-naking, f2l.rl!lin:-::: c~~~ld builfir...,_,

8. liLhc:rG are ^i?7o r k e r s brigades, II: 'cvoluticn.c:cY"c8n-curs, and othc r- apo c LaL cfrc r ts to r\:;let~ ~du.c:J.tion to the c0cd,;i of the rurctl

p opulⁿ t i ^{o n} Hi E"l;-C A f r i c l ' , G h a n - \ , G U i l J 0 2 . a n L 1 i n m a n y o t h 8 r A fr ic.u.

countI'ies.

9. A DW110cr of'')l~OblorilD .iri sa :frmm thE:: implc~lGnt.~~

t

i.on of tho se

prograillElCs , Tl](ey f r-o qur.ritly ..'oquire 1';):. inicircl au tl"y in s pe ei:cc1i:6cd , cqui pment 2nd tools;) .ind they SOIJtil(l()) roquire the olil1Jl oY-1D8 n "t c;f

E/CN .14/S·,VCD/51 Page

12

exp,J.trate staff, all of wh.i ch is cxpensi,ve , If one school attempts x.o cover a wide r,-uge of -,ct i vi tie s, this difficulty Lei crorespondingly increaS8d.

10. Another problen arises in connection l~ith the r~~(liness

of the cconorric sys

tctn

to absort the graduat(;G of these schools 2~nd

how such gr2du&tcs prcccive -L::12ir roles. VY"hpr(;' p_ri_;~)tiE:e and hie;h r-cnumr-at i.on arc reserved for tr"ose \ho have gone tilroug:, the usual

secundary schools or throu[;h the universi.ties, tho gr2duatefJ of th8-,e non-clD.sslcal progr3.!"11;~~es lUc<.Y f'e e L f rus t.rn

t

ed if their qU2;.lific8.tion~3

arc not _rccccni~~d I_'.ne they n r e employed in inferior po si tions_~ 'l'1ley might then be inclined to view their involvement wi~h brigades etc. as

teTn!:.or8ry while: they 2,rtit the first oppotuni ty to 'cransfer to

SCCODQ2ry Gnd ot~cr recognized' schools. GradUates of these sci1oo1s may also, instead of usir~ ~he:ir training in the countryside, prefer

to 2Pl'Jly to cleric"l jobs at Uinistries of Agriculture or Rural Devclo- pmorrt .md to .vor-k in the TJrban 2tI\.::Ll.S.

11. There is n lack in many countries of ",deliuO-te marpowe r sur- Vf!Ys. This make s for a lack of' precision in tho pr-oj o ct'icn of ti,e

types and nunbo r-s of gretduate,; of the diffirent institutions that "fill be needed. In the aoccncc of good c;urveys, the design of e du c tior;Cll curricula will have to rely only onoro:c.d estimat"s of future manpO\i2r needs.

12. f.L'l18re is a shortage quc.lifiod te:!Ch2rS, so th-:::.t there b,':":s to be an acceleration in the programmes of tOClchers' tr2inin~ School facili jics need to be e xpr.udc d Qn(1 of£orts muut be l~YlCl,e to r,;Quce -~~:e

drop-out r-at o , The aoo l f tion of ill~t'8rac:;, is a primary ,:;00.1, c'.i3 i t is n8CeSGary th:lt the population rihouLd be able to rec,d cXln Viti te in order tho. t they can be involve d in ,,~tional procrOllmcs throu2>1 'ehe wr Ltten word. The usc: of i~:ldio a nd , v/here pOGsi ble, tclevis'ion ...^c instruments of edue,0,:;ion fllso ehouLd be conc i.de r'cd ,

13.

A auc c er.ef'u

L

proc;ro.mme ()f educrti on produces many people 'iii th skills sGekin~: op vo r tunicLcc to put these skills to usc. 'l'h.i s puts pressure on the economic systE1ll1 and can be a :Lorce for Lnnovu t.icn and rapid cho.nge.

· ^-'

E/cn .14/SViCD/5l

I',.,-::~e

13

Agriculture ~nd Agrarian Refo~m:

14t The; productivity of the rurnl s~ctor must be c cn s'i.d cr'r.t.Ly i~_cI'~ns()d to yJroviue the mc.~.rgin of sUl"'"llu8 for t ^fl c e cono.a.i c ':;.~ld 80ci:-,"1 .i o ve Lopmont of th(~ .r.\-:'.-l~ion. Con~:ic;_(;r::·~tion8 of o qui.

t;..:'

~~l.SO require ChE1Yl::;C;",

in .land tenure to elit,.1ini.."'!.c,,:.; th2 gro:=-;s di2:p<..l,riti:~s in 1:--'.nd-holdin2<; \!Lic~.'.

L. •.L ,; found in ^{Dle,:lY rUl"?l} :J.re''::'.0 • In the UAR, for G}~l.m:ple, tho coiline

for lE:1.nd holding 'v,'Cle. f t.xe d .iL 200 n o r c s "in 1952 T8duccd to 100 .icrc..

in 1961 and r2duced still furthcr to 50 acr28 in 1969.

15.

To dis,E;oin'-:'.-~'8 know.l cdi c of Lmpr-ove d f'a.rnu.ng im)le:,nents .uid techniqueG, some L:ov~rnu2nts, for example the Gh8na (;,ovGram',:Dt , have set up ~tate f;:.rrns :'~nd d0I'10n;F~T';1Lion ')rojccts, In the Congo-?,r2z2villc five nurseries were ~s"tnblishcd from ~iich t~~e Gov2rn~ent distributed seeds to -the pCQsnnts at n law price, IrrigatiGD 3ch0ffi2S (n:: in the Nile Valley), pro£~r"=llmnes to increase the usc:Jf fertilizers, und the f'o rmati cn of cooperatives ~E1d cl"Gd.it in8ti'~utiun8, nrc c.'xil,Jng, the \V~~Y8

of tac k I.inc; the pro blcm of low c:<?;T.'.cul turnl produc ti vi ty.

16. Progr::'.mnKc of land di st.ri bu tc.on somcti,,12S h.rvo to be

carried out 8t thG pric2 of ~ CeCTe88G in productivity. Tho r0distri- bution of land in Egypt, mentioned nbov0, is one ffilCh cxample. The bigger Lar.d ho Ldi rv,« pDr-,,~itted 'L~H: U;::-;G of e x tcnui vc techniques, suc~·~

:1.8 moc narri z.cd i'3.rl,.ling, wh i.ch ^;l::t,,-; hard c r to iE'lplemcnt on small holding:::;

Wh03C owners ~rc le8~ cduc··taQ then th02Q owners of thu big holdinG~:.

17.

The concept of the jndividual ownership of land may come up r.c:,ainpt tradional cur.t.omc of communnl land cnwe r ah.Lp , !-Iowevcr,'f/h:ce communnI Land owno rahi p is th(~ cus tom ,

it

may b.. 8,s-sier to intro(1uC8

l"".-i.od urn collcctivc: farrning met;.lods^#

,

18. The co st of L:st2blishing d emorietrvt.Lon c e nt r-e s , or Ctgricul- tural or rural development centre", c.in be ^Q »robl.erc , e s pe cLa.lLy :::s thc agroYJomiots, hcr.Lth officL·flCi, vetor-tnar-ir nr, and other offLc.i rLa who will live in tno se ccntr..s ;'18.y lpve tc< be rve n apc i.aL 8al:::ry in-

~,", .

dUC8ments or athar benefits to c::lcdur8.ge

them

to St3Y

in thOU8

centres

rccther than Lonvc for the ur onn cent\,rs •

. -

· B/el'!

.14/::;'{CD/Sl I:,3-ge """!

4

Ad,inistr2ti:ve :::tructurcs "ld Prc,cticcs

19. The question of t:1G c pt.iruun :-~di:l.intstr,J.tive ~~-.;;t UT"! for r-ur-r.I c1u"velopmci1t progrcumiE;s should bo ~~ivcn con~Jidc:r<:'.ti on , The settlin;' up c,f ,~ s8p£:r'a'~8 .-inistr~,,- ^{i ) f} >~:u~_-21 !)c:vclopnknt h,-~G eh0 r~dV8.:1t-~gc 01

d cf'Lni t c Locv t i on 0:'.' r.>i,:DDsibility in oric Fini:,.try. It has '';;le d Lsr.dvan tagc, howo ver t th:~t the: ^1"80po nsi.~Jilitic s of t".e >,i-inistr:.;· cu

t

across those of sevc ru.L o thc r l'ini8tri~s :end confusion 2nd resent;.\CEt might a r i.ee , Some' sian countries have set up :,~inif;tries of h'ural DevcLcpmcrrt but th(?~:€~ huv« not ;'v0rk8c~ very \\'811. The a1tern2.t,i":/8 i:=::,

to Lnvo Lve the: functi()~1al r.i n! .tri.c s (a[,ricul turet f'orr.str-y , h08.1t~i,

2du.cc', cion, (C'cc.) directly in rur"l de'veLopmont prorsrn.mmes with ,jOffie

mc chm.i.em for c c oz-d i.na ting them. The T·,'linistries !1}'-::'JT :)8 brought together in, sr:,y, a Irur'r.I. ccve=-opmc,nt Cornr.ntt.o c with, pc.rhupe , tho liii""listr;y of "[~E',ricultUX'\Js p rc vi.d i.ng the chei rman , If tl'"lere is 8. d.anger

tht~t giyin; the cLlair to G f'unc ti ;)nal ~c.inif-~trJT Lllc·1.Y l,:;c.c1 to ovor-cnpnr.cⁱ s on the progrmmues of tlv,t ministry the :hnirJ'try of Locc.I Gov~rni'"ont or its equivalent may be civen the ncpo"sibilities ofch::thing it. In Cl'W set up, harmc-u.ou s r01E~tiol1ships be t.wccn th0 ver-Lou a ~.Iinistri0c f r-on.

the Lr-ve L of HL'lis'cc.!T to the oper0.tivesi.c vi Tl u.;e projects, ore

i:1eCCGSary for ef I'o c r Lvc c xc c ut i on of rural d eve Lopment progrn-mu8s. I:J.

l~enya, i t h.C',s bo cn pro po.scd t1-]:.t t.he rrovincic.l Counn.ls s Lone r , vr:1o

r c po r t ^{c t o} ":-rim8 i~,=ini;J-~~er, UfJ 1,:"18 c o-e^or-di n.r^{to.r of'} pr-og r-anno s in his --;rovincc.

20. Practices of p2tronage, insufficiency of motivation OD tho

p a r t o f of'I'Lc Lal.s , n n d Lnudcquo.ncy of t r a i n i n g u.ncl e x p c r-Le n c c , mo.y Quke for in8fficie~cy in the 2dNinistr2tion of development ~rojccts.

IncI'cf13cd steps sh0l'ld be taken

tc;

tro.in Cldministrators in modern techniques of _m~nngem nt o.nd _~rojcct planning _~nd execution.

IIe2.1 th [lnd ',-ie1fo.re:

21. The rur~l nreCl in Africa is charneter~zcd·by inadequate ho a l.t.h fncUities, Lnsan'i tary condt

t

i ons and pr-ac

t

i.cus , and the

prevo.lence of diseCls0s such QS ylillow fever. The imp;rovemcnt 0:: the social well-beinG of the people ~quires a c onc c r t.rd effort t.o

E/CN.14/SWCD!Sl

Petc;e 15

81i-LilinCl-CC these c on.l ir.Lons t:i-:J."UU::::Jl the e s ta ol ienmc nt of more h'::':1.11 th f,,'i.ciliti~:8, t nncc ul.vti cn ,:'.r~c:,:.~st e-pide .~ic disc:'.:....,·.:;;), orgccniso.ti-:;n u1'

~nG~e dispoSQl, iillprovcn~nt of -~l__~} w~t,~r supply ~nd the inculc2ticn of better f\~,:(l_in.~< h .b.it.s ,

22. Cover-nne n

t

have n:e~1cT"-~11y given t~lis il:ilprOv8n,.,nt of health fccilitins priori

rate is decre,~sive. 'I'h« l\l.rt11 r'.1t ; rUi}~C-~2.ns oon.. c.L1.nt, and the Y-.:8ul

t

is K rise in i:~ti; r~.te of ?opul-tio"l growth, which leu:s tu increased pressure on 30ci~1 f~ciliti~s,

23·. Cj:nnetiD,-,::;; when lITi:: ·,-c.io:..-: i;; used t.o l:;!'ovide V:2"l,,_l' supply for cuLtivntion, t~:Gr,.; ).-"'"",y 1)( _2~1 i:1Cl"C:t'.>.-u in fo~_::t di;3':';:~~3,_S ;rom t~::.,;.;

cxtei.lch;d jJ<.:riods of tiJ:ilC in 'l:'~lic~:.. the fC;0t remC1.il'l under wa te r ,

24.

In many rural communi tics, the women 21'8 usuaLl.y ci thor prsgn8nt or~ursj,ng. This frequ0Dcy of child-birth, _2~Ccd to the household .,g1'icultu1'c,l ::':J'~c t1".c::= func::ions \:>ich [',1'0 expsct,cl of t:10 woman , me.ke for :J. drain on 1J.2r ;18<:"',1

t

h and r-csu L~s in l're^r,L'l t l l r e aging.

One HOY to counte1"-:lct t>is'·'.ic;ht be t:uc;ugh fClinily pL:mning & teO-cIling the women to cpace tjoir children.

Settlement of mi{,:ra::J.ts 2nd ref~t~c;ss

25. It is estimated th~t there are

Rt

present 200,000 refu~u~s

in Africa. Some hc.vc fl'.'d frum _t~rritorioo still unue r colonies C(:LtrGI (Uozcuubique, Angola) OI' trom the se ttler-dominn ted Southern At

rt

c.m ccun t.r'Lo e , Sone h27e f'Lcd be c.tu so of confLjct o in their fOIT:lOr pl.".ce of rG slc1enC8 (~:1',,!&ncla, Burundi.) ,

26. r:L\':LDzani:'- hc~s about thirtJ''' to 't.ri.r-ty five tilousanc1 re£1188(;8 from r'Io3ambique, who h..vc be en Lo c-vtr.d in an area occupied by po or Lo

of the 8[W8 nri be , 'l'hc rc is "he problem of how temporary these refugees ctre, whc n cr whether t'ley will be 2,810 to return to their coun t.r-i.es , .md how rc>.pidly o nd f'u.lLy they'must be; tntc8TZ1tc::1 with the cereD. in which they },ayo been ;'tempilrarily'l Locrt.cd ,

E/CN.14/SWCD/51

Page

16

27.

It is necessary, before setUine; refuge,,,o, to determine '01,8 c:m;Jatibilityofthc cd::Clitiom, of:,hcir p l.ac o of or~gir. with those of the pl£ce where it is intended for these to be settled. An atteDpt to cot

t

l o refus,cos in 'I'anzrir.La n'ni.nto opposition from the fi,,?jorit;, trit", in the settlement aroa who feered th.t an allinnce betwoen the rofugc;l:s and the minority would be established; the refugees in question had to be relocated in Burundi. Also difficulties vi.Tl. arise in Loon tin,;; 0.

g r o.ip from a fishinG c ommuni.ty where a daily a nc omc C2n be derivcd from the SEtIe of fish cD.ught^I to ^Q farming CO;,I';lunj.ty, wl-lGro thc major pr-r-t of the annuul

.i

r.ccrie is ^rCCCiV0G during the hrr-ve s

t

aea son ,

Leadership [tr.d Aqents of Chanve

28.

Leadership is crucial in directing chango. In rural dovolo- m8ut the role of leadership is to indicate tho direction of chnnge,

to elicit the nctive involvel'ont of the population in devclopmwnt pregr=lcs an" to Qrticul~.te the o bj oc

t

i vc s ~.nd goals v.h.i ch o.re

sought by the society. Loce.l le:J.dership is needed to explccin ncltic!1I8.l gar.Is to the local po pu l at i on and to communicate tihe ',,-,:iGh08 of "the:

100rcl people tv higher governmcnt officiQls.

29.

'rr~.,iition2.1y, 18ccc1"nohi,) in Africrcn soci"ty was 8xerciccd

by chiefs, eldora aQ~ Joctor priests (or medicine aen). Alongside the~L

tr,'::.i..:i tic.'nf'.l lco.dcrqnew leaders ^l1.£1.ve now ^Sl)ruDg up. In many Afric:tn countrios, such e.s Ghana , Rwcmdc. c~nc1 lurundi, churches have dey"loped loc21 leadership for [;roup r-e o r-eri

t

i.o n , educ at i onr.L an.l social wc Lfr.rc cctivities. Nens! clUbs (us in Usanda) coopcrctive societics (ns in U":'.nde-, 0':,nzcmiC' r.nd Ghcma), " cl.icL,tco' mutuelles de production rurale"

(in Ii'Tench-speaking ':'lest J\fric:1n Countries), agricul tur'?:.l counci La

(in Liberia), are SOIDe of the insti tutuions vlhich hnve been instrrrnents of leadership formOl tion in rural a r en.s , These howe often brought peop] e tOGether for collccti ve efforts in rural develc.;pn 8n t .

29.

The educC\tional system is tho cho.nnel of entry into tho uode rn sector v.DCI. mission an:~~. goverrUlent cch o o Lo 0.nd colleges have

produced the nGtional leaders.

"".... -','

ElcN

.14/mICr:151 Fuge 17

30.

Conflict crui Qrisc be twe en the tr,~dio~'lcll lercdc:rship :.'nd the: new lQ:J-de~_"chip, The d;yno.IJ.ics of chang e result in the pro~~~rc:-:~[',iv c erosion of tte role of tho tr~dional leaders, who might express their r o eo n tment it: opposit Lon to ^{r-iJ.rnl d}evcLopmen^L pr02rnmrlC3. 'I'hc nntionr.L Lcccdership should mc ko eve ry effort jO convar.cc ot I LocnL Le.vers ,

Gradit i ona'l C\DCI ncw , of the ieport"nce of rural dcve Lopment projects and to S82k ways of usin~ the~r cCDsiderable talents so th~t these 12Cldors, will not work let Cr08G-pUrposces. It is often better for

i;~lstC1nce tu pcrl;lit the tro.di

t

Lonal. lo:.ders, to c.tter.lpt tel imp::"U"}C:llt t>cir ide::-'.s th,~~n to que: s

t

the'I'1 ou tri3ht , 'rbuq ["l, rr;ln-mc~ker ~:lClY oe pc rvri. tted to ::,tteE-";pt L.: produce T2in, if. he ouo c e ed s , t~,:.er8 ~L3 r-ai n , v.hi.c h is gocu for the Cl"'JpS, i f he f~"ils, the new 182c:2r~:~ ^CC'.l1 c;.rguc tho nC'cd for any , irricatirJl1 to sup!le'lknt t.ho r8in-dQker's effortG,

...

• E/CN.14/S:{CD/Sl P':;0 18

C . L P T ~.l IV

1. Presont ^s t^{r a} t^{c gi . cs} of ^{r u r - a}l d^{c vo} L o p r n en t ^{a ro ,} in m,::.ny ^{02808, s o c} t ^{o r e L} j.ll

orientation. J~3ch proGramme esapba si s ee a part i cuLcr' sector ar objocti.v o Ll.

rurEll development thOllgh, since thoro urc inter-relQtionships betweon the;

various s co tors and ⁰bjocti v o s^Io ther-

s-crct

drs--ITfid- "o b jcct a v os ;-r8

no"i

ont LroLy nl3G'lGcted.

Strategies for Incro2sed Agricultllrnl Productivity

2. Lgricult ur cL oxt ont i on sorvices, co-op~r2.tiv'cl movements, oxporirnuntc',l or demonstration farms, and s ccd distribution nurswrios nrc some of the:

methods used "to chango the techniques of uC;.ciCllltur o f or Lncr e as cd productivity.

3. Co-operativl2s v'::'.ry in ^{n c}t^{u rc} nod scope. 11 ^{c o - e op u}rati^{v e} may ^{e mp h n a}i ^{s e}

prodllction, distribution, financing or m2rkcting, Qnd it mny c8rry out nIl of those functions.

4. In '!bgo, SORAD is a multi-purpose orgnnization,Jrimnrily Concerned with Qgriculturo.l productivity. It is or&aniz\Jd in fivo companies, cornesponding to e,"ch of the economic regions of the country, Qnd it is involved in extension work, GducC!ting the fnrmsrs on nUH techniques,

production nnd markcting. The ~ompanies .~~VB ~n initiGl capital of 5 million CFA francs, 2nd rucQive assistance fr.om various org2.niz~tions. The

pensQnts 2180 make Qnnual contributions to it. The compani8s havG n representGtivos Govcrning.Council on which ^p02sunts ~~o in tho mnjoritY3 and they huve directors and technicnl ndvis~rs who C!re often expatriatos provided "through technical nssist~nce.

5.

In the SUdan, co-oporatives, which have beGn in Gxistence since the thirties, have been given incroasing .government su?port since

1964,

reslllting in the creation of Q Ministry of ce-opor~tive nnd Rurnl Develop- ment. There are ebout 1,300 co-oporetives of vnryin~ size Qnd type. All private cotton schames have been conv~rt0d into co-op~ratives.