Abstractions ~nd Guneralizntions:

The concept of rural developmont ~r~sup08es the recognition of a rur~r ur-ban continue and the Lmp Ld c cti.on thut the .rp:r.Bl arC:Q c a n n ot be c on si d e r cd

in isolation but in rulotiunt'o'tho ur-b..n countcz-part , for it is in this sense th.rt problems of rur,.,l-urb,cn migr,.tion, r ur a), exodus, .inri agriculturaL and industrial dcvo Locmant c cn be tack Lcd , Dcv o l o pmont must be hc rmcnt z cd

in such a m~nnor thGt both soctors CQn complement each othor.

3. Similnrly, rur31 d8v01opm~nt essGntinlly rcquirGs an integrated and inter-disciplinccry a ppr cach , 'I'h. vory natur-o of tho pr occs s of rurr.L

development Qnd the size ef the problem of promoting economic Qnd soci~l progress in rural ar e c s require th at notion be t akcn on sever,_l fronts simultaneously, and not independontly of ~ach other.

•

E!CN.14!S,ICD!51 Page

25

4. The effectiveness of the term "integrated rural developmant"

implies the acceptance, cf the governments concerned, of the philosophy and technology of planning and a design of develcpment strategy, its honest application, and the involvement of all classes and levels of the society in its planning and execution or implementation_

5.

dhile it is reccgnized that the problems of the rural sector are urgent ana unique and call· ·for special attention;"'n'-is' eS'se'iitial' that the rural programmes be planned and implemented within the framework of an .overall national develcpment plan, and not in isolation. Rural programmes

t.hus conceived mi:;ht be regarded as a means of achieving rural-urban integration within the context of the national developm2nt process.

6. The integrated approach sho~ld have, as a primary objective, the mobilisativn of human and material resources 1n the rural areasj and it should involve the stimulation of a combination of the followin

o

^factors:

a) active participation of the population involved - 8speclally young people and women in developing positive industrial and social attitudes towards the improvement required, through

community -development, "Anima ticII ruralej1, social service progra,TIr.16S

and other techniqu3s;

b) techno-economic characteristies, including cost-return

analysis and covering the. va ri ous . physical and. economic factors relevant to rural development pr-ogr-a umas , e.g. land, water

supply for Lr ri gation and other uses, ensrgy, road and oomnuni cet i one , crop production and possible alternatives, marketing possibilities;

c) human resources development, need for manpower surveys and assessment to help on the sound promotion of vocational

training and productive rural employment (emphasis on employment creation actiVities), orientation of education towards rural needs; promction of servioes related to health, nutrition, housingj social walfare, etc.;

E/CN .14/S\'1CD/Sl Page 26

d) institutional development, need for a sound

institutional framework to support and sustain rural development, e.g. land tenure and land ownership,

appropriate public and semi-public services, voluntary rural associations and organizatiuns, development of co-operatives a~d credit facilities, and

e) administrative organization,especially machinery for integrated approach and for effective communicaticns at all levels.

7. In pursuing the co-ordinnted and integrated approach to development a crucial factor is the type of training given to persons involved at the policy-making level, with regard to excecutinG bodies and other persons or the public with whom they will work. Integretion must take place at the inception of the idee to be implementec in order that basic problems of planning, organization and implementation may be clarified bafore they solidify.

8. The concept of "integrated" approach in rural development should be understood to mean an "integral" approach. In this respect, all compcnents in the system of development can be understood as important and appreci~tod

for the part which they play individually and collectively • . This is different· from the "harmonization" of .pLans and the "co-operation" of various agencies; and has significancG also for the co-ordination of rural development plans.

The Tanzanian Approach

9. In pr-eaenti n.j the Tanzanian -experiment" in integrated appr-oach to rural dcvelo~ment, the conEultanl stressed the necessity for recognizinG that there is not one ~ntegrated approach but other possible ones as well

-depend1~upon the social, Gconomic and poltical conditions eXisting Within the country concenrid , Tho Tanzanian example was therefore presented as one approach to the problem.

"jCN

.14jSlICil!5l Page 27

10. The colonial heritage had prodQced a sitQation in which at independence the Tanzanian economy was geared to prodQcticn of exportabla crops with

sQpporting infrastructure - communications, social ana other welfare progrQmmes designed to suc h an economy. 'I'he few services such as schools and hospitals were mostly for the benefit of the settler population; and a great gap Gxistod between the urban educated elite and the rural agricQltQral farmers. The whole economy was based upon capitalistic principles.

11. Upon attainment of independence, planned development was adopted, and a philosophy of development intended to redress the imbalance and which followed sooialist principles waL adopted.

12. Central to this approach ar,e the :followlng 'concepts:

a) Social EqQality: tho spread of benefits of development widely throughoQt the society;

b) ·Ujamaa: development forms of ec ono.ru c acti vity which encourage collective and co-oper8tivG 3fforts and &void wide differences of wealth and income;

0) Self-reliance: emphasis' on daveLo p.nent through the maxi mum

mobilization of domestic resoQrces, particQlarly throQgh mobi1isation of thG peopla;

d) Economic nnd Social Transform~tion: rapid expansion of productive capacity to crGate the basis for future economic and social

transformation;

e) African _~conomic Integration: the extension of economic co-operation to other !\frican states.

13. The objectiv3s of this strate,~ has b~en to provide ultimately the ci tizens of Tanzania with ade quata food fwd water, ampLoy.nerrt and I nccme , edQcation and training, health serviDes and social secQrity within available r-eaour-ce s , In this effort r ura I deveLo ai~nt has boen chosen as the c on t.r-aI fOCQS 01 the nctional devolopment eficrt with thG implicit acceptance of the following:

E/CN.14/S'ICD!51 Page 28

a) n rG-examin~tivn of a whole ran3e of sactornl programmes and other policies which nffect the interest of individual members of scciatj to ensure th~t they are consistent with the interests of the majority;

b) a re-orgi.lnization of the institutional framework for development to ensure that it provides a nativnal driving force alone the chosen path of society.

14. In str-e aaa.ng "s e Lf'-cr-eLi ance", 'I'an ze nia does not mean to imply a sense of "self-sufficiency". l!:xternal Gid is sought and used but onl! when local resourcos are unavailnblJ or where thera is no other alternative. The

political-~hilosop~ical concept of self-reliance ~lso enGbles the government to scrutinize sources and conditions of aid to ensure that it is in keeping with the politico-socinl cbjectives of anzanian development.

15. Self-reliance also eric ou r'a ge s and necessi tc.tes mutual co-operation

anorig indiViduals, groups and :;overn_l1ant agencies. Since local resources

must, in most cases, be utilized, the need to rely on each other to produce the scarCe resource in manpower and finance, acts as a positive force for

. .

the integration of plans, m.inpowe r and' other reSources

"at

the local level

Where _.nost development projeots arc c a r-r-a ed out.

Co-ordination and Integration

16. Co-ordlnation and integration was conceivod by the C,?l;lference at three levals: a) at the international leval, b) at the national level and c) at the local level.

17. In presenting the paper r~r. Iliby-Williams called .fo r commeat s on the necessity for oo-operation and integration of rural development prog~mmes

among United Nations Agencies in the manner envisaged by the Inter-Agency Committee on Rural Development in Africa (E/CN.14/422).

18. An integrated approach to rural development to vital as should be be pursued both' at the level of Govornmentsand at the level of International

agencies. Moreover, concerted action of the UN and Specializod Agencies should as far as possible be achieved at the project level.

E!CN.14!SWCDE!Sl Page 29

19. The Conference noted with satisfaction that Some co~senS~s had already been achieved by the various UN and Specilized Agencies, as to the need for adopting a oOlllpreh..!lAivje and integrated approach to r ura I davelopmont-as evidenced particularly by the establiahment and operation of the il.fric:1 Regi.cHlC-:.

Inter-Agenoy Committee on Rural Development and of the ACC Working Party on Rural and Community Development

20. In this connexi cn the Conference took note of tho ECA resolution 197 (IX) entitled "Integrated Approach to Rural Development in Afrioa," whi c h .,:as adopted at the Ninth SesSion (February 1969) of that Commission, and '"hich recommended inter-alia,

" (1) That a permanent Regional Inter-Agency Committee on _R~ral Develop--ment in Africa sho~ld be established, at Addis Ababa, to provide for periodic consultaticns among Agency representatives(at the techical level), and to consider, plan and _s~ggest methods for implementing s~itable projects which lend themselves readily to concerted action in matters relating tc rural development and that the Economic Commission for Africa should be made responsible for

convening and servicing this Committee; and that

II (2) With a view to sec~ring tho f~llest possible co-operation of African Governments in the adoption of the philosophy and strategy of the integrated approach to rural development, sub-regional se.ninar-a be arranged to exchange ideas a nd Lnf orm.rti on On the integrated approach and to identify, from each sub-ragion, one or two suitable pilot projetcs which - subject to the agreement of the Government(s) concerned and a satisfactory inter-disciplinary reconnaissance,

based on the Guiding Principles enunciated above - could be sponsored for R~Gional inter-agency co-oruinatGd assistanc~.

21. In the same resolution 197(rX), the se~retariat of tho ECA was par-ti eu-larly req~ested ·'to intensify research into social inputs required for egonomic development, as 'well aJ e tuda e s of ulethods re:;uired to secure popuLar parti-c i.pa tion in developmert projeparti-cts"; ,!nd'to ;;i^V6 a ;)propria te technical aid tc african member 0tates with a view to setting up or improving national and _m~lti­

national training centres in rural development."

,E/CN.14!SWCD/5l P"ge 30

22. the Conference accepted the necessit;y for co-ordination of the policies and programmes of UN agencies at the international level and suggested a possible role of the ECA in this capacity in connexion with the Af'r Lca region. African governments who are also members of these UN bodies were urged to take a more active role to ensure that maximum benefi~

is secured through h~rmonizationand co-ordination of the polcies of these bodies so that the;y will be more effective in the regivn.

23. At the national level, it was observed that, in many African countries, several ministries or agencies were involved in rural development; that their activities were seldom co-ordinated) and that all too often a project which was being implemented under the responsibilitJ of one MinistrJ was insufficientlJ co-ordinated with other areas of activit;y falling within tho competence of other ministries.

24. It was the consensus of the Conference that national planning and other appropriate agencies s.iouLd examine the programmes and the nature of t r.ei r relationship with CN Lnt.e rnati ona I organizations ,in their countries and ensurQ a more effeGtiv8 and realistic means of co-ordinatin6 their

a ot i vd t Le s , of integratin{) the programmes of these agencies more 0108el,) Lnc ;

that of the national governments', and of securing maximum benefit from the significant contributions that these agencies can make to their rural and

other dev910pment programmes.

25. Co-ordination and integration of programmes at the national and local levels among ministries and departments re~uires a more complicated level of adjustment and readjustment in which several alternatives are possible. Ie this connexion two papers presented are helpful, the FAO contribution Cit;

agricul tural centre and Ghe UNDSD contribution on "A ~!orking Model for Concerted Development for r:ural Areas". Both contributions advocate the establishment of co-ord~natinb machineries at the national or village level based upon an agricultural centre or a Rural Development Corporation.

26. 'lhese plans or models ma,; be examined as possible approaches , 0 rural development with their inherent difficulties at implementation. The

Conference, hvwever, noted that for an effective co-ordination and integrati~lJ

.wIer .14/=

·eCiI ^j

Page )1

wf ~rogrammes at the n:1tion:11.nd Lo ca L lo'/els·

a) integrstion must take "lace e-,t the ti.rae of the inception of

t he i.Jea and. must be ca r-ri e.; t.hr i.ugh to comj.LetLon~

b) inv01ving cth8r ministries and:i.0i:-artments ~:lu::n the project is aLrea d y begun d08S no e n su r e i'TOper integr:-:\.tion:.

c) in tho t r-a a nⁱ n., of lJerso:t1uel .ne integra ted avyroach should be used so th?ot the attitude of co-operation and alJpreci3.tlon fer tLe need for co-operation mao develop in ufficials at the outset.

d) '3.dmillistr.:::~tors~ field w0rkers ""lid- tIie general public must be taught tv 3,p.lJrecia te benefi ts 0£ the integra. ted. ai)ljroacn ~

through adult ed.ucJ..t i cn ::.ncl li-,:8TS.... C2. mct.hc.d.e , aud i.c-vi sua I and ct he r aids.

e) cc--o rdi nata on is uften more cfc o ct i.vc "hen undertaken bO' a Lc ca L r

o.r ri;;;giGnal admi ni atr-ati va or j.o L'i'ti cn I bod J or cfficit:.l ^I-lfth tno cc--o pe r-i.t i.cn 01 o j.e r-at i.n., d.epa r :.Clents ra th6r tnan b. one oi LLe d ej.artments rnv o Lve d in the )rojec1i under oons i.de ra t.Lon ,

The: ~':.fl-'icc~ HGGiull<....l CODfui'unc0 on the: Int0~~.L'~:tJll .[;;Jpro<2ch to RurcI Jovolopmc:nt,

Consj..'Luring tILt phy si c.i.l conditions such r,s soil, (lcend) relicf, clim~tic f02tLlras sLlch ~s r,"inf211, hLlmidity, and sLlnshina

d~t~rmin8 to ~ large Qxtont th~ n~turQl production pot0ntial in tJJ8 r ur aI ar ec s ,

Considoring th et any c o-c or'dinr-tcd r ur o I d evo Lopmcnt pro(£rammo must n8ccs82rily take th~88 constrQints into uCC0untj

Con~A~~~:rin,; that qui.t« L'.~J~:rt from thvs<3 physi c c I chc r cct or

i>-stics, thorJ cr0 probloms involvinj tho nd2?tation of nnim.~t~ lifa (V0B~tublej enimal end _hum~n) to unvironmvnt~ and their intvr~ction;

nec~mmonds ttl~t ECA and tho 8pJci~lizud ~lgunciusi Mumburs Df the United Nations family, sh ouLd m .k e c>v,iLeblc to th., i,fric,m St, tc,o, compctcrrt oxpo.r^t s to und ort nke n ays^t cma^t i.c study of ^th e guogr~phicc-l

2nd 8coloGic~l f~ctors influ0ncing rur~l d0v01opm0nt, in th0 light of contcmpor2ry sciuntific 2nd tuchnic21 knowludJu;

~g,£.c:..~£~t;OS member Stc.ti~S to implomont ^f1 policy for ^trci n i.ng spcci21iz0d c~"dr0s in t".csu disciDlin~s3

Il2comm~nds thu ^US'l of t~chniqu~8 such ·_G irr~~~tion,_ thu

se10ction of v~rivti~s 2nd brcJds 8uit~b18 for :1 ~~rticu12r 0nvirollffi0ilC, in order to combnt thw risks inhur~nt in GooloJicnl end ecological f CbO~f

Solumnly ri.::~lffirms th.rt dny c c-vo.rdin.itcd ru r aI c1uviJlo;Jfficmt progr0mmu must n8ciJss~rily t~ke those con8tr~ints into 3CCQUnt.

-2-'I'h« iifrica J1L:.::;ion31 COnf,JI'..::aC~ on th ; Intu.:;r:~.t..;.:d L,JpTO,-;ch

to Rur,.l D~v~lopmantt

2..-1J}~iJo...:ring th.tt in 't h c ;"f!.:"icc.n r u rr.L ur~<:.',s thc us'''; of

tr~dition~l fcrmin3 mutllods is thu m~in C~USG of lo~ pro1uctivity;

Considoring th ..t th~ intro~uction of modern f2rming t0chn}.qu~s

whi.Lc Lm o.r ovi nj producti vity~ .i.1.l)C,J28~rily t ios urn l~~rg~ amount of

c~pit2l ~nd skilled ~anpo~0rl

fi.ffi~ th ...^t d ovoLopmont in r-ura I .::.rC'.:'6 in Lfr~cQ ruqui.L·~s ~

(i) Thl.3 provision at' .idcqu et e i nf r ,... st r-uct ur-os (ii) 'I'he rnuxLmum c ombi.n.rt i on of Droduction _{L_ctor8~}

(iii) 'I'h.: Lmpr ov omcnt of .int crncL ::nd oxte r n a L tr.o:.ding ch.-nne Ls ;

and nIl intcrn.ltionnl unJ rCJionnl orgdniz.:tions _int~ruGt0d in ~ifric~:

should ,~dopt.2. bronddr policy t o.n-.r-ds t h e r-u r a I er cus in ;,frico.~

~1UC~Dmm;Jnds th:1t Lfric~'.n St .tc.e shoulJ r\.:'801ut01y turn

tOWRTds 2 futur~ of pro~russ l~ moblllzing all lnt~rnal Qn0 wxt ;rncl

z-ca ou r'c e s Lntcnclou for tho r'u ri.L c r c.ia , in ordor to rntr oduc o mo.l.n-n

lbeommcmds thc.t ;\fric"n Stt"s s hou I d implement D co li cy of tr~ining ._t all luvols to ~:nsur0 th~ SUCC0SS of this proJr0s _,iv~

pol icy.

... _,

•

-~-·,

The: il.fI'icr:. 1(~',--~ioi1[11 C')~lf\.:r-Jnc\.O on tn., Intl.,jJrstc....d J'<::l:'\TO_ell to ~lural J0v~lopm·]nt,

Q.L,-!!tiid"::I'in2i til _t t'L"':; i.'ur"l c ornc.uni t y i:.:; on , JJith i..1c;,;-oL, customs L'-nd tr ....di.ti oris which it is r-...:luct,!nt to chc-~nG':'::t -,::s[)0ci.lly if en :n3'- s occur sud(l~nly;

Con s i.d or i.nzz t.ho oxt cn.t o.I f'r.mi Ly system '..l ith l to grou.p

soliJ~rity ~nJ Jivision of l2bour;

f{.,;comm(;nds th~;t iifricc:ns ro s pon s i.bLv for .rur .~l dl::'vjlo~)1Jl.jnt

L.t 311 luv~ls should intG~r~t~ with th~ rur~;l massus~ and l~nrn

from thcrn so th .t they too mi~;~lt ch:;:.ng\j, ;:nJ m:ku tJ10 rur:ll rn : :..,\..;8

shoul,: E~ly on th~ most influ0nti~1 ~nd dynamic 0l~m0nts in th.

',:uick..:r r03p.m s c from th -" rn.:.s svs to no",'

'I'h.; ,.frice, ct·':.;,:ioiL~.l Cuni'...:r,;nc·-.; on th ...: Int0Gr:'.t0d l';DpJ.'o,.c;:~

to ,.tur,.1 Duv;~lo9l7J,:..;nt~

£oi1siJ~rin;'j thii d(;cioiv\,j ~2rt :,l.c~y(:d by poLit i.cc.L f~'cto~'~;

a,n ru :cl1in(S J\Jcisiol1s on :rUT.. 1 duv(Jl()~lm,,,.mt lli'00'i'C,r.1m,;;o • ~\fric,'

2nd in iffiplcmQntin~ thom~

Qt)"n~ids.rin{) th,.t most of the _CUI'.,:~nt r u r a L r1w;Qlo~l1t ~:·l,"nG

!~ ~fric~ 0r0 inuffcctivc;

H~CUillm(:ndG th(·~t .L'.fric,,~ pol i. t i c c I, ~G<:hl:..lrs should spar~ IF~

pu i.n... to indue" pe r s on s of 31& s1L;(~"S of pl\J.i tical opinion ~<) ^Gl\0[)i.rt

£tocommoncls th:t r ur-r.L "'Jv~lopm0i1~ t\'A>gri.·,mi'106 s"ould b , pl'..

p.,,....

d d omoc r-iti cc Lly by co.Ul ting .inc ,iillJun~; the SU9port of t

~al :inll;,'.oit,.:.nts -rho :-:dl')ul'~: Pt\rtici? .t ... .J~l.tiv(;ly in th-.; soLcc.b Lr.r.

ot"' "~re,)tB z.nd in uV.Jry :)h .8,~ tlf l"urnl ,"';'t;v,.;letfm..;nt pr03'.rfwwn~ il."f~l...,r.lvnt; t-... ,

RECONI"IJoNDA'I'ION3 ON DEFTNIl:'Imf AND OBJECTIVES OF RURAL DEVELOPIIIENT

1. Definition

The Africa Regional Conference on Integrated Rural Development, having adopted the following definition of rural development

"T'he outaome of a series of quantitative and qualitative ohanges o~curring among a given rural population and whose efforts indicate in time a rise in the standard of living and favourable changes in the wa_J of life",

recommends that member States should bear the salient features of the abovo definition in mind in the planning and execution of their policies and projects for the development of their rural areas.

2. Objectives

a) 'I'he objectives of rural development among' other things, should include ohange s in a tt.a tude of rural populations, making them self-reliant, raising their standard of living and enabling them to contribute more fully to the economic, social and political development of their coun t ry, b) Governments are urged to establish clearly defined short-cercn

and Long-e t e.rrn objectives for their rural development progr<:m"es.

· .

Under tl~Q joint sponsor~hip of:

Con;o-Dr~2z~~ville

Gabon.

The kfrican Reci0nal Conferenco on tllG Integrated L~proa.h to Rural D0valo(Jmant;

ConsidJrin th~ undoubtGd ^SUCC0S6 01 the ~frica

rtaelL'.Llal Conferenca on the Lntej reted .c...p)roact to J.ur.:1 De veLo pmerrt , orga iZ3U ::.~t _~',108ii.i in 'Lmz . ni a from

13

to

24

Octch3r

1969;

Consi c.cr-in.r tl.at t_,is Corn e r e nc e has b-::0U a d.8finita

---_. __ ^...

eye-opener to t~fric3ns raspon~ible for ruri.l davolo9lnant;

Iie c ommend s the org\"'..niz2.tion of sub-reGioJJ.c.l s ar.i ne r-s to 3n~jlG rurcl dev81o~mGnt cadrGc tc dxchan ~ ideas and work out tho rnetl.od s most sui tClblJ for d cv e Lc oing the

Iie c ommend s the org\"'..niz2.tion of sub-reGioJJ.c.l s ar.i ne r-s to 3n~jlG rurcl dev81o~mGnt cadrGc tc dxchan ~ ideas and work out tho rnetl.od s most sui tClblJ for d cv e Lc oing the

Dans le document Draft final report (Page 29-46)