127
Field evaluation of different chemical pesticides against aphid toxoptera aurantii on different tea (Camellia sinensis L.) cuttings under high shade nursery
Sohail Aslam
(a), F. S. Hamid
(a), A. Waheed
(a)*, N. Aslam
(b), F. Ahmed
(a), Q. Zaman
(a), N.
Ahmed
(a), S.Islam
(a), N. Khan
(a)and B. H. Shah
(a)(a) Entomology & Plant Protection Section, National Tea & High Value Crops Res. Institute (PARC) Shinkiari (KPK) Pakistan
(b)IPMP, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection (DPEP), NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan2
*Corresponding author. E-mail : [email protected]
Recieved 24 Oct 2014, Revised 17 Nov 2014, Accepted 15 Dec 2014.
Abstract
: Experiment was conducted at National Tea & High Value Crops Research Institute, Shinkiari, Mansehra-Pakistan during 2011-12 with the objectives to evaluate the efficacy of different chemical pesticides i.e. Tarzan (Cypermethrin 10EC), Piceal (Alphacypermethrin 10SC) and Buzer (Alphacypermethrin 10% W/V) were used to compare their effectiveness in relation to control the aphid infestation on growing shoots and their control at nursery stage. The mortality of aphid on tea cutting significantly affected under chemical pesticide Tarzan caused highest mortality 64%, 63%, 52%, 55%, 59%, 59%, 41% and 54% respectively, pesticide Piceal ranked second in relation to efficacy against aphid with insect mortality 36%, 40%, 40%, 28%, 37%, 36%, and 43% respectively. Whereas insecticide Buzer showed less efficacy among the other two insecticides on all tea cuttings application after 24 hours. Similar trend was observed in other treatments.Key words: Aphid, Chemical pesticides, Camellia sinensis, NTHRI, Pakistan, Tea nursery
1.
Introduction
:Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is one of the favorite beverages of Pakistani’s people and all over the world. The major tea growing countries are China, India, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Indonesia, Turkey, Bangladesh and Iran. In terms of tea area and production, China is the largest country in the world. There are mainly three species of tea cultivated in the world namely Camellia sinensis, Camellia assamica and Camellia assamica sub sp. Cassiolyx. These species are also known as china type, assam type and cambod types respectively. Two major species of tea i.e. Camellia sinensis and Camellia assamica are native to mainland China, South and Southeast Asia, but today it is cultivated across the tropical and subtropical regions of the world [1]. In Pakistan, the cultivation of this crop was started for the first time in 1958-59 in District Mansehra [2]. Tea plants remain permanently in the field and hence are subjected to insect attack.
Large populations of different species are present on tea crop. The aphid has been reported as a pest of tea in Srilanka [3]. Anonymous [4] reported that the pest is found on mature tea but nurseries are more often
128 attacked. Both Chinese as well as Srilankan tea varieties were found equally susceptible to aphid attack [2].
The tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii infests tender shoot and foliage of the tea plant. Its continuous feeding makes the leaf wrinkled forming a boat shaped structure and at times result in retarded growth of the plant.
Severe infestation leads to delayed recovery of the plant with the consequent effect on poor crop productivity [6]. Aphids feed by sucking sap from tender plant leaves. This often causes the plants to become deformed, the leaves curled and shriveled and in some cases, galls are formed on the leaves [7]. In most cases the black citrus aphid is a pest of tea wherever it is found. This pest congregates on the tender young shoots, flower buds and the undersides of young leaves. They are not known to feed on the older and tougher plant tissues [8]. On tea it causes some leaf distortion and malformation of growth of leaves and tips of shoots. It is often more a serious pest in nurseries [9]. Several methods have been practiced for the control of aphids. These include cultural, physical, mechanical, biological, host plant resistance and chemical.
Combination of the non-chemical control method keeps aphid population normally below economic injury level. But, in case of aphids population builds ups chemicals have to be used for control and yield assessment [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15]. Keeping in view the importance of tea crop and the damage caused by aphids toxoptera aurntii, the present research is therefore, design; “to evaluate field efficacy of different chemical pesticides against aphid on different varieties of tea cutting in nursery plants and to check the susceptibility of different tea varieties against aphid”.
2.
Materials and methods
: 2.1 Experimental LocationDistrict Mansehra is located at the eastern border of the Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, 244 km away from Peshawar and 170 km away from Islamabad. The district is geographically located at latitude (34.34 degrees) 34° 20' 24" North of the Equator and longitude (73.2 degrees) 73° 12' 0" East of the Prime Meridian on the Map of the world. It contains the town of Mansehra and Kaghan Valley (a popular tourist destination in Pakistan) and three Tehsils Mansehra, Balakot and Oghi. The Karakoram Highway passes through it. The experiment will be carried out at National Tea Research Institute (NTRI) Shinkiari, Mansehra-Pakistan during 2012-13, to assess the field performance of different synthetic pesticides against aphid. Tea cuttings of 3.5 cm size (node + bud) were obtained from indigenous tea variety (Camellia sinensis L.) i.e., Qi-Men (Chinese), Chuye (Chinese), Roupi (Chinese), P-3 (Chinese), P-5 (Chinese), P-7 (Chinese), Turkish and Indonesian from NTRI Tea garden during the 2nd week of September, 2012 and will be inserted in soil filled polythene tubes. Experiment were laid out in a randomized complete block design having 03 replications kept in high shade nursery tunnels of NTRI, Shinkiari. Three hundred cuttings per treatment will be excised. All the cultural practices will be keep uniform as and when required. On appearance of aphid at 03 leaves + bud stage, the following chemical pesticides, i.e., Tarzan (Cypermethrin 10EC), Piceal (Alphacypermethrin 10SC) and Buzer (Alphacypermethrin 10% W/V) will be use to compare their effectiveness in relation to control the insect pest. After the sprouting of tea cuttings weeding will be done to keep nursery from weeds.
Proper irrigation schedule will be follow.
The population of aphid before spraying the above chemical pesticides on tea cutting will be record, while the post treatment observations on population of aphid will be record after 24 hours, 72 hours and one week of spray. The spraying with chemical pesticides on tea cutting will be done in the morning time by Knapsack sprayer. The observations will be recorded at morning hours (8-10 am) the population of the insect will be examined carefully.
The observations will be recorded at the following intervals after spray of different chemical pesticides.
129
T1 24 hours before treatment
T2 24 hours after treatment
T3 72 hours after treatment
T4 One week after treatment
The data thus recorded were analysed for variance to record the level of significance for variation L.S.D test will also be employed to compare the average population under different chemical pesticides.
3.
Results
:3.1 Efficacy of botanical pesticides after 24 hours of spray:
The results (Table-1) showed that the mortality % of aphid Toxoptera aurantii on tea cutting of eight different varieties varies significantly (P <0.01) for synthetic pesticides after 24 hours of their application and spraying tea cutting with Tarzan pesticide on all tea cutting caused highest mortality 64%, 63%, 52%, 55%, 59%, 59%, 41% and 54% respectively. Pesticide Piceal ranked second in relation to efficacy against aphid with insect mortality 36%, 40%, 40%, 28%, 37%, 36%, and 43% respectively. Whereas the pesticide Buzer showed least efficacy against aphid. (fig-1)
Table 1. Efficacy of various botanical pesticides with 24 hours of spray interval Pesticides Variety Pre-Treatment aphid
population
Post treatment aphid population
Mortality (%)
Tarzan
Indonesian
276 98 64 a
Piceal 294 186 36 ab
Buzer 263 178 32 ac
Tarzan
P-3
274 99 63 a
Piceal 265 160 40 ac
Buzer 293 169 42 ab
Tarzan
Turkish
231 110 52 a
Piceal 247 146 40ab
Buzer 258 158 38ac
Tarzan
Chyue
270 122 55 a
Piceal 279 179 35 ab
Buzer 255 180 29ac
Tarzan
P-5
288 119 59 a
Piceal 253 181 28ab
Buzer 232 178 23ac
Tarzan
P-7
237 98 59 ac
Piceal 174 108 37 ab
Buzer 180 114 36ac
Tarzan
Roupi
152 89 41ab
Piceal 152 97 36 ac
Buzer 140 98 30 ab
Tarzan
Qi-men
177 82 54 a
Piceal 185 106 43ab
Buzer 150 97 35ac
130 Figure 1. Efficacay of various synthetic pesticides with 24 hours of spray interval
3.2 Efficacy of botanical pesticides after 72 hours of spray
The observation on infestation of aphid Toxoptera aurantii after 72 hours was also recorded and results are presented in table-2. The insect population showed that there was a significant (P <0.01) in mortality of aphid in case of different synthetic pesticides after 72 hours of treatment.
Table 2. Efficacy of various pesticides with 72 hours of spray interval Pesticides Variety Pre-Treatment aphid
population
Post treatment aphid population
Mortality (%)
Tarzan
Indonesian
276 59 79 a
Piceal 294 115 60 b
Buzer 263 108 59 ac
Tarzan
P-3
274 46 83 a
Piceal 265 104 61 bc
Buzer 293 103 65 ac
Tarzan
Turkish
231 66 71 a
Piceal 247 96 61ab
Buzer 258 88 66 ac
Tarzan
Chyue
270 77 71 a
Piceal 279 101 64 ab
Buzer 255 110 57 bc
Tarzan
P-5
288 74 74 a
Piceal 253 115 55 bc
Buzer 232 100 57 bc
Tarzan
P-7
237 48 80 a
Piceal 174 89 49 ab
Buzer 180 78 57 ac
Tarzan
Roupi
152 53 65 ac
Piceal 152 77 49ab
Buzer 140 72 49ac
Tarzan
Qi-men
177 42 76 a
Piceal 185 89 52 ab
Buzer 150 64 57 ac
131 Figure 2. Efficacy of various synthetic pesticides with 72 hours of spray interval
Tarzan showed highest efficacy against the target insect on all eight tea varieties Tarzan showed highest efficacy against the target insect and resulted mortality of 79%, 83%, 71%, 71%, 74%, 80%, 65% and 76%
respectively. Piceal insecticide ranked second in relation to efficacy against the target insect on all the eight tea varieties with the mortality of 60%, 61%, 61%, 64%, 55%, 49% and 52% respectively. Whereas insecticide Buzer showed less efficacy among the other two insecticides. (fig-2)
3.3 Efficacy of botanical pesticides after one week of spray
Table 3. Efficacy of various botanical pesticides with one week of spray interval.
Pesticides Variety Pre-Treatment aphid population
Post treatment aphid population
Mortality (%)
Tarzan
Indonesian
276 19 93 a
Piceal 294 63 78 b
Buzer 263 69 73 c
Tarzan
P-3
274 11 96 a
Piceal 265 57 78 ab
Buzer 293 64 78 ac
Tarzan
Turkish
231 13 94 a
Piceal 247 51 79 b
Buzer 258 49 81 c
Tarzan
Chyue
270 14 95 a
Piceal 279 54 80 b
Buzer 255 42 83 c
Tarzan
P-5
288 14 95 a
Piceal 253 52 79 b
Buzer 232 46 80 c
Tarzan
P-7
237 11 95 a
Piceal 174 41 77 ab
Buzer 180 45 75 bc
Tarzan
Roupi
152 13 91 a
Piceal 152 45 70 ab
Buzer 140 35 75bc
Tarzan
Qi-men
177 9 95 a
Piceal 185 45 76 bc
Buzer 150 38 75 ac
132 Figure 3. Efficacy of various synthetic pesticides with one week of spray interval
Aphid infestation on tea after one week of spray was recorded and results are given in table-3. The results indicated that there was a significant (P <0.01) variation in insect mortality in different synthetic pesticides after one week of spray. Tarzan sustained its efficacy against the target insect and caused highest mortality in all the eight tea varieties: 93%, 96%, 94%, 95%, 79%, 95%, 91% and 95% respectively as shown in fig 3.
Whereas the second highest mortality causing insecticide is piceal and the least efficacy against aphid was observed in case of Buzer. It was observed that all the synthetic pesticides perform equally on all the eight tea cuttings.
3.4. Morphological data:
Data on morphological characters i.e. plant height (cm), leaf area (cm) and distance between nodes were also taken to check the effect of aphid on growth and vigor of tea plant. It was observed that among all the eight tea varieties leaf area decreasing ranging from 0.3cm to 1.3 cm, distance (cm) between the nodes of each tea variety was also noted and it was observed that it also decreases ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 cm. Plant height (cm) also collected and it was noted that it has also decreasing pattern among all the tea varieties.
Table 4. Morphological Data pre and post treatment of chemical spray.
Variety Leaf Area (cm) Distance between nodes (cm) Plant height (cm) Before aphid
attack
After aphid attack
Before aphid attack
After aphid attack
Before aphid attack
After aphid attack
Indonesian 6.9 5.8 0.7 0.6 6.6 5.0
P-3 6.5 5.2 0.8 0.6 8.0 6.9
Turkish 3.9 2.7 0.4 0.3 5.7 5.2
Chuye 5.1 5 0.7 0.5 6.6 5.9
P-5 3.8 3.0 0.9 0.7 6.3 5.9
P-7 3.8 3.5 0.5 0.4 4.1 3.5
Roupi 4.1 3.5 0.6 0.4 7.6 6.0
Qi-Men 3.7 3.4 0.9 0.7 7.9 6.4
133 Figure 4. Morphological data pre and post treatment of chemical spray
4.
Discussion
In the present research work eight tea varieties i.e. Indonesian, P-3, Turkish, Chuye, P-5, P-7, Roupi and Qi- Men were evaluated against aphid infestation and check the efficacy of three different insecticides at National Tea Research Institute, Shinkiari. The aphid infestation started in the month of March and gradually increased during the vegetative growth of tea crop. Graphical presentation shows that aphid infestation started in the month of March when Max. and Min. temperature are 33.60C &31.20C whereas relative humidity is 95.6 & 90.2 respectively that as the tea cutting were covered by plastic sheet stretched on mini tunnel. This is consistent with the results of Khan et.al. 2012 in which he detect the aphid infestation in the month of March. The purpose of sheet covering was to provide suitable temperature and relative humidity required for the growth of tea cuttings as the exterior minimum and maximum temperature was 220C &7.90C respectively and relative humidity was 80.9% &50.9% respectively which is not suitable for the initiation of callus and subsequently growth of tea cuttings.
In the present research study it was observed that insecticides Tarzan (cypermetherin) proved the best among all the tea varieties after one week of spray, these results agree [15] who conducted the experiment to observe the effect of several insecticides. The result showed that cypermethrin EC, methomyl LG, deltamethrin EC methidathion EC were highly effective, over than 90%, on the Aphid citricola.
Similar results has been observed [16] that the treatment of cypermethrin 0.006% was found to be effective in controlling least than fenvalerate 0.01%, but gave the maximum yield higher than fenvalerate 0.01% and other treatments. A similar observation has been collected [17] who studied the effectiveness of sprays of cypermethrin. The major insect pests studied were the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, legume bud thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Tryb, legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata Fab. and pod sucking bugs.
Influence of insect pest management on yield was also determined. The calendar sprays consisted of 7 days’
spray intervals carried out 5 times and 10 days’ spray intervals, carried out 4 times. Monitored spray was carried out only when insect pest infestation/damage reached or exceeded the action threshold. It was indicated that all the cypermethrin treatments effectively controlled aphid. There was however, no significant difference (P>0.05) in calendar and monitored sprays. It has been observed that all the tea varieties under experiment are susceptible to aphid Toxoptera aurantii attack. Indonesian variety showed the highest attack of 833 aphids whereas Roupi showed the least attack of 444 aphids. Data presented in table/fig shows the attempt to observe the morphological characters that has been studied first time in tea to check the different growth parameters i.e. leaf area (cm)distance between the nodes and plant height of each variety before and after aphid attack.
134 Table 5. Agro-met data outside the NTRI Tea Nursery during 2012-13
Months Air Temperature (Avg) Humidity (%)(Avg) Rainfall (mm)
Max Min Max Min
October 27.4 9.1 81.6 23.4 6.9mm
Nov. 24 5.7 74 27.4 42.2mm
Dec. 18.3 3.6 77.4 38 66.42mm
January 18 2.2 75.7 29.1 21.9mm
February 17.2 4.3 87.8 34.7 211.4mm
March 22.9 7.9 80.9 50.9
April 25.8 10.9 80.3 46.6 65.1mm
Table 6. Agro-met data for year 2012-13 at NTRI Tea Nursery (inside plastic cover)
Months Air Temperature (Avg.) Humidity (%)(Avg.)
Max Min Max Min
October 35.5 33.1 85.3 76.3
Nov. 30.2 26.3 99 93.65
Dec. 29.6 26.1 99 89.73
January 32.9 27.8 99 96.74
February 25.3 23.6 97.6 92.2
March 33.6 31.2 95.6 90.2
April 35.1 32.5 85.3 79.2
It showed that among all the eight tea varieties leaf area decreasing ranging from 0.3cm to 1.3 cm.
Observation of distance (cm) between the nodes of each tea variety was also noted and it was observed that it also decreases ranging from 0.1 to 0.2 cm among all the eight varieties. Plant height (cm) also collected and it was noted that it also decreasing pattern among all the tea varieties. The tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii infests tender shoot and foliage of the tea plant. Its continuous feeding makes the leaf wrinkled forming a boat shaped structure and at times result in retarded growth of the plant. Severe infestation leads to delayed recovery of the plant with the consequent effect on poor crop productivity [18]. It was also observe [19] that aphids feed by sucking sap from tender plant leaves.
This often causes the plants to become deformed, the leaves curled and shriveled and, in some cases, galls are formed on the leaves. It was also concluded [20] that in most cases the black citrus aphid is a pest of tea wherever it is found. This pest congregates on the tender young shoots, flower buds and the undersides of young leaves. They are not known to feed on the older and tougher plant tissues. On tea it causes some leaf distortion and malformation of growth of leaves and tips of shoots. It is often more a serious pest in nurseries.
5.
Conclusion
It was concluded that the synthetic pesticides have potential for use in agriculture sector of plant protection.
The entire synthetic pesticides showed high efficacy against aphid and spray with Tarzan effectively control aphid population followed by Piceal and Buzer remained least effective against aphid. The pesticide used are easily affordable for the low-income farmers.
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