إستراتيجيات التدريس في ضوء المقاربة بالكفاءات وتحقيق استقلالية المتعلم في تعلمه دراسة ميدانية لطلبة سنة أولى جامعي علوم إنسانية واجتماعية بجامعة البويرة العقيد أكلي محندأولحاج

ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺟ

ﻴﻘﻌﻟﺍ

ـ

ﻛﺃ ﺪ

ـ

ﳊﻭﺃ ﺪـﻨﳏ ﻲﻠ

ــــــــ

ﺝﺎـ

ﺪــﻬﻌﻣ

ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﻹﺍ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻡﻮﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻢـﺴﻗ

ﻉﺮﻓ

ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ

ﺺﺼﲣ

:

ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ

ﳌﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻬﺷ ﻞﻴﻨﻟ ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺓﺮﻛﺬﻣ

ﻱﻮﺑﺮﺘﻟﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﻻﺍ ﻢﻠﻋ ﰲ ﺮﺘﺳﺎ

ﺩﺍﺪﻋﺇ

ﺔﺒﻟﺎﻄﻟﺍ

:

ﻑﺍﺮﺷﺇ

ﺫﺎﺘﺳﻷﺍ

:

ﺔﻨﻳﱪﺻ ﻒﺳﻮﻳ ﻲﺳ

-ﺓﺪﻳﺮﻓ ﻲﺿﺎﻗ

ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﻲﻓ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺇ

ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﻲﻓ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺇ

ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﻲﻓ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺇ

ﺔﺑﺭﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺀﻮﺿ ﻲﻓ ﺲﻳﺭﺪﺘﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺇ

ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺎﺑ

ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺎﺑ

ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺎﺑ

ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻢﻠﻌﺘﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻟﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻟﺎﺑ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻲﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻰﻟﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﺳ ﺔﺒﻠﻄﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻲﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻰﻟﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﺳ ﺔﺒﻠﻄﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻲﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻰﻟﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﺳ ﺔﺒﻠﻄﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ

ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻧﺎﺴﻧﺇ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻲﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻰﻟﻭﺃ ﺔﻨﺳ ﺔﺒﻠﻄﻟ ﺔﻴﻧﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ

ﺝﺎﺤﻟﻭﺃﺪﻨﺤﻣ ﻲﻠﻛﺃ ﺪﻴﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﺑ

ﺝﺎﺤﻟﻭﺃﺪﻨﺤﻣ ﻲﻠﻛﺃ ﺪﻴﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﺑ

ﺝﺎﺤﻟﻭﺃﺪﻨﺤﻣ ﻲﻠﻛﺃ ﺪﻴﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﺑ

ﺝﺎﺤﻟﻭﺃﺪﻨﺤﻣ ﻲﻠﻛﺃ ﺪﻴﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺮﻳﻮﺒﻟﺍ ﺔﻌﻣﺎﺠﺑ

ﻨﺴﻟﺍ

ﺔﻴﻌﻣﺎﳉﺍ ﺔ

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2011

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2012

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0!'2+ 0/ HJا ر<ا تاذ ةN<ا 0!9أ Aإ

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ح%ا A يرا7إ *+ ندزو 0!$ ن5 0ا ا 0ا 9أ Aإ

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ا آ *ا 0 9إ و 0أ Aإ

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اه U1ا !ا 0 @ 4 يها

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=67

ﺭﻜﺸ ﺔﻤﻠﻜ ﺀﺍﺩﻫﺇ ﺱﺭﻬﻔﻝﺍ ... ... ... ﺔﻤﺩﻘﻤﻝﺍ ... .... ... ... ﺃ -ﺏ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ : ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ ﻲﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ 1 -1 -ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ... ... ... 06 1 -2 -ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ... ... ... 07 1 -3 -ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ ... ... 08 1 -4 -ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ... ... ... 08 1 -5 -ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ... ... ... 08 1 -6 -ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ... ... ... 17 1 -7 -ﻠﻝ ﻲﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ . ... ... . ... ... 17 1 -8 -ﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨ ... ... 22 1 -9 -ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ ... ... ... 24 1 -10 -ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ... ... ... 25 ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺒﺘﻭ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ : ... ... ... 30 2 -1 -ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﻹﺍ ... ... 31 2 -1 -1 -ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﻹﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ : ... ... 31 2 -1 -2 ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ 2002 : ... 37 2 -1 -3 -ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ : ... 40 2 -2 -ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻫﺎﻤ : ... ... . 43 2 -2 -1 ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ) ﺎﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘ ،ﺎﻴﻨﻬﻤ ،ﺎﻴﻭﻐﻝ :( ... ... 44 2 -2 -2 -ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ... ... 46 2 -2 -3 -ﺎﻬﻨﻭﻜﺘ لﺤﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻨﻭﻜﻤﻭ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ... ... 52

2 -3 -ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ... ... 60 2 -3 -1 -ﺝﺎﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ : ... ... ... 61 2 -3 -2 -ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ : ... ... ... 65 2 -3 -3 -ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ : ... ... ... 67 ﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ لﺼ ... ... ... 73 ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ... ... ... 76

3 -1 -ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ... ... ... 77

3 -1 -1 -ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ : ... ... 77 3 -1 -2 -ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ : ... ... 80 3 -1 -3 -ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ . ... 85 3 -2 -ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ : ... ... ... 90 3 -2 -1 -ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ... ... .... 90 3 -2 -2 -ﻪﺌﺩﺎﺒﻤﻭ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ... ... 91 3 -2 -3 -ﻪﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ... ... 93 3 -2 -4 -ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ... ... 94 3 -2 -5 -ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ... ... .. 95 3 -2 -6 -ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﻤﻋﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ... ... 96 3 -3 -ﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌ : ... ... ... 103 3 -3 -1 -ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ... ... . 103 3 -3 -2 -ﻪﺌﺩﺎﺒﻤﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ... ... 106 3 -3 -3 -ﻪﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺃ ... ... 107 3 -3 -4 -ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩ ... ... 109 3 -3 -5 -ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ... ... 110 3 -3 -6 -ﻝ ﺔﻤﻋﺩﻤ-ﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ-ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻠ ... ... 112 لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﻼﺨ ... ... ... 122

ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ... ... ... 124 ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺍﻭﺘﺤﻤ ﺔﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﺝﺫﺎﻤﻨﻝ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺩﻴﻬﻤﺘ ... ... ... 126 4 -1 -لﻭﻷﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ... ... ... 127 4 -2 -ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ... ... ... 131 4 -3 -ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ... ... ... 134 4 -4 ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝﺍ ﻊﺒﺍﺭﻝﺍ ... ... ... 139 ﻡﺎﻋ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺘﺴﺍ ... ... ... 141 ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ 5 -1 ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨ ... ... ... 143 5 -2 -ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﺍﺩﺠ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ... ... 146 5 -3 -ﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﺍﺩﺠ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭ ... ... 169 5 -4 -ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ... ... ... 190 5 -5 -ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ... ... ... 192 ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺘﺴﻻﺍ ... ... ... 193 ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨ ... ... ... 196 ﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﻊﺠ ﻕﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ

ا  _{لﻭﺩﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻨﻋ} ر لوا 143 ﺱﻨﺠﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ 01 143 ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺹﺼﺨﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ 02 144 ﺔﻴﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻌﺸﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ 03 144 لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻝ ﻡﻬﻜﻼﺘﻤﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ 04 145 :لﺯﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻼﻝ ﻡﻬﻜﻼﺘﻤﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ 05 146 ﺕﺍﺭﻀﺎﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻀﺤ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ 06 148 ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﺒﺘﺇ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ 07 150 .ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ 08 152 ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ 09 154 .ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ 10 156 ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻏ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ 11 158 .ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻻﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ 12 160 ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﻤﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ 13 162 ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﺍ 14 164 ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﺎﻤﺩﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ 15 166 ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﻺﻝ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﺔﻠﻀﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺌﺴﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ 16 168 ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﺒ ﺢﻤﺴ ﺍﺫﺇ (ﺱﻭﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺱﺍﺭﻜ) ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺫﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ ﻥﺎﺤﺘﻤﻻﺍ . 17 169 ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ 18 170 ﻡﻬﻌﻤ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺀﻼﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﺨﺍ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ 19 172 ﺀﻼﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺁ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻜﺸ 20

175 ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﺙﻭﺩﺤﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻜﺸ 22 177 ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﺎﺘﻤ 23 179 ﻪﻀﺭﻋ لﺒﻗ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ لﻜﺸ 24 181 ﺀﻼﻤﺯﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ 25 182 ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺎﺤﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ 26 184 ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺵﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺜﺈﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ 27 186 ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺩﻌﺒ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺸ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ 28 187 ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻪﺘﻗﻼﻋﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ 29 189 .ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻠﻀﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ 30 - _{ﻲﺴﺍﺩﺴﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﺼﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻫﺎﻀﺭ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘ} لﻭﻷﺍ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ . 31

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أ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻊﻤ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ،ﻲﻗﺭﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻴﻋﺎﺴﻤ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﺤﻭﻤﻁ ﺱﻜﻌﺘ ﺓﺁﺭﻤ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻉﺭﺎﺴﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤ ﺽﺭﻔﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻝﺎﺼﺘﻹﺍﻭ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻠﻝ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻀﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻜﺭﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﺎﺤﻠﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ . ﺍ ﻕﻴﺭﻁ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺌﺎﺴ ﺩﻠﺒﻜ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺩﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺓﺭﻴﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺒﺠﻤ ﻭﻤﻨﻝ ﺭﺎﻫﺩﺯﻻﺍﻭ لﺼﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺒﻜﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺒﻻ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻕﺎﺤﺘﻝﻻﺍ ﻥﻝﻭ ،ﺔﻨﺭﺼﻌﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺜﺍﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﻜﺭﺒ ﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺇ ﻙﻝﺫ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻰﻨﺴﺘﻴ ﻴﺘ ﻊﺠﻨﻷﺍ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻫ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤﺒ ﺽﻭﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺔﻴﺠ ﻝ ﻘﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺓﺯﻔ ﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ، ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻤﺩﻗﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻠﺒﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻍﻭﻠﺒﻝﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺤﻼﺼﺇ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ . ﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺩﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﺒﻏﺭ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻯﻭﺴ ،ﺡﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﺴ ﺎﻤ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺎﻤﺯﻠﺘﺴﻤ ﻭ ﺓﺩﺩﺠﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻜ ﺔﺒﻜﺍﻭﻤ ﺎﻤﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻀﺭﻔﺘ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ . ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺤ لﺨﺩ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﻊﺒﻁ ﺎﻤ ﻡﻫﺃﻭ 2002 2003 ﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺤﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﻰﻨﺒﺘ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ﻘﺤﺘﻠﻓ ،ﺡﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ لﻭﻷﺍ ﺤﺘﻴ ﻥﻝ ﻪﻨﺈﻓ ﻥﺎﻜ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤ ﻱﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻱﺃ ﻕﻴ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻻﺇ ﻕﻘ ﻭ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤﻜﺤﺘ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺍﻭﻨﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺎﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ لﻀﻓﺃ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﻷﺍ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺎﻤﻠﻜ ﺫﺇ ،ﺔﻝﺎﺤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻁ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻑﻼﺘﺨﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ، ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ،ﺔﻴ ... ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ . ﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﻥﺈﻓ ،ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﻴ ، ﻼﻋﺎﻓ ﺍﺭﺼﻨﻋ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻜ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎ ﻲﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺍﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘﻤ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨﺒ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺩﺭﻓ ﻕﻠﺨ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﺠﺭﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﺩﺼﻤ ﻪﻠﻌﺠ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻪﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ . ﻓﻭ ﻲ ﻼﺼﻹﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻕﺭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﻝﻭﺎﺤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﺯﻜﺭﻤ ﺡ ،ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻬﺘﻠﻤﺤ ﻭ ﻥﻴﺒﺎﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺔﺴﻤﺨ لﻭﺼﻓ . ﻭﻷﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﺸﻴ ل ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻡﻀﻴ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﻝﺍ .

ب ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺱﻴ ﻡﺜ ،ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝ ﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﻷﺍ ﻭ ﻊﺒﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ،ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻁﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠﻝ . ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻼﺼﺇ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺎﻨﻀﺭﻋ ﻭ ﻪﺒﺎﺒﺴﺃ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺡ ،ﻪﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻨﻗﺭﻁﺘ ﻡﺜ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺍ ﺓﺎﻨﺒﺘﻤﻝ " ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ " ﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﺘﺜﺩﺤﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻫﺃ ) ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺝﺎﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ، .( ﺙﻝﺎﺜﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻭ ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻗﺭﻁﺘ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ لﻅ ﻲﻓﻭ ، ،ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺇ ﻰﻨﻌﻤ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜﻝ ﺎﻨﻀﺭﻋ ﻡﺜ ﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﻴﻤﻫﻷ ،ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘ ﻭ ،ﺎﻤﻬﺌﺩﺎﺒﻤﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻓﺎﻀﺇ ،ﺎﻤﻬﺒ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻬﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﻤﻝﺍ . ﻊﺒﺭﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻭ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻡﻀﻴ ﻌﺒ ﻭ ،ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺱﺭﺩ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘﻝ ﺝﺫﻭﻤﻨﻝ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺽ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﻝ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺫﻭﺨﺄﻤﻝﺍ . ﺱﻤﺎﺨﻝﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ : ﻭ ﻡﻀﻴ ﻭ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻝﺍ ﺹﺌﺎﺼﺨﻝ ﺽﺭﻋ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻭﺍﺩﺠ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ لﻭﺍﺩﺠ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﺒﺘﻤ ،ﻥﺘﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ ﻡﺜ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺝﺎﺘﻨﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻌﻝﺍ . ﻓﻭ ﺎﻨﻤﺩﻗ ﺭﻴﺨﻷﺍ ﻲ ﺔﻤﺘﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻭ ،ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﺌﺎﻗ ﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﺤ .

ﺎﺒﻝﺍ

لﻭﻷﺍ ﺏ

:

ﻱﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠﻝﺍ

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

:

ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻲﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ

لﻭﻷﺍ لﺼﻔﻝﺍ

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ﺭﺎﻁﻹﺍ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﻲﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ

1

-1

-

ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ

1

-2

-

ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ

1

-3

-

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ

1

-4

-

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ

1

-5

-

ﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ

ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔ

1

-6

-

ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ

1

-7

-

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ

1

-8

-

ﺩﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ

ﺔﺴﺍﺭ

1

-9

-

ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﻭﻌﺼ

1

-10

-ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ

1

-1

-ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ

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ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻜﺍﺭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﻁﺘﻝﺍ ﺽﺭﻓ ﺩﻘﻝ ﺔﻴﻓﺎﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﻘﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺩﻌﺘ ﻡﻝ ﺫﺇ ،ﺎﻬﺴﺴﺃ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻬﺠﻭ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻻﻭﺤﺘﻭ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﺠﺎﻴﺘﺤﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻠﺘﻝ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﻌﺠ ﺎﻤﻤ ،ﻩﺭﺼﻋ ﺕﺎﺒﻠﻁﺘﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺩﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻭ ،ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎ ﻰﻠﻋ " ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻕﻭﺴﻭ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺎﺤ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻴﻜﺘ " ) 1 ( ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻯﺩﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺸﺭﺘﺴﻤ ﻲﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻅﻨ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﺘ ﺔﻤﺩﻘﺘﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺘﻤﺩﻘﻤ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ لﻭﺩ ﺤﺄﺒ ﻊﺠﻨﺃ ﺙﺍﺩﺤﺘﺴﺍﻭ ،ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ ﺕﻠﺼﻭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺙﺩ ﻯﻭﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻯﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤﻠﻝ لﻀﻓﺃ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺎﻤﻀﻝ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ لﻜﻜ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ . ﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺕﻨﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﺎﻨﻝﺍ لﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﻭﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﻨﺎﻜ ﻕﺎﻴﺴﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻲﻓﻭ ﺎﻬﻤﺎﻅﻨﻝ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ ﻉ ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺫﻴﻔﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺯﻴﺤ لﺨﺩ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ 2002 -2003 ﻩﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﺒ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺎﻴﻋﻭ ، ﺔﻨﺴ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻤﻭﻅﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﻹ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺔﻨﺠﻝ ﺏﻴﺼﻨﺘ ﻪﺴﻜﻋ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﻩﺩﻴﺩﺠﺘﻭ 2000 ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻴﻜﺄﺘﻝﺍﻭ ، ﻪﺒﻨﺎﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ،ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻋ لﻜﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﺎﺸ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺒﺘﻭ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗﻭ ﻪﺘﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠ لﻜ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﺒ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻀﻭ ﻔﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﻌ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻭ ﺭﻭﺩ لﻴ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ ،ﻪﻠﻤﻋ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺭﻴﻐﺘ ﻱﺃ ﺓﺭﻴﺎﺴﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺘﻴ " ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﺔﻴﻜﻴﻤﺎﻨﻴﺩ ﻪﺘﻌﻴﺒﻁﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺭﺜﺃ ﺕﺍﺫ لﺎﺠﻵﺍ ﺏﺭﻗﺃ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘﻭ ﺎﻫﺅﺎﻨﺒ ﻥﻴﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺸﻝ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻴﻨﺒﻤ ، .) (.. ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻲﻤﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺤﻤ ﺀﺎﻨﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﻱﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺯﻴﻴﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ " ) 2 ( ﻭﻭ ، ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺜﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺒ ﻡﺘ ﺩﻘﻓ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻻﺍ ﺍﺫﻬﻝ ﺎﻘﻓ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻭ ﻼﻋﺎﻓ ﻪﻨﻤ لﻌﺠﻨﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻠﻗ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﺎﻬﻓﺩﻫﻭ ،ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺘ " ﻡﺎﻤﺃ لﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﺴﻓﻭ ﻪﻁﺎﺸﻨﻭ ﻪﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﻩﺀﺍﺭﺁﻭ ﻪﺘﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤ ﻩﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃﻭ " ) 3 ( ﻩﺭﻴﺼﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺩﺩﺤﺘﻴ ﻰﻠﻋﺃ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺇ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﺃﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ 1 -،ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺨ ﻲﻨﻫ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻤ ، : ﻉ / ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺒ 2005 ﺹ ، 49 . 2 ،ﺭﻜﺒﻭﺒ ﺩﻴﺯﻭﺒ ﻥﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺡﻼﺼﺇ : ﺕﺍﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇﻭ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻫﺭ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، 2009 ﺹ ، 18 . 3 -ﻲﻨﻫ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺨ ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ، 65 .

ﻲﻨﻬﻤﻝﺍ " ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ " ،ﻙﻝﺫ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﺽﺭﻔﻴ لﻘﻨ ﻡﻝ ﻥﺇ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﻴﺃ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﻅ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺈﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋﻭ " ﺭﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻭﺯﺘ ﺯﻴﻜ ﺎﻫﺀﺎﻨﺒﻭ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺁ ﻰﻠﻋ " ) 1 ( ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻠﻝ ﻕﻘﺤﻴ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺏﺎﺴﻜﺇﻭ ، ﺎﻤﻝﺎﻁ ﺀﺍﺭﺁ ﻥﻋ ﺭﻴﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻘﺜﻝﺍ ﻪﺤﻨﻤﺘ ﺕﻗﻭﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ ﻲﻓﻭ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﻌﺠﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻤﻠﻌﻤﻭ ﻪﺌﻼﻤﺯ ﻊﻤ ﻪﻴﻓ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻴ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻥﻤ ل " ﻥﻤﺅﺘ لﻤﺎﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻫﺄﺒ " ﻭﺠ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻭﻤﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻓﻹﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻜﻤﺘﻴ ﻰﺘﺤ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻡﻬﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﺎﺠﻴﺇ لﻜﺸﺒ ﻪﻠﻘﻨﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘ . ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺤﺍﺭﻤ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﻼﻁﻻﺎﺒﻭ ،ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻥﻤﻭ ﻱﻭﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻡﺘ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺩﺠﻨ ﺀﺎﻘﺘﻨﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ / لﻴﻌﻔﺘﻝ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻠﻝ ﺢﻴﺘﺘ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻭ ،ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ لﻴﻌﻔﺘﻝ لﺎﺠﻤﻜ ﻰﻌﺴﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻌﻔﻨ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﻪﻝﻭ لﺎﻌﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺍﺫ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﻝ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ " ) 2 ( ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﺩﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﻪﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎﻜ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺎﻤﻋ لﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻨﻌﻓﺩﻴ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﻫﻭ ،ﺭﺍﺭﻤﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺩﺩﺠﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻪﺒﺎﺴﻜﺇ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻕﻘﺤ ﺩﻗ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﻕﻓﻭ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻭ ؟ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻋ ﻕﺜﺒﻨﺘﻭ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺭﻔﻝﺍ : -ﻹ لﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻭ ﺀﺎﺼﻘﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺜﺄﺘ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ؟ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ -ﻹ لﻫﻭ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ؟ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ

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-ﺕﺎﻴﻀﺭﻔﻝﺍ

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ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻭ ﺀﺎﺼﻘﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﺏ ﻲﺘﺍﹼﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ . ﺕﺎﻴﺠﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺍ ﺭﺜﺅﺘ ﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ . 1 ،ﺔﻴﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺯﻭ ﻲﺌﺍﺩﺘﺒﻻﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻝﻭﻷﺍ ﺔﻨﺴﻝﺍ ﺞﻫﺎﻨﻤﻝ ﺔﻘﻓﺍﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺜﻭﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺒﻁﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻁﻭﻝﺍ ﻥﺍﻭﻴﺩﻝﺍ ، ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ 2011 ﺹ ، 18 . 2 ،ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﺴﺤ ،ﻥﺎﻀﻤﺭ لﻴﺯﺭﺇ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻭﺤﻨ ﺝ ، 1 ﻭﺯﻭ ﻱﺯﻴﺘ ،لﻤﻷﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ، 2002 ﺹ ، 11 .

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-ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﺃ

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-ﺔﻴﺘﺍﹼﺫﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ

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-ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺌﻴﺒ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻁﻴﺤﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﺒ ﺹﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﻲﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ . -ﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝ-ﺍ ﻱﺩﻴﺼﺭ ﺀ-ﺍﺭﺜﺇ ﻭ ﺓﺩﺎﻴﺯ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝ .

-ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺎﺒﺴﻷﺍ

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-ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﺜﺩﺤﺃ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺫﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ . ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﻡﺎﻤﺘﻫﻻﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺯﻴﻜﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ . ﺕﺎﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﻗ ﻨﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺎ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻝﻭ ﻼﻋ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﺘﻗ .

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-ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ

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ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﻯﺩﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ / ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ . ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻫ ﻕﻘﺤﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺫﺇ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ . لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ) ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ ( ﺩﻤ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻫﺎﺴﺘ ﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﻯ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻑ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ .

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-ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ

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-ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ

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ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ

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ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ " ﻨﻝ ﺔﻠﻤﻌﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﻝﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻁﺎﺸ ) ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺄﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ( ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺩﺍﺭﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻭﺃ ، ﺔﻝﺎﺴﻤ ﺃ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻍﻭﻠﺒ ﻭﺃ لﺤ ﻭﺃ ، ﺎﻤ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻕﻼﻁﻨﻻﺍ ﻭ " 1 . ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ " ﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻍﻭﻠﺒ ﻭﺃ ﺔﺠﻝﺎﻌﻤ ﻭﺃ لﻜﺸﻤ ﺔ ﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺱﺭﺍﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻅﻨﺒ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ ﻱﺭﻜﻔﻝ ﻭ ،ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺔﻅﺤﻝ ﻪﻴﻓ ﻩﺫﺒﺤﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺯﻜﺭﺘ لﻤﻌﻠﻝ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ لﻜ ﻲﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺴﺭﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺤﻀﻭﻴ ، : ) 2 ( 1 ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ، ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺨ ﻲﻨﻫ 101 . 2 -،ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﺒﺍﺭﺎﻔﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻋ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ : ،ﻙﻴﺘﻜﺍﺩﻴﺩﻝﺍﻭ ﺎﻴﺠﻭﻏﺍﺩﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻠﻝ ﻲﺒﺎﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ،ﺏﺭﻐﻤﻝﺍ 1994 ﺹ ، 21 .

ﺘﺴﺇ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺔﻴﻨﻘﺘ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﺔﻔﺼﻭ ﻭ ﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﺭﻴﺸﻴ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﺒﺭ " ﺎﻤ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝ ﺔﻬﺠﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤ ، ﻠﻤﺠ ﺎﻬﻤﻜﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﺀﻭﻀ ﻲﻓ ، ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﺒ ﺏ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﺘ ﺕﺍﺭﺜﺅﻤﻝﺍﻭ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔ : 1 ﺕﻼﺨﺩﻤﻝﺍ (...) 2 ﺕﺎﻴﻝﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ) ﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌ (...)( 3 ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤﻝﺍ ) لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭ "(...)( ) 1 ( .

ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ

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ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ " ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ – ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ لﺸﻔﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺡﺎﺠﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ ﻡﻜﺤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺴﺎﻴﻗ ﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﻅﺤﻼﻤ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ،ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﺠﻭﻝﺍ " ) 2 ( . ﺎﻤﺃ " ﺱﻴﻭﻝ ﻭﻨﺍﺩ " ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻴﻓ " ﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺔ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﺍﺩﺠﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﺕﺎﻓﺭﺼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤﺒ ﺢﻤﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﺤ ﺱﺤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻤ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻭﺃ ﺎﻤ ﺭﻭﺩﻝ ﺔﻘﺌﻻ ﺔ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺎﻤ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﺍﺫﺇ ﻲﻬﻓ ، ﻊﻴﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺇ ﻭ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻠﻝ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻰﻠﻋ " ) 3 ( ﻭ ، ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ " ﺔﻴﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻱﺃ ، ﻑﺩﻫ ﻪﻝ لﻌﻓ " ) 4 ( . 1 ﺹ ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﺴﺤ ،ﻥﺎﻀﻤﺭ لﻴﺯﺭﺇ 96 -97 . 2 ،ﻲﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻴﺤﻭﺃ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺴﺍﻭﺒ لﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ،ﺔﻨﺘﺎﺒ ،ﺏﺎﻬﺸﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﺒﻁﻤ 2007 ﺹ ، 16 . 3 ،ﺩﻝﺎﺨ ﺹﻴﺼﺒﻝ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﺒ ﻑﺎﻔﺸﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻔﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ،ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ،ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺭﻴﻭﻨﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، 2004 ، ﺹ 142 .

4 _{- REY. Bernard, et autres, les compétences à l’école : apprentissage et évaluation, édition de} Boeck ,Bruxelles, 2007, 2éd, p 33.

ﻙﻴﺘﻜﺘ ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘ

ﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ

ﺕﺍﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﺌﺍﺭ

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ﻲﻤﻭﻬﻔﻤﻝ ﻑﻴﺭﺎﻌﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﻩﺎﻨﻤﺩﻗ ﺎﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ " ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ "ﻭ " ﺓﺀﺎﻔﻜﻝﺍ " ﺎﻔﻜﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻨ ﺕﺍﺀ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺩﺼﻘﻨ ﺎﻤ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻑﺩﻬﺘﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍﻭ ﻁﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ، ﺎﻔﻜ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻓﺭﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻌﻓ ﻭ ﺓﺀ ﻴﺴﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻤﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺠﺭﺨﻤﻠﻝ ﻲﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻯﻭﺘﺴ ، ﺴﺇ ﻲﻨﺒﺘﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻱﺃ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻓ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘ ﻤ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤ ﻪﻠﻌﺠ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ لﺜ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻝ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻭ ﺀﺎﺼﻘﺘﺴﻹﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻲﻨﻌﻨ ﺎﻨﺒﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﺭﺎﻘﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺎﻬﺒ ﺭﺌﺍﺯﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻫ . ﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻰﻌﺴﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺍﺩﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻪﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻻﺎﻌﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻤ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺠﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻭ ﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻝﺍ لﻜ ﺕﻠﻤﺸ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻝﻭﻨﻜﺘ .

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-ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ

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ﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝ " ﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻭﺒ ﻡﺘﻬﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻴﺭﻌ لﺌﺎﺴ ﻭ ، ﺓﺩﻭﺸﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺼﺎﻨﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹﺍ لﻤﺸﺘ : ﻑﺍﺩﻫﻷﺍ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﺭﺤﺘ ﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺌﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﻑﺼﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺍﺩﺇﻭ ،ﻪﺴﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻘﻓﻭ ﺭﻴﺴﻴﻝ ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻨﻴﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺎﺠﺘﺴﺍ ﻋ ﺔﺠﺘﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﻅﻨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻴﺜﻤﻝﺍ ﻥ ﺎﻬﻝ ﻁﻁﺨﻴ " ) 1 ( . ﻭ ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻥﺫﺇ ﻲﻬﻓ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺘ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﻤﻋ ﺭﺎﺴﻤ ﻪﺠﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺩﺎﺸﺭﻹﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﺔﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘ لﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺩﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺩﻋﺎﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻥﻤ " ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ لﺎﻤﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﻋﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﺠﺎﺤﻭ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺩﺍﺩﻌﺘﺴﺍ ﺓﺎﻋﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﺏﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﻊﻓﺍﻭﺩ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻠ ﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻝﻭﻴﻤﻭ ﻡﻬﺘ ﺥﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻓﻭﺘ ﻼﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻔﺼﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﻭﺭﺸﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﺌ ﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻨﺍﻭﺠﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﻏ لﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﺼ " ) 2 ( . 1 ،ﻲﺴﻭﻤ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻝﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻑﺍﻭﻨ ﺓﺭﺎﻤﺴ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤﻭ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ ،ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ 2008 ﺹ ، 35 . 2 ،ﺱﺍﺭﻓ ﻲﺘﻴﻠﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ : ﻕﻴﺒﻁﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍ ، ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺙﻴﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻡﻝﺎﻋ 2008 ﺹ ، 361 .

ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻻ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ

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ﻭ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﻷﺍﻭ ﺩﻋﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﻕﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻫ ﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻌﺒﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﺸﺭﻹﺍ ﻪﺴﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﻤ ﺠ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘﻝ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻬ ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ لﺨﺍﺩ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻭ ،لﺎﻌﻔﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﺩﻬﺒ ، ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤ ﺭﻴﺜﺄﺘ ﺕﺍﺫ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻪﺒﺎﺴﻜﺈﺒ ﺔﺴﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﺴﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻲﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻨ ﻭ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻫﺎﻨﺩﺩﺤ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﺎ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ .

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-ﺀﺎﺼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ

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ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﺀﺎﺼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ » ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﺓﺭﻭﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻪﺠﺍﻭﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ) ﻅ ﺓﺭﻫﺎ ﻪﻜﺍﺭﺩﺇﻭ ﻪﻤﻬﻓ ﻊﻤ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﺘ ( ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﺒ ﺔﻨﺎﻌﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺤ ﻰﻠﻋ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻪﻨﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﺕﺎﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘ ﺔﻴﺃ ﻰﻘﻠﺘﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻝﺇ ﻲﻬﺘﻨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴ ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺩﻭ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﻲﻓ « 1 ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺎﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ ﺎﻤﻜ » ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻋ ﻭﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ لﺤ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭﺃ ﻡﻴﻤﻌﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻠﻝ « 2

ﺀﺎﺼﻘﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ

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ﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺀﺎﺼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝ ﻪﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ لﻭﺤ ﻊﺠﺍﺭﻤﻭ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻌﻤﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺹﺤﻔﺘ لﻼﺨ ﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻭ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘﻭ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﺍﻭ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘﺒ ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻤﺘ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ ، ﺀﺎﻬﻨﻻ ﻡﺴﻘﻝﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺨ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺒﺠﺍﻭﻝﺍ . 1 -ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻰﺴﻭﻤ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻠﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻑﺍﻭﻨ ﺓﺭﺎﻤﺴ 37 . 2 -ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺔﺒﻫ ﺩﻴﻤﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺱﻔﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻋﻭ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ، ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﻥﻭﻋﺯﻭﻤﻭ ﻥﻭﺭﺸﺎﻨ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، 2008 ﺹ ، 22 .

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-ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ

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ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ » ﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻅﻨﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨ ﺴ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻴ لﻜﺸﺒ ﺔ ﺔﻴﻠﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﻩﺍﻭﻗ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻝ ﺏﺴﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﻌﻓﺩﺘ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ « . 1 ﻴ ﺭﺨﺁ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤﻭ ﺸ ﺢﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﺭﻴ " ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ " » ﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺯﺎﺠﻨﺈﺒ ﺎﺒﻝﺎﻁﻤ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻪ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻜﻤﻹﺍ ﺭﺎﻁﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻏﻭﻠﺒ ﻊﻴﻁﺘﺴﻴ ﻻﻭ ،ﻪﻴﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺒﻏﺭﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻭ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻑﺩﻫ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﻠﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺄﺸﻨﺘ ﻙﻝﺫﺒﻭ ﻪﻴﺩﻝ ﺓﺭﻓﺍﻭﺘﻤﻝﺍ . ﻥﻴﻋﻭﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻁﺒﺘﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻘﺘﻭ : ﺔﻤﻅﺘﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﻭﻁﺨﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻠﺴﻠﺴ ﺎﻬﻠﺤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﻔﻗﻭﻤ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻋﺎﺴﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ لﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘﻝﺍ (...) ﻲﻬﻓ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻲﻨﺎﺜﻝﺍ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﺃ : ﺔﻴﻤﻜ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ ) لﺌﺎﺴﻤ ( ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻘﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻬﻠﺤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﺔﻴﻀﺎﻴﺭﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺭﺠﺇﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻠﻌﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺭﻅﻨﻝﺍﻭ « . ) 2 (

ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ

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ﻭﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ لﺤ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺈﺒ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺩﻨﻋ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﺎﻜﺸﻹﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺕﻻﺅﺎﺴﺘﻝﺍ ﻉﺍﻭﻨﺃ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺡﺭﻁﺒ ﻙﻝﺫ ﻭ ﻰﻝﺇ ﻪﺒ ﻊﻓﺩﻴ ﻼﻜﺸﻤ ﻪﻝ لﺜﻤﻴ ﻑﻗﻭﻤ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻀﻭﻭ ، ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻊﻀﻭﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻘﺒﺎﺴﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺀﻭﺠﻠﻝﺎﺒ ﺔﻴﻌﻀﻭﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﺎﻨﻤ لﻭﻠﺤ ﻥﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺒﻝ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻯﺩﻝ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﺕﺎﻤﻠﻌﺘ ﺀﺎﻨ .

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-ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ

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ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ » ﺔﻐﻴﺼ ﻲﻓ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻠﻝ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﻡﻴﺩﻘﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻡﻭﻘﺘ ﺎﻬﺜﺤﺒﻝ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤ لﻴﻤﺒ ﻥﻭﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ لﻌﺠﺘ ،ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺭﻭﺩﺘ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺕﺎﻴﻌﻀﻭ ﻭﺘﺒﻭ ،ﻡﻬﻨﻤ لﻜ ﺕﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺎﻬﻠﺤﻭ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﺫ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ،ﺱﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺸﺇﻭ ﻪﻴﺠ ﺙﻴﺤﺒ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻠﺼﺎﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﺩﺤﻝﺍ ﺯﻭﺎﺠﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﻕﻠﻁﻨﺘﻭ ،ﻰﺘﺸ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺘﻤ 1 -لﻤﺃ ﺏﺎﻴﺫ ﻭﺒﺃ ،ﻕﻝﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺱﻴﻨﺃ ﺵﺍﺭﺸﺭ / ،ﻕﻝﺎﺨﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁ ﻱﻭﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻭﻘﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ، ،ﻥﺎﻨﺒﻝ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺭﻌﻝﺍ ﺔﻀﻬﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺹ 65 . 2 -ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻰﺴﻭﻤ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻠﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻑﺍﻭﻨ ﺓﺭﺎﻤﺴ 90 .

ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﺘ ﺍﺫﻬﺒﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺩﺎﻬﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﻷﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻭﺤ ﺭﻭﺤﻤﺘﺘ ﻲﻜﻝ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ لﺨﺩﺘﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺎﻏ ﻻ ﺔﻠﻴﺴﻭ ﺩﺭﺠﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺫ « . 1 ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻑﺭﻌﺘﻭ » ﺓﻭﻋﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺹﺨﻠﺘﺘﻭ ﺓﺭﻭﻁﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻯﺩﺤﺍ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﺘﻭ ،ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺞﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻓﺍﻭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﺭﻴﺜﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍ ﺎﻜﺘﺒﻻﺍﻭ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﺔﺼﺭﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻲﻁﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﺭﻤﺘﻠﻝ ﺍﺭﻭﻅﻨﻤ ﻼﻜﺸ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺭ « 2

ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ

ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ

ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻠﻝ

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ﻲﻓ ﻊﺴﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ،ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻨ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺔﻁﺨ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺩﺩﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤ ﻲﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺞﻤﺎﻨﺭﺒﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻊﻴﻀﺍﻭﻤ لﻭﺎﻨﺘﺘﻭ ،ﺔﻤﻭﺴﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻱﺃ ،ﻱﺭﻅﻨ ﻊﺒﺎﻁ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻜﻤﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ ،ﺭﺭﻘﻤﻝﺍ لﻘﻨﻭ ﻊﻤﺠ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻻﺍﻭ ﺏﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﻰ ﺓﺭﺎﻴﺯﻜ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻜﺭﺎﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺏﺎﺘﻜﻠﻝ ﺽﺭﻌﻤ لﺜﻤ ﺎﻤ ﻁﺎﺸﻨ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺈﻜ ،ﻲﻘﻴﺒﻁﺘ ﻊﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﺃ ،ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻁﺎﺸﻨﻝﺍ ﻙﻝﺫ لﻭﺤ ﺭﻴﺭﻘﺘ ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜ ﻡﺜ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﺒ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻑﺤﺘﻤ .

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-ﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ

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ﺔ

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ﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺸ ﻲﻫ ﺔ » ﺘﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍﻭ ﺀﺍﺩﻷﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨﻝﺍ لﻋﺎﻔ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺒﺎﺠﺇ ﻡﻋﺩﻝ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻤﺩﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﺩﻷﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻗﺎﻨﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻬﺴﺘ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺔﺒﻠﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ « . ) 3 ( ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻘﻴﺭﻁﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﻜ » ﺓﺩﺎﻤ ﺭﻴﻀﺤﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻝﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻭﺎﻌﺘﻴ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻠﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻌﻴﻤﺠﺘﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﺼﻘﺘﺴﺍﻭ ،ﺭﺎﻜﻓﻷﺍ لﺩﺎﺒﺘ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻡﺘﻴ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨﻭ ﺕﻼﻴﻠﺤﺘﻭ ﻕﺭﻁ ﻥﻤ ﻩﺀﻼﻤﺯ ﻪﻴﻝﺇ لﺼﻭﺘ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘ لﻜ ﻪﻠﻁﻴﻭ ﺔﻔﻠﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ لﻜﺎﺸﻤﻠﻝ لﻭﻠﺤﻝﺍ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺠﺘﺍﻭ ﺭﺎﻜﻓﺃﻭ ﻡﻴﻗ ﺎﻬﺘﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻴﻭ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤ « ) 4 ( . 1 -ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ، ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﺒﺭﺎﻔﻝﺍ 206 . 2 ﺹ ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻰﺴﻭﻤ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻠﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻑﺍﻭﻨ ﺓﺭﺎﻤﺴ 151 ، 152 . 3 -ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻰﺴﻭﻤ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻠﻴﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻑﺍﻭﻨ ﺓﺭﺎﻤﺴ 160 . 4 -ﻲﻨﺎﺸﻁﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﺤﻝﺎﺼﻝﺍ ﻕﺯﺍﺭﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺭﻤﻋ ،ﺔﻤﺎﻌﻝﺍ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺭﻁ ،ﺎﻴﺒﻴﻝ ،ﺀﺎﻀﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻋ ﺔﻌﻤﺎﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺸﻨﻤ 1998 ﺹ ، . 243

ﺘﻝﺍ

ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﻹ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌ

لﻜﺸﺒ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻡﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺵﺎﻘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻉﻭﻀﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﺍﺭﺘﺴﺇ لﺜﻤﺘ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﺤﺭﻁﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠ ﺕﻻﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﺎﺤﻤﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺒ ﺎﻫﺩﺎﺠﻴﺇ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺸﺈﺒ لﻭﻠﺤ ﻡﺎﻴﻘﻝﺍ ﻰﺘﺤﻭ ﻕﺌﺎﺜﻭ ﻭﺃ ﺏﺘﻜ ﺀﺍﻭﺴ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻌﻴﺒﻁ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻙﻝﺫﻭ ﺏﺭﺎﺠﺘﻝﺎﺒ

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-ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ

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ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ

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ﻥﻋ ﺓﺭﺎﺒﻋ " لﺎﻌﻓﻷﺍ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻭ ﺔﻴﺠﻬﻨﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﺭﺩﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻨﻘﺘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻜﺭﺤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺎﺒ ، ﺱﺭﺩﻤﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻴﻓ ﻁﺒﺘﺭﺘ لﺎﻌﻓﺃ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ، ﻤ ﺔﻔﻴﻅﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺌﺎﻅﻭ ﻥ ) ،ﻁﺒﻀ ،ﺀﺎﻘﻝﺇ ،ﺭﺍﻭﺤ ﺹﻴﺨﺸﺘ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﺭﺎﻤﺘ ﻭ ﻡﺎﻬﻤ ﺀﺍﺩﻷ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ لﺎﻌﻓﺃ ﻉﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﺫﻴﻤﻠﺘﻠﻝ ﺔﺒﺴﻨﻝﺎﺒ ، " ) 1 ( . ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺄﺒ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻑﺭﻌﺘ " ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﺒﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﺎﻤ ﻭ ،ﻑﻴﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ،لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻘﺘﺇﻭ ﺔﻋﺍﺭﺒﻭ ﻕﺫﺤ ﻥﻤ ﻊﻤ ﻡﻠﻗﺄﺘﻝﺍ ﺨﻤﻝﺍ ﻉﺎﻀﻭﻷﺍ ﺭﺩﺘﻝ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻨ ﻲﻬﻓ ﺔﻔﻠﺘ ﻭ ﻕﺎﺸ ﺏﻴ ﺼﺍﻭﺘﻤ ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻤ ﺓﺩﻤﻝ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻥﺭﻤﺘﻴ ، ل ﺃ لﻭﻁﺘ ﺩﻗ ، ﻭ ﻭ ﺔﺒﻭﻌﺼﻝﺍ لﻤﺎﻋ ﺏﺴﺤﺒ ﻱﺃ ،ﺭﺼﻘﺘ ﻁﻴﺤﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻝﻭﻬﺴﻝﺍ ﺓﺀﺍﺭﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﺒﺎﺘﻜﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤﻜ ،ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘﺒ ﺔ ﻭ ﺯﻔﻘﻝﺍ ﻭﺃ ،ﺔﻴﺭﻬﺠﻝﺍ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﺭﺠﻝﺍ " ) 2 ( .

ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ

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ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ " ﻓ ﻡﻭﻘﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﹼﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﺩﺤﺃ ﺩﻝﺎﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴ لﻭﺼﺤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺒﻜﻷﺍ ﺭﻭ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺭﻭﺤﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺢﺒﺼﻴﻭ ،ﺔﻓﺭﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻁﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﺘﺍﺭﻴﻐﺘﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻤﻴ ﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺽﻌﺒﺒ ﻭ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻴﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﻗﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺩﻗ ﻊﻤ ﻕﻔﺘﻴ ﺎﻤﺒ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﻋﺭﺴﻭ ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﻭ ﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﻴﻔﻴ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻉﻭﻨﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻤﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﺏ ﺎﻫﺭﻴﺴﻔﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻁﺎ ﻭ ﺓﺩﻴﺩﺠ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻓﻹﺍ " ) 3 ( . 1 ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﺩﻤﺤﻤ ﺕﺎﻨﻭﺴﺤ ،ﻥﺎﻀﻤﺭ لﻴﺯﺭﺇ 199 . 2 ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻲﻨﻫ ﻥﻴﺩﻝﺍ ﺭﻴﺨ 99 . 3 -ﺴ ﺹ ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻲﺴﻭﻤ ﻡﻼﺴﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﻝﺩﻌﻝﺍ ،ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻑﺍﻭﻨ ﺓﺭﺎﻤ 64 -65 .

ﻭ ﻪﻨﺃ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻑﺭﻌﻴ " ﺒﻁﻤ ﺩﺍﻭﻤﺒ ﺎﻨﻴﻌﺘﺴﻤ ﻩﺩﺤﻭ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻴﻓ ﺱﺭﺩﻴ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﺔﻋﺍﺫﻤ ،ﺔﻋﻭ ) ﻭﺃ ﺕﻭﺼﻝﺎﺒ ﺓﺭﻭﺼﻝﺎﺒ ( ﺎﻘﺒﺴﻤ ﺓﺩﻌﻤ ﺔﻁﺭﺸﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﻠﺠﺴﻤ ﻭﺃ " ) 1 ( .

ﻲﺘﺍﺫﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ

:

ﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﺒ ، ﻩﺫﻫ ﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﺩﺼﻘﻨ ﻭ ﺔﻌﻝﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺄﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤ ﺔﻘﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻏﻭﻴﻠﺒﻴﺒﻝﺍ ﺙﺤﺒﻝﺍ ﺄﻜ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻊﻤﺠ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﺓﺭﻴﺼﻘﻝﺍ ﺙﻭﺤﺒﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻌﻝﺎﻁﻤﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺒﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﺭﺩﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ، ﻝﺍ ﻡﻴﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ لﺒﻘ ﻬﻴﻓ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻌﻤﺎﺠﻝﺍ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻤ ﻪﺘﺩﺎﻓﺇ ﻯﺩﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺎ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺘﺍﹼﺫﻝﺍ ﺩﻭﻬﺠﻝﺍ .

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-ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ

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ﺎﻬﺒ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻕﺒﺴ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ

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ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ

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ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ " ﻤﻴﻓ ﺭﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍﻭ ﺽﻌﺒﻝﺍ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻊﻤ لﻤﻌﻝﺍ ﺏﻼﻁﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺏﻠﻁﺘﻴ ﻲﺴﻴﺭﺩﺘ ﺎﺠﺫﻭﻤﻨ ﺎ ﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺩﺎﻤﻝﺎﺒ ﻕﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻭ ،ﺎﻀﻌﺒ ﻡﻬﻀﻌﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﻴ ﻥﺃﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺴﺍ ﺘﻝﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﺀﺎﻨﺜﺃ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤ ﻡﻬﻴﺩﻝ ﻥﻭﻜﺘﻴ لﻋﺎﻔ ﻭ ،ﺔﻴﺒﺎﺠﻴﺍ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﺱﻴﺭﺩﺘﻝﺍ ﺏﻴﻝﺎﺴﺃ ﻥﻤ ﺍﺀﺯﺠ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺢﺒﺼﻴ ﺍﺫﻜﻫ " ) 2 ( . ﻲﻨﻌﻴ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻤﻜ " لﺼﻔﻝﺍ ﺔﺒﻠﻁ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺡﻭﺍﺭﺘﻴ ﺓﺭﻴﻐﺼ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭﻝﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﺭﻓ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ 6 ﻭ ،ﺩﺍﺭﻓﺃ ﻲﻁﻌﺘ ﺓﺩﺤﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤ لﻜ ) ﺔﻤﻬﻤ ﺔﻴﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ( لﻤﻋ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻡﺘﺘ ﻭ ﻪﺒ ﻑﻠﻜ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺭﻭﺩﻝﺍ ﻕﻓﻭ ﺔﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻀﻋ لﻜ لﻤﻌﻴﻭ ﺫﻴﻤﻼﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻓﺎﻜ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻤﻌﺘﺒ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﻤﺠﻤﻝﺍ " ) 3 ( .

ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ

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ﻤ ﻲﻨﻭﺎﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻨ ﺴﺘﻜﻴ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻬﻤﻝﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ،ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ لﻼﺨ ﻥ لﻼﺨ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﺒ ﻭ ﺱﺭﺩﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﻭﺭﻴﺴ ﻊﻤ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻝﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻥﻭﻜﻴﻝ ﻡﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻴﺠﻭﺘﺒ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺌﻼﻤﺯ ، 1 ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﺒﺭﺎﻔﻝﺍ 109 . 2 -ﺡﺎﺘﻔﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﺩﻤﺤﺃ ﻲﻜﺯﻝﺍ ،ﻩﺩﺒﻋ ﻕﻭﺭﺎﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻓ ﺎﺤﻼﻁﺼﺍﻭ ﺎﻅﻔﻝ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﺤﻠﻁﺼﻤ ﻡﺠﻌﻤ ، ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺭﺸﻨﻝﺍﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻝﺍ ﺎﻴﻨﺩﻝ ﺀﺎﻓﻭﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺹ ،ﺔﻨﺴ ﻥﻭﺩﺒ 106 . 3 -ﻜ ﺭﻴﺩﺒ ،ﻥﺎﻤﻴﺭ ﻁﺸﹼﻨﻝﺍ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ،ﺔﻋﺎﺒﻁﻝﺍﻭ ﻊﻴﺯﻭﺘﻝﺍﻭ ﺭﺸﻨﻠﻝ ﺓﺭﻴﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ، 2008 ﺹ ، 149 .

ﺓﺭﺎﻬﻤ لﺜﻤ ﻭ ،ﻱﺃﺭﻝﺍ ﺀﺍﺩﺒﺇﻭ ﺔﺸﻗﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ ،ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﻊﻤ لﺼﺍﻭﺘﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺒﻤﻝﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻭﺤﻝﺍ ﺩﻘﻨﻝﺍﻭ ،ﻲﻨﻼﻘﻌﻝﺍ ﺒﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍﻭ ،ﺔﻴﻋﻭﻀﻭﻤﺒ ﻥﻴﺭﺨﻵﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﺒﺨ ﻥﻤ ﺓﺩﺎﻔﺘﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺀﺎﻁﺨﻷﺍ ﺢﻴﺤﺼﺘﻭ ﺕﺎﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ لﺩﺎ .

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-ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ

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ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﻲﻨﻌﺘ " ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﺫﺎﺨﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻼﻘﺘﺴﻤ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ لﻌﺠ ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻭ ،ﻪﺴﻔﻨﺒ ﻪﻤﻴﻠﻌﺘ ﺭﻴﺒﺩﺘﻭ ﻡﻭﻬﻔﻤ ﻭﻫ ﺠﻴ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﺏﺎﺴﺘﻜﺍ ﻭ ﻪﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺭﻴﺒﺩﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺏﻝﺎﻁﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ ﻰﻝﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺸﻺﻝ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﻁﺨ ﻲﻓ ﻑﻅﻭ ﺎﻨﻜﻤﺘﻤ ﻪﻠﻌ ﻭ ،ﻩﺩﺤﻭﻝ ﻪﺘﺭﺒﺨ ﺭﻴﻭﻁﺘ ﻥﻤ ﺎﻗ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻥﻭﻜﻴ ﺔﻠﺤﺭﻤ ﻊﻁﻘﻴ ﻥﻴﺤ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺃﺩﺒﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺩﺤﻭﻝ ﺍﺭﺩ ﺔﻠﺼﺍﻭﻤ ﻭ ،ﺎﻴﺘﺍﺫ ﻪﻓﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﻥﻴﻴﻌﺘﻭ ،ﻪﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻴ ﺙﻴﺤ ﻪﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺔﻴﺍﺩﺒ ﺫﻨﻤ ﺱﺭﺩﻤﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻉﻭﺭﺸﻤ ﺃﺩﺒﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻜﺍﺭﺸﺇ ﻡﺘ ﻪﻨﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﺭﻴﺴ ﻭ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ " ) 1 ( . ﻭ ﻘﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﺤﻝﺎﺒ ﻊﺘﻤﺘﻴ ﻱﺫﻝﺍ ﺹﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻭﻫ ل ﻭ ﺔﻴﺭ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ " ﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﻭ ﻪﺴﻔﻨﺒ ﻪﻓﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭ ﻭ ،ﺎﻬﻘﻴﻘﺤﺘﻝ ﺔﺴﻓﺎﻨﻤﻝﺍ لﺌﺎﺴﻭﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺭﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻰﻝﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻌﺴ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﻑﺍﺩﻫﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻑﺩﻫ ﻙﻝﺫﻜ ﻲﻫ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻕﺤﺒ ﻭ ﺔﻋﺎﻤﺠﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤ ﻭ ﺎﻤﻬﻬﻴﺠﻭﺘﺒ ﻑﻠﻜﺘﻝﺍ ﺎﻤﻬﺘﺍﺭﺍﺭﻗ ﻭ ﺎﻤﻬﻝﺎﻤﻋﺃ ﻭ ﺓﺭﺩﻗ، ﺎﻤﻬﻓﺭﺼﺘ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺭﻔﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺩﺍﺭﺇﻭ ﺭﻴﻜﻔﺘ ﺭﻴﻴﺎﻌﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻭ ﺭﻴﺒﺩﺘ ﺎﻴﻝﺎﺤ ﺔﻴﺒﺭﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺎﻏ ﻪﺠﻭﺘﺘﻭ ،ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻝﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺏﺴﺤ ﻪﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﺍ ﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺍﺩﺎﻨﺘﺴﺍ لﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺍ ﺡﻭﺭ ﺏﺴﺘﻜﻴ ﻪﻠﻌﺠﺘ ﺔﻴﻔﻴﻜﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸ ﻥﻴﻭﻜﺘ ﻰﻝﺇ ﺎﻬﻘﺌﺍﺭﻁ ﺕﺍﺭﻭﻁﺘ ﺓﺭﺤ ﺔﻴﺌﺎﻘﻠﺘ ﺔﻁﺸﻨﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﻤﺘﻌﺘ ﺔﻴﻭﺒﺭﺘ ﻕﺌﺍﺭﻁ " ) 2 ( .

ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻼﻝ ﻲﺌﺍﺭﺠﻹﺍ ﻑﻴﺭﻌﺘﻝﺍ

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ﺎﻨﺜﺤﺒ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻝﻼﻘﺘﺴﻻﺎﺒ ﺩﺼﻘﻨ ﻌﺸ ، ﺘﻋﻻﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻪﻨﺄﺒ ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﻭ لﻤﺤﺘﻭ ﻪﺴﻔﻨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺩﺎﻤ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﻝﻭﺅﺴﻤ ﻪﺘﺍﺭﺎﻴﺘﺨﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻭ ،ﻡﻠﻌﺘﻝﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻤﻭﻠﻌﻤﻝﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ ﻰﻝﺇ لﻭﺼﻭﻝﺍ ﻭ ،ﺭﺴﻴﺒ ﺕﺎ ﻼﻐﺘﺴﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺓﺭﺩﻘﻝﺍ ل ﺔﻴﺩﺎﻤ ﺕﺎﻴﻨﺎﻜﻤﺇﻭ لﺌﺎﺴﻭ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻤﺎﻤﺃ ﺭﻓﻭﺘﻴ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ) ﺕﻨﺭﺘﻨﻻﺍ ،ﺕﺎﺒﺘﻜﻤﻝﺍ ( ﺔﻴﻭﻨﻌﻤﻭ ) ﺓﺫﺘﺎﺴﻷﺍ ﻑﺭﺎﻌﻤ ﺀﻼﻤﺯﻝﺍﻭ ( ﻭ ﻑﻴﻅﻭﺘ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺘﺭﺩﻗ ﺎﻤ لﻜ ﻭ ﻑﻗﺍﻭﻤﻝﺍ ﺔﻬﺠﺍﻭﻤ لﻼﺨ ﻥﻤ ﻪﻤﻠﻌﺘﻴ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻀﺭﺘﻌﺘ ﻲﺘﻝﺍ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻤﻝﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ ﻪﻁﻴﺤﻤ ﻊﻤ ﺭﻤﺘﺴﻤﻝﺍ ﻪﻠﻋﺎﻔﺘ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻝﺍ ﻪﺘﺎﻴﺤ . 1 ﺹ ،ﻕﺒﺎﺴ ﻊﺠﺭﻤ ،ﻥﻭﺭﺨﺁﻭ ﻑﻴﻁﻠﻝﺍ ﺩﺒﻋ ﻲﺒﺭﺎﻔﻝﺍ 29 . 2 ﺹ ،ﻊﺠﺭﻤﻝﺍ ﺱﻔﻨ 29 .