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Simple model of an electrolytic capacitor taking into account the temperature and aging time

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HAL Id: hal-00140547

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00140547

Submitted on 12 Feb 2008

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Simple model of an electrolytic capacitor taking into account the temperature and aging time

Frédéric Perisse, Pascal Venet, Gérard Rojat, Jean-Marie Rétif

To cite this version:

Frédéric Perisse, Pascal Venet, Gérard Rojat, Jean-Marie Rétif. Simple model of an electrolytic capacitor taking into account the temperature and aging time. Electrical Engineering, 2006, 88 (2), pp.89-95. �10.1007/s00202-004-0265-z�. �hal-00140547�

(2)

%LECTRICAL %NGINEERING

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#ENTRE DE 'mNIE %LECTRIQUE DE ,YON 5-2 #.23 5NIVERSITm #LAUDE "ERNARD ,YON

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!BSTRACT 7ITH THEIR LARGE CAPACITY AND LOW PRICE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS ARE USED IN MANY FIELDS

OF POWER ELECTRONICS MAINLY FOR FILTERING AND ENERGY STORAGE FUNCTIONS 4HEIR CHARACTERISTICS CHANGE STRONGLY ACCORDING TO THE FREQUENCY TEMPERATURE AND AGING TIME 4HESE LAST TWO PARAMETERS ARE GENERALLY NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN ELECTRICAL SIMULATION SOFTWARE 4O REALIZE THESE PRECISE SIMULATIONS WE PROPOSE TO DETERMINE PARAMETERS OF AN ELECTRICAL MODEL OF ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR BY USING THE GENETIC ALGORITHM METHOD 4HIS IDENTIFICATION WAS CARRIED OUT FOR A LARGE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR WITH RATED VALUE OF Ȁ& 6 4HE COMPARISON BETWEEN MEASUREMENTS AND MODEL FOR DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND AGING TIMES GIVES GOOD RESULTS 4HE MODEL SHOWN IN THIS PAPER HAS A PRECISION THAT IS MUCH BETTER THAN A STANDARD MODEL FOR TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN €# "UT THIS MODEL DOES NOT COMPRISE TOO MANY ELEMENTS WHICH ALLOWS IT TO BE INTEGRATED EASILY IN SIMULATION SOFTWARE

(3)

+EYWORDS %LECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR ¾ 0REDICTIVE MAINTENANCE ¾ -ODELING ¾ 'ENETIC ALGORITHM ¾ 3IMULATION

# ;`fdaVgUf[a`

7ITH THEIR LARGE CAPACITY AND LOW PRICE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS ARE USED IN MANY FIELDS OF POWER ELECTRONICS MAINLY FOR FILTERING AND ENERGY STORAGE FUNCTIONS 4HEIR CHARACTERISTICS CHANGE STRONGLY ACCORDING TO FREQUENCY TEMPERATURE AND AGING TIME 4HESE PARAMETERS ARE GENERALLY NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN ELECTRICAL SIMULATION SOFTWARE

)N MANY APPLICATIONS SUCH AS TRANSPORT AEROSPACE ENGINEERING OR IN THE MILITARY FIELD THE VARIATIONS IN TEMPERATURE AND DEGRADATIONS OF CHARACTERISTICS WITH AGING TIME ARE SIGNIFICANT ! MODEL TAKING INTO ACCOUNT CHARACTERISTICS VARIATIONS VERSUS TEMPERATURE AND AGING TIME IS ESSENTIAL

)N THIS STUDY WE PROPOSE A SIMPLE MODEL TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THESE CHARACTERISTICS VARIATIONS OF THE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS ACCORDING TO TEMPERATURE AGING TIME AND FREQUENCY /NE OF OUR OBJECTIVES IS TO OBTAIN A GOOD COMPROMISE BETWEEN SIMPLICITY AND PRECISION

4HE MAJORITY OF THE MODELS DESCRIBED IN THE LITERATURE USE THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPONENT ; = 5NFORTUNATELY THESE MODELS ARE VERY SELDOM AVAILABLE 4HIS PAPER LED US TO USE THE COMPONENT²S IMPEDANCE FUNCTION OF THE FREQUENCY AND $# LEAKAGE CURRENT

4HE PARAMETERS OF THIS ELECTRICAL MODEL CAPACITOR ARE CALCULATED BY USING A GENETIC ALGORITHM METHOD ;= 4HE MODEL USED COULD BE INTEGRATED IN ANY TYPE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE 4HIS IDENTIFICATIONWAS CARRIED OUT FOR A LARGE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR WITH A RATED VALUE OF Ȁ&6

$ BdWeW`fSf[a` aX fZW USbSU[fade

4HE CAPACITORS TAKEN AS AN EXAMPLE FOR THIS STUDY ARE ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS RATED Ȁ& 6 €# 4HEY ARE MAINLY USED FOR FILTERING AND ENERGY STORAGE

4HE CAPACITORS RUNNING CAN BE REPRESENTED BY ITS IMPEDANCE ACCORDING TO FREQUENCY 4HESE IMPEDANCE VARIATIONS MAGNITUDE AND PHASE ARE REPRESENTED IN &IGS AND

(4)

&IG -AGNITUDE VARIATION OF 7C VERSUS TEMPERATURE

&IG 0HASE VARIATION OF 7C VERSUS TEMPERATURE

7E NOTICE THAT THE TEMPERATURE IS A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR UPON THE IMPEDANCE VARIATIONS MAINLY FOR TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN €#

4HE WEAROUT OF AN ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR IS DUE TO VAPORIZATION OF ELECTROLYTE WHICH LEADS TO A DRIFT OF THE MAIN ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS OF THE CAPACITOR ; = 4O OBSERVE THIS EVOLUTION WE APPLIED AN ACCELERATEDTHERMAL AGING TO THE CAPACITORSUNDER THEIR NOMINAL VOLTAGE AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE 6 AND €# RESPECTIVELY )N &IGS AND FOR THIS AGING TEST WE REPRESENT THE IMPEDANCE 7 MAGNITUDE AND PHASE VERSUS FREQUENCY MEASURED AT €# FOR THE AGING TIMES OF Q H H H AND H

(5)

&IG -AGNITUDE VARIATION OF 7C VERSUS AGING TIME MEASURED AT €#

&IG 0HASE VARIATION OF 7C VERSUS AGING TIME MEASURED AT €#

% BSdS_WfWde [VW`f[X[USf[a` hWdege XdWcgW`Uk

4HE PARAMETERS IDENTIFICATION IS CARRIED OUT WITH A GENETIC ALGORITHM )T IDENTIFIES DIRECTLY THE ELEMENTS OF AN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT

)T IS USUAL TO FIND THE PARAMETERS OF THE MODEL STARTING FROM MEASUREMENTS OF IMPEDANCE AND PHASE OF THE CAPACITOR ACCORDING TO THE FREQUENCY

/PTIMIZATION IS DEFINED BY A FUNCTION MINIMIZING THE ERROR BETWEEN MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF THE ALGORITHM 4HIS FUNCTION FKSC IS THE REVERSE OF THE FITNESS FUNCTION

(6)

WHERE

Á F.UMBER OF EXPERIMENTAL FREQUENCY POINTS

Á -R2EAL PART OF THE MEASURED IMPEDANCE Á -RC2EAL PART OF THE CALCULATED IMPEDANCE Á -I)MAGINARY PART OF THE MEASURED IMPEDANCE Á -IC)MAGINARY PART OF THE CALCULATED IMPEDANCE 4HE DATA REQUIRED FOR THE ALGORITHM ARE AS FOLLOWS

Á ! RANGE OF THE PARAMETERS TO BE DETERMINED ORDER OF MAGNITUDE Á 4HE ITERATION NUMBER

Á 0RECISION OF CALCULATION

Á -ETHODS OF SELECTION CROSSOVER AND MUTATION

Á ! FILE CONTAINING THE POINTS OF MEASUREMENT ACCORDING TO FREQUENCY

& ?aVW^e geWV

$IFFERENT ELECTRICAL MODELS CAN BE USED TO REPRESENT THE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR 4WO PRINCIPAL CONSTRAINTS MUST BE CONSIDERED FOR THIS STUDY

Á )T MUST BE EASILY INTEGRATED INTO ANY TYPE OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE

Á )T MUST BE USED IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE OF THE IDENTIFIED COMPONENTS $# TO SEVERAL -(Z

!LL ELECTRICAL MODELS CAN BE WRITTEN IN THE ,APLACE SYSTEM IN THE FOLLOWING FORM

WHERE

Á :4RANSFER FUNCTION OF THE MODEL Á P,APLACE OPERATOR

Á >F ?F#OEFFICIENTS

4O HAVE A PHYSICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE MODEL AND SATISFY THE PREVIOUS CONDITIONS IT IS NECESSARY TO HAVE J’K

& # ?aVW^Q#

-OST OF THE SERIES OR PARALLEL SIMPLE MODELS ARE NOT APPROPRIATE 4HE SIMPLEST MODEL USABLE IS REPRESENTED IN &IG

(7)

&IG 3IMPLE ELECTRICAL MODEL

4HE ,APLACE FORMULATION CORRESPONDING TO THIS MODEL IS GIVEN BY

7E PREFER THE FOLLOWING MODEL REPRESENTED&IG WHICH IS A BETTER REPRESENTATIONOF THE TECHNOLOGY OF AN ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR

4HE CAPACITANCE REPRESENTS TOTAL CAPACITANCE BETWEEN THE ANODE AND THE CATHODE 2ESISTANCE /A INCLUDES DIFFERENT TERMS TERMINALS RESISTANCE TABS RESISTANCE FOILS RESISTANCE RESISTANCE OF THE IMPREGNATED ELECTROLYTE PAPER DIELECTRIC RESISTANCE AND TUNNELELECTROLYTE RESISTANCE /C REPRESENTS THE LEAKAGE CURRENT WHICH DEPENDS ON THE QUALITY OF THE DIELECTRIC MATERIAL )NDUCTANCE ) IS ESPECIALLY DOMINATED BY THE LOOP AREA FROM THE TERMINALS AND TABS OUTSIDE OF THE ACTIVE WINDING 2ESISTANCE /B IS ESSENTIAL TO HAVE IN A PHYSICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE MODEL SEE %Q HOWEVER THIS ONE DOES NOT HAVE MUCH OF AN INFLUENCE IN THE RANGE OF MEASUREMENT

&IG %LECTRICAL MODEL MODEL?

4HE IDENTIFICATION OF PARAMETERS IS CARRIED OUT FOR A SOUND CAPACITOR AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND AT €# FOR DIFFERENT AGING TIMES UNTIL HOURS

4HE RESISTANCE /C REPRESENTS THE LEAKAGE CURRENT $# BIAS WHICH IS GIVEN BY THE $# MEASUREMENT ACCORDING TO AGING TIME )N THE CASE OF THE STUDIED COMPONENTS IT IS CONSIDERED CONSTANT ACCORDING TO AGING AND ITS EXPRESSION IS A FUNCTION OF THE BIAS VOLTAGE

(8)

WHERE

Á 2"IAS VOLTAGE 6

Á 2K.OMINAL VOLTAGE OF THE CAPACITOR 6

Á /$IELECTRIC RESISTANCE CONSIDERED CONSTANT FOR THE WEAK VOLTAGES LOWER THAN 2K ǰ Á &,EAKAGE CURRENT FOR THE VOLTAGE 2K !

Á H#OEFFICIENT DEPENDANT ON THE COMPONENT

4HE IDENTIFICATION WITH THE GENETIC ALGORITHM IS USED TO FIND THE OTHER PARAMETERS OF THE MODEL

&IGURE SHOWS THE AVERAGE ERROR BETWEEN MEASUREMENTAND SIMULATIONACCORDINGTO TEMPERATURE FOR THE SOUND CAPACITOR 7E CAN SEE THAT THE MODEL USED IS INCORRECT FOR TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN

€#

&IG 2ESULTS OF IDENTIFICATION FOR DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

&IGURE SHOWS THE RESULTS OF THE PARAMETERS IDENTIFICATION AT €# FOR MODEL? AND FOR AGING TIME Q H 7E SHOW ONLY THE AMPLITUDE BECAUSE THE PHASE IS IN AGREEMENT WITH THIS ONE

(9)

&IG 2ESULTS OF IDENTIFICATION AT Q H AND €#

4HE QUALITY OF THE IDENTIFICATION CAN BE REPRESENTED BY THE AVERAGE ERROR BETWEEN MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATION ACCORDING TO THE AGING TIME &IGURE SHOWS THE AVERAGE ERROR IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE VERSUS AGING TIME 7E CAN SEE THAT THE MODEL USED IS CORRECT FOR THE POSITIVE TEMPERATURE AND FOR ALL AGING TIMES

&IG !VERAGE ERROR BETWEEN MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION AT €#

4HE RESULTS OF IDENTIFICATION AT €# ACCORDING TO THE AGING TIME CAN BE REPRESENTED BY THE FOLLOWING SET OF EQUATIONS

(10)

WHERE

Á QS!GING TIME AT €# H

Á >F ?F#OEFFICIENTS WHICH ARE A FUNCTION OF THE COMPONENT

4HE RESISTANCE /B CAN BE CONSIDERED AS CONSTANT BECAUSE IN THIS FREQUENCY RANGE AND FOR THE CAPACITOR USED IN THIS STUDY IT DOES NOT HAVE ANY INFLUENCE 4HE VARIATION OF ) IS NEGLIGIBLE SO WE DO NOT CONSIDER IT

& $ ?aVW^Q$

)N ORDER TO IMPROVE THE RESULTS THROUGHOUT THE TEMPERATURE RANGE AND PARTICULARLY AT THE NEGATIVE TEMPERATURES WE PROPOSE ANOTHER MODEL MODEL? WHICH IS REPRESENTED IN &IG )T CONSTITUTES THE ELEMENTS OF THE MODEL? ) /A /B /C IDENTIFIED AT THE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE OF THE COMPONENT FOR WHICH THE IMPEDANCE IS WEAKEST €# !T LOW TEMPERATURE THE SHAPE OF THE CURVE OF IMPEDANCE IS DUE TO THE MODIFICATION OF THE STATE OF THE ELECTROLYTE THICKENING ;= 3OME ELEMENTS /A /C ARE ADDED IN SERIES TO THIS MODEL IN ORDER TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE INFLUENCE OF THE REDUCTION OF TEMPERATURE AND THE SHAPE OF THE CURVE 7 VERSUS FREQUENCY

&IG %LECTRICAL MODEL MODEL?

4HE CORRESPONDING ,APLACE FORMULATION IS GIVEN BY

WHERE

AND 7P IS THE TRANSFER FUNCTION OF MODEL?

(11)

& $ # HS^gWe aX fZW bSdS_WfWde aX _aVW^Q# Sf *'~5

-ODEL? HERE IS FIXED ACCORDING TO TEMPERATURE 4HE VALUES OF ITS PARAMETERS ARE GIVEN AT €#

WITH THE GENETIC ALGORITHM 4HE RESULTS OBTAINED ARE AS FOLLOWS

/C RESISTANCE CHANGES WITH TEMPERATURE THUS

WHERE FOR STUDIED COMPONENT

& $ $ 6WfWd_[`Sf[a` aX fZW SVVWV W^W_W`fe

)NITIALLY WE IDENTIFY THE CAPACITANCE ANALYTICALLY 4HEN WE IDENTIFY THE RESISTANCES /A AND /C WITH HELP OF THE GENETIC ALGORITHM

& $ $ # 6WfWd_[`Sf[a` aX fZW 5

$

USbSU[fS`UW

4HE CAPACITANCE IS DEDUCTED FROM THE FREQUENCY RESONANCE C@ SEE &IG 4HIS FREQUENCY IS IDENTIFIABLE WHEN THE MAGNITUDE OF 7 IS AT A MINIMUM !T THE FREQUENCIES HIGHER THAN C@ AND INCLUDED IN OUR RANGE OF MEASUREMENT MODEL?AT €# CAN BE SIMPLIFIED INTO A /A) SERIES CIRCUIT

"Y NEGLECTING THE INFLUENCE OF /C WE CAN DETERMINE THE VALUE OF BY THE FOLLOWING RELATION

& $ $ $ 6WfWd_[`Sf[a` aX D

$S

S`V D

$U

4HE METHOD USED IS THE SAME AS IN MODEL? (ERE WE SHOW ONLY THE RESULTS OF THE IDENTIFICATION IN &IGS AND AT TEMPERATURES RANGING FROM é€# TO €# &IGURE REPRESENTS THE

(12)

ERROR BETWEEN MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATION ACCORDING TO TEMPERATURE 7E SEE THAT THIS MODEL IS MUCH MORE PRECISE THAN MODEL? WITH THE AVERAGE ERROR AT é€# BEING LESS THAN

&IG 2ESULTS OF IDENTIFICATION AT é€#

&IG 2ESULTS OF IDENTIFICATION AT é€#

(13)

&IG 2ESULTS OF IDENTIFICATION AT €#

&IG 2ESULTS OF IDENTIFICATION AT €#

&IG !VERAGE ERROR BETWEEN MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION

(14)

& $ % HSd[Sf[a`e aX fZW SVVWV W^W_W`fe hWdege fW_bWdSfgdW

4HE VARIATION OF /C FOR TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN €# CAN BE REPRESENTED BY %Q WHICH IS OF EXPONENTIAL FORM &OR TEMPERATURES HIGHER THAN €# THE INFLUENCE OF /C BECOMES NEGLIGIBLE COMPARED TO THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT COMPOSED OF /A AND /A AND HAVE AN INFLUENCE ONLY FOR TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN €# AND THEIR VARIATIONS ARE EXPRESSED BY %Q

WHERE

Á >FG ?FG#OEFFICIENTS WHICH ARE A FUNCTION OF THE COMPONENT Á 14EMPERATURE OF THE COMPONENT €#

' 5agb^[`Y aX fZW _aVW^e SUUadV[`Y fa fW_bWdSfgdW S`V SY[`Y f[_W

!CCORDING THE PREVIOUS RESULTS WE CAN DESCRIBE A COMPLETE MODEL MODEL? CONSIDERING AGING TIME AND TEMPERATURE OF USE OF THE COMPONENT

4HE RESULTING ELEMENTS ARE WRITTEN AS FOLLOWS

WHERE

Á >FG ?FG#OEFFICIENTS FOR THE SOUND COMPONENT AT €#

Á Q!GING TIME AT TEMPERATURE 1 €#

4HE TIME OF AGING Q AT THE TEMPERATURE 1 €# CAN BE EXTRAPOLATED STARTING FROM AN ACCELERATED AGING BY THE !RRHENIUS LAW ; =

(15)

WHERE

Á Q 14IME AND REAL TEMPERATURE OF AGING

Á QS 1S4IME AND TEMPERATURE OF ACCELERATED AGING Á "A!CTIVATION ENERGY "A IS ESTIMATED TO BE E6 Á H"OLTZMANN²S CONSTANT

4HE ELEMENTS COMPLEMENTARY TO MODEL? ARE DESCRIBED BY %QS AND

( 3bb^[USf[a` fa afZWd e[lWe aX USbSU[fad

4HE MODEL DESCRIBED IS BASED ON THE TECHNOLOGY OF THE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR )T CAN ALSO BE APPLIED TO OTHER CAPACITORS WITH DIFFERENT RATED VALUES

7E HAVE MEASURED THE IMPEDANCE ACCORDING TO THE TEMPERATURE FOR DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF FOLLOWING RATED VALUES

Á Ȁ& 6

Á Ȁ& 6

Á Ȁ& 6

Á Ȁ& 6

)N &IG WE REPRESENT THE IMPEDANCES MEASURED AT é€# 4HE SHAPE OF THE CURVES IS NEAR TO WHICH WAS PREVIOUSLY STUDIED 3O IT IS POSSIBLE TO VALIDATE THE METHOD WITH OTHER COMPONENTS

&IG )MPEDANCE MEASUREMENT FOR DIFFERENT CAPACITORS AT é€#

(16)

) 5a`U^ge[a`

4HE PARAMETERS OF THE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS WHICH DEPEND STRONGLY WITH TEMPERATURE AND AGING TIME ARE GENERALLY NOT TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN ELECTRICAL SIMULATION SOFTWARE

7E HAVE SHOWN IN THIS PAPER THAT A SIMPLE ELECTRICAL MODEL OF THE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR COULD BE USED FOR REPRESENTED RUNNING AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND DIFFERENT AGING TIMES

! GENETIC ALGORITHM INTEGRATED INTO -ATLAB SOFTWARE DETERMINES THE PARAMETERS OF THIS MODEL 4HE IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARAMETERS IS CARRIED OUT WITH THE FREQUENCIES MEASUREMENT /PTIMIZATION IS DEFINED BY A FUNCTION MINIMIZING THE ERROR BETWEEN MEASUREMENTS AND THE CALCULATION OF THE ALGORITHM 4HE IDENTIFICATION GIVES GOOD RESULTS FOR A LARGE TEMPERATURE RANGE 4HIS SIMPLE MODEL CAN BE INTEGRATED AS A TRANSFER FUNCTION OR A SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION IN ORDER TO BE USED IN VARIOUS TYPES OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE 4HIS METHOD CAN ALSO BE APPLIED TO OTHER TYPES AND MODELS OF CAPACITORS

DWXWdW`UWe

3IAMI 3 *OUBERT # 'LAIZE # (IGH FREQUENCY MODEL FOR POWER ELECTRONICS CAPACITORS )%%% 4RANS 0OWER %LECTR ­

0ARLER 3' *R )MPROVED SPICE MODELS OF ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS FOR INVERTER APPLICATIONS )%%% 4RANS )ND !PPL ­

4ILLO * !PPLICATION OF NETWORK SYNTHESIS TO INDUCTOR AND CAPACITOR MODELING )N 0ROCEEDINGS OF THE TH CAPACITOR AND RESISTOR TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIUM #!243² *UPITER &LORIDA -ARCH

%VOX 2IFA %LECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS THEORY AND APPLICATION %VOX 2IFA #APACITORS 3WEDEN 5NITED #HEMI#ON 5NDERSTANDING !LUMINUM %LECTROLYTIC #APACITORS !VAILABLE AT HTTPWWWCHEMICONCOMTECHNICALPHP

0HILIPS #OMPONENTS !PPLICATION NOTES

0ERISSE & 6ENET 0 2ETIF *- 2OJAT ' 0ARAMETERS DETERMINATION OF ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR MODEL BY GENETIC ALGORITHM )N 0ROCEEDINGS OF THE TH ANNUAL %UROPEAN PASSIVE COMPONENTS CONFERENCE

#!243%UROPE .ICE &RANCE /CTOBER PP­

'ASPERI -, ,IFE PREDICTION MODEL FOR ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS )N 0ROCEEDINGS OF THE ST )%%% INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE 3AN $IEGO #ALIFORNIA /CTOBER PP ­

'ASPERI -, ! MODEL FOR EQUIVALENT SERIES RESISTANCE IN ALUMINIUM ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS )N 0ROCEEDINGS OF THE TH CAPACITOR AND RESISTOR TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIUM #!243² *UPITER &LORIDA -ARCH PP ­

6ENET 0 ,AHYANI ! 'RELLET ' !H*ACO ! )NFLUENCE OF AGING ON ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS FUNCTION IN STATIC CONVERTERS FAULT PREDICTION METHOD %UR 0HYS *­!PPL 0HYS ­

2HOADES '% 3MITH !7( %XPECTED LIFE OF CAPACITOR WITH NONSOLID ELECTROLYTE )N 0ROCEEDINGS OF THE TH ELECTRONIC COMPONENT CONFERENCE .EW /RLEANS ,OUISIANA -AY PP ­

0ERISSE & 3TUDY AND ANALYSES OF FAILURE MODES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITORS AND THYRISTORS APPLIED TO THE PROTECTION OF THE ,(# LARGE HARDRON COLLIDER 4HESIS 5NIVERSITm #LAUDE "ERNARD ,YON &RANCE

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