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Selected annotated bibliography on precast concrete wall panels
knot laminated
Ottawa F e b r u a r y 1966
Couponr are Issued by the Council valued at 5, W , and 50 cents. These can be used in payment for this senice as well as cash (stamps are not acceptable), money order or cheque (payable at par in Ottawa credit National Research Council). Coupons can be used for the purchase of all National Research Council publications.
SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ON
PRECAST CONCRETE WALL PANELS
R. B . Dryburgh
. BUILDING RESEARCH
FOREWORD
This bibliography was prepared originally for the use of the Canadian Standards Association Committee on P r e c a s t Concrete Wall Panels of which the compiler i s a member. It is not an exhaustive list of all the literature available on the
subject, but the particular references given have been chosen because of their technical content and their appropriateness to precast panel construction a s i t i s presently practised in Canada. The bibliography i s therefore being made more generally
available in the hope that it will be of interest to architects, engineers and manufacturers involved in the growing use of precast concrete panels.
The references a r e listed in alphabetical order, with a subject index a t the end. A list of Canadian Building Digests, published by the Division of Building Research, which a r e appropriate to the subject, i s included a s Appendix A.
The main sources of material were The Engineering Index, f r o m 1955; Building Science Abstracts, from 1955; American Concrete Institute Proceedings, from 1929; and the files of the Library of the Division of Building Research.
1 . Allen, W. Preglazed concrete panels cut exterior wall costs. Contractors and Engineers, Vol. 60, No. 1, January 1963, p. 80-83.
P r e c a s t exposed aggregate panels serving a s both window f r a m e and spandrel b e a m were c a s t in concrete f o r m s . P a n e l s were s t e a m cured and glazed a t the yard before trucking t o job site.
2. Amirikian, A. Proposed specifications for minimum b a r spacing and protective cover in p r e c a s t concrete framing m e m b e r s . A. C. I. Proceedings, Vol. 45, April 1950, p. 637-640.
In view of the better quality control, smaller aggregate and r i c h mixes a s a r e common in p r e c a s t concrete, relatively thin covers a r e suggested a s adequate.
3. Andersen, P. R. Facadefuger -Taetheds -og toleranceproblemee. (Joints between units in external walls
-
tightness andtolerance problems.) Nordisk Betong, VoP. 8, No. 2, 1964, p. 263-2840
Tightness problems and tolerance requirements of sealed and ventilated joints a r e considered.
4. Architectural finishes
-
A roundup of ideas and techniques.Concrete Products, Vol. 66, No. 1, January 1963, p. 34-41, 60, and No. 3, March 1963, p. 29-35.
Describes various surface finishes for p r e c a s t concrete panels and methods of achieving them. P a r t I covers mainly exposed aggregate panels while P a r t
LI
d i s c u s s e s f o r m l i n e r s and surface treatments.5. Beck, H. Die Grosstafelbauweise. (Large slab construction method. ) Bauingenieur, Vol. 36, No. 10, October 1961, p. 328-390.
The method described u s e s p r e c a s t concrete plates a s floors and walls; each plate i s a room-size unit, covering the whole floor
o r whole wall of a room. Analysis of the elements by plate theory, load bearing te s t s, examples of application, fabrication and erection of slabs, expansion joints, and the German
6. Beerbower, Robert E. Tolerances. P r e s t r e s s e d Concrete Institute Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4, August 1964, p. 23-26.
The author describes the development of tolerances for u s e in determining the acceptability of precast p r e s t r e s s e d members. The values were developed for the state of Michigan by the cooperation of the p r e s t r e s s e d concrete manufacturers, practicing architects and engineers, and government officials. Charts a r e included which give and explain the values.
7. Bishop, D. Large -panel construction. The Architect and Building News, Vol. 225, No. 6, p. 233-238 and No. 7,
p. 277-280, F e b r u a r y 1964.
The author reviews the development of large-panel construction and discusses design considerations, joints
and components (73 references).
8. Bishop, D. Weatherproof joints between p r e c a s t concrete panels. An Interim Report of a Building Research Station Study.
Builder, London, Vol. 202, No. 6190, January 1962, p. 31-35.
Summarizes an operational study of different kinds of joints between p r e c a s t concrete panels used a s external-wall cladding and r e p o r t s some preliminary results f r o m an experimental t e s t r i g for studying the behaviour of various weatherproof joints. The following types were investigated: gap-filled vertical joints, vertical joints sealed by cover
-
s t r i p s , horizontal and vertical lapped joints with an enclosed elastic s e a l e r , and open drained joints both vertical and horizontal. A recommended simple design for a weather-
proof joint is described, providing separately for a r a i n b a r r i e r and for draught prevention and heat insulation.9.
Blakey, F. A. and R. S. Lewis. Measurement of dimensional changes i n precast concrete walls. Constructional Review (Sydney),Vol. 29, No. 4, M a y 1956, p. 23-27.
Wall movements in a house made of precast concrete wall panels were measured. Contractions up t o 0.1 per cent and
10. Brankov, G. and P. Marinov. Allowances in the dimensions of l a r g e panels. C. I. B. Conference on Large Concrete
Elements, Stockholm, 1963, p. 165-199.
Reports (i) the design and actual tolerances i n the manufacture and erection of large concrete panels in Bulgaria, (ii) measurements made on buildings
constructed with these panels to determine the length e r r o r s , deviations in position and in out-of-plumb of cross-walls, and (iii) the same tolerances and
measurements but for large panels made by a different system of shuttering and demoulding. G r e a t e r
dimensional precision in manufacture i s attained by
using bolts instead of wedges for the sides of the moulds, which should be thick and have machined surfaces.
F a c t o r i e s producing large panels should therefore be provided with the nece s s a r y instrumentation for making the dimensional measurements accurately.
11. Brankov, G.
,
P. Marinov and M. Denchev. Tolerances in the s i z e s of big panels. C. I. B. Conference on Large Concrete Elements, Stockholm, 1963, p. 345-366.Measurements of deviations f r o m specified lengths and widths of prefabricated large panels a r e reported and discussed extensively in respect of the effect of such deviations on the work and time n e c e s s a r y to assemble the large -panel building. This effect is developed theoretically and some equations a r e established f o r determining the permissible deviations and tolerances in the panel lengths and widths.
12. Buehner, Paul. P r e s t r e s s e d wall panels
- -
Concrete's newest challenge. P r e s t r e s s e d Concrete Institute Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3, June 1964, p. 29-36.The author t r a c e s the history of p r e s t r e s s e d and p r e c a s t concrete wall panels f r o m the invention of concrete up to the present day. The p r o g r e s s that has been made with the application of p r e s t r e s s i n g to this manufacture a r e described. Architectural milestones in the u s e of wall panels a r e cited. The necessity for accuracy and attention of detail is discussed a s well as the future objectives of the precast industry.
13. Collins, F. T. P r e c a s t concrete sandwich panels for tilt-up construction. A. C. I. Proceedings, Vol. 51, October 1954, p. 149-164.
Details a r e presented on various types of sandwich panels. Fundamentals of design a r e given with an example wall designed for tilt-up construction, and a cost analysis i s included.
14. Concrete facing
-
P r e c a s t cladding and "in situ" surface treatment. Building Materials, Vol. 18, No. 9, September 1958, p. 309-314.Discusses the various finishes available on precast concrete panels used either a s the cladding o r t o face in situ concrete.
15. Earley, J. J. Architectural concrete makes prefabricated houses possible. A. C. I. Proceedings, Vol. 31, May-June 1935, p. 513-526.
A description of a prefabricated concrete house using thin precast panels for the walls, the r e s t of the house being conventional in design. Fabrication and construction procedures a r e given.
16. 52-foot panels form bearing walls. Engineering News Record, Vol. 173, No. 10, September 3, 1964, p. 2 7 .
Fifty-two ft high precast concrete wall panels, with a centre loadbearing column f r o m which curved sunshades branch out to form spandrel wall panels, form the load bearing exterior walls of the 4-storey I. B
.
M. Building in P o ~ t l a n d , Oregon.17. First precast concrete curtain wall. Architectural Review, Vol. 124, No. 3, September 1958, p. 191-196.
P r e c a s t concrete building skin units were used in a new bank building in Charlotte, N. C. Units a r e 5$ by 6 ft in size and 2% in. thick. High-strength concrete with light coloured aggregate was used.
18. F i s c h e r , H. C. Architectural concrete on the new Naval Medical
Centre, A. C. I. Proceedings, Vol. 38, F e b r u a r y 1942, p. 289-31 2.
Describes certain features of the design, production and setting of the precast, exposed aggregate panels used for the exterior facing.
19. Fixing and jointing precast concrete wall panels. Concrete Building and Concrete Products, Vol. XXXIX, No. 12, December 1964, p. 705-713, and Vol. XL, No. 1, January
1965, p. 43-49.
Describes and illustrates some methods of fixing p r e c a s t concrete wall panels and cladding units to structures;
their u s e a s permanent formwork, and the sealing of joints.
20. Gerfen, W. H. and J. R. Anderson. Joinery of p r e c a s t concrete. A.C.I. Proceedings, Vol. 59, October 1962, p. 1435-1442.
Review of connections for p r e c a s t concrete wall panels; description of connections t o cast-in-place column including connections to precast columns, connection t o steel colurnns, and splice connection between wall panels; welded tie details.
21. Gilbane, T. F. P r e c a s t concrete panel multistorey construction. A.C.I. Proceedings, Vol. 46, May 1950, p. 725-732.
The construction procedure i s described, with brief information on other s t r u c t u r e s where similar methods were used. Comments on inherent economics a r e included.
22. Granum, H. Innvendig kontra utvendig isole ring a v betongvegger
.
(Interior vs.
exterior insulation of external concrete walls. ) Nordisk Betong, Vol. 8 , No. 2, 1964, p. 147 -170.Problems associated with protection of walls f r o m climatic influences, cold bridges, heat capacity of walls, and
temperature s t r e s s e s in concrete a r e discussed; economic optimum insulation of external concrete walls insulated with gas concrete, expanded polystyrene, and mineral wool, respectively, is shown in t h r e e localities which differ in
23. Gravesen,
L.
Fabrikation af betonfacadeelementer. (Manufacture of precast concrete facing panels.) Nordisk Betong, Yol. 8,No. 2, 1964, p. 205-226.
Scandinavian experience of manufacturers concerning . production
and
use of architectural precast concrete units for external walls i s reported.24. Holmberg,
A.
Parasiterande tojningar och pakanningar i bekladnadsoch sandvichelement. (Parasitic eeensions andstrains in facing slabs and sandwich elements. ) Cement och Betong, Vol. 37, No. 2, June 1962, p. 132-1 33.
Discusses means of preventing shrinkage on surface and inside of elements
.
Holmberg, A. Sandwich elements
- -
the effect of shrinkage. C. I. B. Conference on Large Concrete Elements, Stockholm,1963,
p. 309-316.The way in which shrinkage affects the internal s t r e s s e s in concrete sandwichunits i s analysed. Some calculated values of s t r e s s e s
in a
unit280
cmx 22
cm a r e listed.26.
Isaksen,T.
Rain penetration-
-
the
shape
of the
horizontaljoint.
C .
I.
B.
Conference on Large ConcreteElements,
Stockholm,
27. I s b e r n e r , A. W. Durability studies of exposed aggregate panels. Portland Cement As sociation, Re s e a r c h & Development
Laboratories, Journal, Vol. 5, No. 2, May 1963, p. 14-22.
T e s t s f o r the effect of air entrainment upon durability a r e described and t e s t r e s u l t s discussed. Variables studied included three white quartz aggregates, type of cement, a i r content and surface treatment. Freezing and thawing resistance was studied by two t e s t methods. Additional studies concerned potential alkali reactivity of various cement-aggregate combinations and compressive and flexur a1 strength of concretes.
28. " I n d ~ s t r i a l i z e d ~ ~ systems of constuction. C. and C. A. L i b r a r y Bibliography, Ch. 39 (8/62). Cement and Concrete Association, London, 3 p.
"Industrialized" i s the name given t o systems of construction using l a r g e factory-precast units with a degree of finish s o a s largely t o eliminate finishing t r a d e s on the site. The bibliography is confined mostly t o apartment -type buildings.
29. Johnson, A. I. Slanka Oarrnerade betongvaggars hallfasthet. (Strength of slender non-reinforced concrete walls. ) Nordisk Betong, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1957, p. 191-207.
Very slender concrete walls might also be used a s loadbearing s t r u c t u r a l components in building construction, particularly for prefabricated houses. To determine the actual strength of such components 29 walls were tested and the r e s u l t s a r e reported.
30. Kuznetsov, G. F
.
Konstruirovanie samodreniruyushchikhs ya stykov v naruzhnukh s tenakh krupnopanel' zdanii. (Construction ofself -draining joints in load-bearing walls of large -panel buildings. ) Beton i Zhelezobeton, No. 10, October 1963, p. 436-441.
Design of self -draining joints i n exterior walls of large -panel buildings including loadbearing and cladding types of concrete panels; latest Soviet Union practices in apartment building construction summarized by a member of the Soviet Union Academy of Construction and Architecture.
31. Leabu, V.F. P r e c a s t concrete wallpanels. Building Construction, Vol. 4, No. 6, June 1963.
Discusses major problems in design, construction and
erection: colour
,
staining, warping, jointing and connections t o f r a m e .32. Leabu, V. F. Problems and performance of p r e c a s t concrete wall panels. A.C.I. Proceedings, Vol. 56, October 1959, p. 287-298.
Discusses colour variation, heat transmission, and bulging, primarily with regard t o sandwich-type panels.
33. Masstoleranzen i m Hochbau; Fertigteile aus Beton und Stahlbeton. DIN 18203 (Dimensional tolerances in building construction; prefabricated components of concrete and reinforced concrete. )
Betonstein-zeitung, Vol. 29, No. 6 , June 1963, p. 297-302.
German draft standard
DIN
18203 governing dimensional tolerances.34. Miller, A. L. Warping of reinforced concrete due to shrinkage. A. C.I. Proceedings, Vol. 54, May 1958, p. 939-950.
Experimental investigation reveals that warping due to shrinkage may be anticipated and controlled. A theory is developed by which the amount of warping may be predicted and provision made for i t s reduction o r elimination.
35. Minimum requirements for thin-section p r e c a s t concrete construction
(A. C.I. 525-63). American Concrete Institute, (See A. C. I.
Proceedings, Vol. 54, May 1958, p. 921-928).
Covers the design and construction of thin-section precast concrete s t r u c t u r a l elements that a r e no l e s s than 1 in. thick. Special grading limits for c o a r s e aggregate a r e cited, and
specifications for reinforcement, admixtures, a i r content, water-cement ratio, and cement content a r e given. F a b r i - cation is discussed in provisions on mixing, molds, casting, curing, surface treatment, and tolerances of individual elements. Also covered a r e supervision, inspection,
acceptance standards, and method and sequence of erection, including connection devices, assembly tolerances, and weatherproofing of joints.
36. Munch-Petersen, J. F. and 0. Erikson. Samlingsproblemv i Montagelyggeri. (Problems of joining room-sized building units. ) Statens Byggeforskningsinstitut Rapport 38 (2nd revised edition). Danish National Institute of Building Research, Copenhagen, 1963.
The f i r s t p a r t deals with general problems such a s the t r a n s f e r of forces, wind-tightness, f i r e resistance,
waterproofing, sound insulation, tolerances and appearance. The second part deals with methods of joining floor and wall elements, with joints between wall units and between floor units, and with details such a s c o r n e r s and cornices. Special reference i s made t o faqade joints in walls made of light- weight concrete. Examples a r e described and illustrated. (In Danish with English summary).
37. Nylander, H. Kupning av fasadplattor a v betong t i l l foljd a v krympning. (Bowing of concrete face slabs a s a r e s u l t of
shrinkage.) Cement och Betong, Vol. 32, No. 1, March 1957,
p. 24-33.
Bowing of concrete face slabs a s a result of shrinkage can be kept within reasonable limits i f consistency of casting i s rigidly observed, exce s sive vibration avoided and uniformity of shrinkage obtained by proper placement of the two l a y e r s . Reinforcement should be centrally placed. Formulae and calculations a r e presented.
38. Nylund, P. 0. Large concrete elements: Proceedings of CIB
-
W. 19 Conference in Stockholm, 11 -14 March, 1963. Statens Rad f o r Byggnadsfor skning, Stockholm, 1963, 473 p.This r e p o r t f r o m the International Council for Building Research, Studies and Documentation (C. I. B. ), Working Commission 19, comprises 27 r e p o r t s grouped in t h r e e
topics: joints, tolerances, and development of new m a t e r i a l s . Most of the r e p o r t s a r e in English o r French, and a few a r e in German. Abstracts of some of the r e p o r t s appear elsewhere i n this bibliography.
39. Peterson, 3. L. Design and construction guide for p r e c a s t s t r u c t u r a l concrete. A. C. I. Proceedings, Vol. 59, September 1962, p. 1179-1204.
Guide to design and construction of p r e c a s t concrete buildings, covering m a t e r i a l s , t e s t s , controls, design, manufacture, handling, erection, connections, drawings and supervision; special attention is given t o s e i s m i c resistance by combination of precast concrete units.
40. Plessein, D. B.
,
N. P. Rozanov, and D. D. Servueev. L a r g e - panel construction in European countries i n connection with development of new building materials. C. I. B. Conference on Large Concrete Elements, Stockholm, 1963, p. 369-401.An extensive discussion of large-panel building in Hungary, Poland, Russia and Czechoslovakia, with special reference t o i t s t e c b i c a l and economic advantages and to the need for further improvements, e. g.
,
a wider exchange of r e s e a r c h and production data between the specialists of different countries, and the selection of the most economically expedient structural units (walls, roofs, floors, etc. ) and multi-storey schemes. T h e r e is a l s o need for better joint design and sealing under both normal and abnormal conditions, a s well a s for higher dimensional accuracy during manufacture and erection of units.41. Plessein, B.D., N . P . Rozanov, D.D. Servueev and F. V. Ouchkov. Joints entre l e s panneaux de m u r s extgrieurs. (Joints between external wall panels. ) C. I. B. Conference on Large Concrete Elements, Stockholm, 1963, p. 71-100.
A review is presented of Russian practice in making joints in large-panel s t r u c t u r e s of heavy, lightweight and cellular concrete. Expansive m o r t a r o r elastomeric sealer i s now used for filled joints, but open vertical joints a r e provided with a decompression channel (sealed externally with m o r t a r o r elastomer) and horizontal joints with a 50 m m high b a r r i e r . Deflectors o r grooves prevent rain penetration laterally into vertical joints. The effect of "cold bridges" on wall t e m p e r - a t u r e and hence on inside -surface condensation i s discussed for walls having varying t h e r m a l insulation and water contents (i. e. f r o m rainfall). Account is a l s o taken of joint failure by i n g r e s s of water into either capillary o r wide c r a c k s a r i s i n g f r o m the temperature fluctuations common in Russia.
42. Pletta, D. H., E. F. Massie and H. S. Robins. Corrosion protection of thin p r e c a s t concrete sections, A. C. I.
Proceedings, Vol. 46, March 1950, p. 513-528.
A new electrical resistance technique for measuring the r a t e of corrosion of steel reinforcing i s described. T e s t s using six mixes, three water-cement ratios, four exposure conditions and t h r e e depths of cover a r e reported and some cornrnents made.
43. P r e c a s t concrete wall panels. Constructional Review (Sydney), Vol. 36, No. 1, January 1963, p. 12-23.
A review of p r e c a s t panels. Among subjects covered a r e surface properties
,
textures and treatments, shape and size, s t r u c t u r a l design, jointing and insulation.44, Sahlin, Sven. Berakning a v barformagan hos elementvaggar och murade vaggar
.
(Calculation of the bearing capacity ofprefabricated wall elements and brick masonry walls. )
Report No. 76, Swedish State Commission for Building Research, Stockholm, 1962, 37 p.
45. Seddon, A. E. The strength of concrete walls under axial and eccentric loads. Symposium on the Strength of Concrete Structures, Cement and Concrete Association, London, May 1956, P a p e r D. 1.
A review is given of information on the strength and behaviour under axial and eccentric loads of monolithic concrete walls
of types used in building construction. Strengths under loads distributed over the full wall length and concentrated over p a r t of the wall length a r e indicated f r o m laboratory t e s t s . The effect on strength of the addition of reinforcement and of openings i n the dense concrete wall is included.
46. Sementsov, S.A. Rules of designing large panelled walls adopted in the U.S. S. R. C.I. B. Committee W23, P a r i s , October 1962.
Panels a r e divided into reinforced and non-reinforced, which contain only nominal reinforcement. The concepts of design strength, coefficient of homogeneity and
coefficient of working conditions a r e introduced. The influence of joints on loadbearing capacity i s discussed, together with eccentric loading. Buckling and c r e e p a r e a l s o considered. Finally, the degree of safety obtained compared with West European practice i s discussed.
47. Senstad, H. Problems related to control of uniformity of p r e c a s t concrete elements, C. I. B. Conference on Large Concrete Elements, Stockholm, 1963, p. 229-53.
A general discussion of the accurate measurement and control of length, width and thickness
,
straightness,
angle, skewnes s,
shuttering, and joints when making precast concrete units(e. g.
,
sandwich panels) to specification requirements. In generahmaximum variation i n dimensions i s f r o m 1 t o 5 nun,and maximum deviations l e s s than f 2 to 3 rnm a r e difficult to attain. The commonly used method of rectangular control (angle, straightness, dimensions) is explained. Placing and erection introduce variations i n joints between units, and the permissible tolerances must be related t o the permissible tolerance of the erection procedure, although account must a l s o be taken of the degree of expected interchangeability.
48. Smart, 0. B. They produce p r e c a s t concrete wall panels. Concrete, Vol. 65, No. 12, December 1957, p. 30-32.
Describes a factory designed lightweight wall panel for s t r u c t u r a l loads. A typical panel consists of a 5/8 in. thick dense concrete outer layer backed by a 39-in. slab of perlite concrete reinforced by a corrugated, punched p r e s s e d steel c o r e , both sides of which a r e covered with woven wire netting.
49. Specification guide for architectural p r e c a s t concrete. Wisconsin P r e c a s t - P r e s t r e s s e d Concrete Association, Menomonee F a l l s , Wisc.
,
F a l l 1964, 10 p.A draft specification for p r e c a s t concrete wall panels, with comments on the various requirements.
50. Structural recommendations for load bearing walls. British Code of P r a c t i c e , C P 1 1 1.
51. Suggested design of joints and connections in precast structural concrete. Report of Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 512, Task Committee on P r e c a s t Structural Concrete Design and Construction. A. C. I. Proceedings, Vol. 61, August 1964, p. 921-937.
Recommendations a r e intended to apply to joints and connections between p r e c a s t members, between p r e c a s t m e m b e r s and cast-in-place concrete members, and between precast members and structural steel members; precautions should be taken t o avoid connection and joint details that would result in s t r e s s concentrations which might cause spalling or splitting of m e m b e r s a t contact surfaces.
52. T e s t s for p r e c a s t wall panels. Subcommittee V, ACI Committee 533, A. C.I. Proceedings, Vol. 61, April 1964, p. 369-382.
A report submitted for discussion p r i o r t o preparing a recommended practice. Emphasis i s placed on those specification and production control t e s t s and procedures which have led t o confusion among architects, engineers, prefabricators, and owners. T e s t s for compressive strength samples wherever such procedure is practical. Otherwise, 4-in. cubes a r e suggested, the t e s t r e s u l t s of which should be reduced by 20 per cent as an estimate of cylinder strength. Due to the vertical orientation of most wall panels, speci- fication of freeze-thaw testing is not recommended generally. The r e p o r t recommends that wall panel concretes should be a i r entrained without specification of a fixed percentage of a i r content. A preliminary list of needed r e s e a r c h i s included.
53. Thompson,
J.N.,
H. Matlock and A.A. Toprac. Welding of reinforcing steel between p r e c a s t concrete units. A. C. I.Reports on t e s t s of butt welding of reinforcing b a r s projecting f r o m p r e c a s t concrete blocks. Temperature distributions were found to be p r i m a r i l y functions of the b a r projection. Cracking i s likely under field conditions. Reduction in structueal strength appears to be insignificant and c r a c k s tend t o close on cooling.
54. Toprac, A. A. and J. N. Thompson. Welding between precast concrete units. P r e s t r e s s e d Concrete Institute Journal, Vol. 8 , No. 3 , June 1963, p. 14-29.
A study of cracking experienced in unrestrained precast concrete units due to differential t h e r m a l expansion at welded connections. Evaluates the effect of the controlling variables
.
55. Wilson,
J.G.
Concrete facing slabs. Cement and Concrete Association, London, October 1954.A general account covering properties of the surface, design considerations, u s e s of p r e c a s t concrete slabs, jointing and weathering.
56. Wilson, J. Gilchrist. Exposed concrete finishes. Volume 11
-
Finishes to P r e c a s t Concrete. Wiley, 1964, 184 p.Succeeds Volume I which covered finishes t o in situ concrete. Describes in detail the range of finishes t o precast concrete. The chapter on cladding includes sections on size and tolerance, loadings, permissible s t r e s s e s and reinforcement, as well a s joints and joint sealants
.
57. Yee, A. A. The domino system for high-rise buildings. P r e s t r e s s e d Concrete Institute Journal, Vol. 9, No. 6 ,
December 1964, p. 60-74.
Discusses a specific method for framing multi-storey
apartment buildings by the use of repetitive p r e c a s t bearing wall panels supporting p r e s t r e s s e d , p r e c a s t floor planks in indentical module throughout the entire height of the building.
APPENDIX A
Canadian Building Digests of the DBR/NRC Relating to Precast Concrete W a l l Panels
Baker, M. C. Thermal and moisture deformations in building materials. CBD No. 56, August 1964.
Brown, W . P . and A.G. Wilson. Thermal bridges in buildings. CBD No. 44, August 1963.
Dalgliesh,
W.A.
and W.R. Schriever.Wind
pressures on buildings. ' CBD No, 34, 0ctober 1962.Garden, G,
K. Rain
penetration and i t s control,CBD
No. 40,April 1963.
Hutcheon, N. B. Requirements for exterior walls. CBD No. 48, December 1963.
Hutcheon,
v.
B. Principles applied to an insulated masonry wall. CBD No. 50, February 1964.Latta, J.K. and G.K. Garden. Temperature gradients through building envelopes. CBD No. 36, December 1962.
Latta, J. K. and R. K. Beach. Vapour diffusion and condensation. CBD No. 57, September 1964.
