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Mineralized veins resulting from fluid flow in

decollement zones of the Sicilian prism evidence from

fluid inclusions

Nicole Guilhaumou, Christophe Larroque, Elisabeth Nicot, François Roure,

Jean-François Stephan

To cite this version:

Nicole Guilhaumou, Christophe Larroque, Elisabeth Nicot, François Roure, Jean-François Stephan.

Mineralized veins resulting from fluid flow in decollement zones of the Sicilian prism evidence from

fluid inclusions. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, Société géologique de France, 1994, 165

(5), pp.425-436. �hal-02918402�

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Bull. Soc g"ol. Frallce. 1994.1. 165. nO 5, pp. 425-436

Mineralized veins resulting from fluid flow

in decollement zones of the Sicilian prism

evidence from fluid inclusions

by NICOLE GUILHAUMOU*, CHRISTOPHE LARROQUE**, ELISABETH NICOT*, FRANÇOIS ROURE*'"*

and JEAN-FRANÇOIS STEPHAN**

Ker ,,"orJs. - Accrctionnry prism. Décollement. Mineralized veins, Fluid inclusions, Transient nuiù now. Sieily

AbSlraCI. - Imbric~tions (Ook plncc at the frontal part of the Sicilian accrctionary prism during the Plio-Quatcrnary.The structural seuing show, a superposition of southwurd directed thrust-sheets bounded by two décollement lcvels. Syntcctonic veins wcrc samplcd in thrust fault wnes located al the frontal part of the pri,ml. In the Iowa thru,t fault zone. hydraulic brec<:ias include qu~rtz and calcite vdns. The initial crystallisation tluids have been entr~pped in the,e veins Jnd preserved as different generations of fluid inclusions. Primary intracrystallinc aqucous fluid inclusions are composcd of low sôliinity wmer (neJr 0.8 wt % equ.NaCl) deplcted in gas and display homogcnisation tcmperatures incrcasing from quartz hl calcite to values up to 200°C. In calcitc veins. hydrocarbon nuid inclusions containing light aliphatic "il indicate the occurr~nce of organic malter in the teetonie wedge with u thermal evoluti"n compri,ed within the oil window.

The pressure required is the lithostutic pres,ure. in agreement with the conditions implied by the tectonic setting aceounting for the formation of hydr~ulic brceeiJs. lt ranges from 140oC_O.!\kbar for quartz up to 23SoC-Ikbar for calcitc dcposition_ Intersection or oil and aqueou~ ~OIUlion isochores lc~d to comparable values. In addition t:1e occurrence of pyrobitumen p~r1icles in lhe veins indicates thn the fluids renched tempera!urcs higher than 1 SO°e. These high ternperature fluid, He localized in the I"wer fault zon~. ln the upper fault zone. syntectonic calcite veins only display low lemperature fluid inclusions. The results of X-ray studies on the foliated host-rock of the veins providc cvidence for a highly localized incipient thermal transformation of the clay mincrals (ifS of R.l type) atthe contact with the hyùraulic hreccia. while the over~ll mass of lhe surrounding shales remained unaffceted (liS of Ro type)

The ,tri ... t localization of the veins in lhe f~ull lOne, suggest that dewatering of the Sicilian wedge occurrcd along high-permeability décollcments and fau1t~. In lh~ lower faulllOne. warm fluid <:ircul~lion of fresh WJter was responsible for the hydraulic fracturing and the subsequent vein formation restricted to the bJSJI décollement. where a thcflml desequilibrium occurrcd between the tluids and thc shale matrix. Thi!; may he interpreled as the result of larg~-,~ale advection of fluid, ari,ing from the deeper internaI wne of the prism ~nd flowing along the basal décollement.

Veines minéralisées: indices de paléo-circulations de l1uides dans les décollements du prisme sicilien:

données des inclusions l1uides

MOIS dé.,'. - Prii;rlle d·accrétion. Décollement. Vein~s minérali'~es. Indusions fluides. Cirçulations lr~nsiloires de fluides chauds. Sicile.

Rhum". - LJ zone frontale du prisme sicilien présente des veines minéralisées syntectoniqucs localisées dans le, zones de chevauchement (mélange varicolorc). Les brèches hydraulique,. échantillonnées dan~ le ehevau~hement basal. sonl formées de veines de quartz et de calcite. Au moment de la cristalli,ation. les tluides ont été piégés en différentes générations d'inclusions. Lcs inclusions aqueus~s ,primaires présentent une faihle

,alini!~ (0.8 wt % N~CI) avec' de' tempér~ture' d'homogénéis~tlOn croissantes du quartz il IJ calcite et atteignant 200 e. Dans les veInes dc calCIte, des inclusions d'hydroearbures légers attestent dc ia présencc dans lc fluide de matière organique au ,tad~ de maturation de la fenêtre à huile.

Le calcul des conditions P-T. à partir de l'évolution des isochores. en Jccord Jvee la prcssion lithostatique minimale nécessaire à la formation des hrh'hes hydraulique,. conduit à de, valeurs de 140°C dans le quartz à 235°C dans IJ calcite pour des pressions de 0,8 à 1 kb. Le recoupemcnt de l'isochore des hydrocarbures inclus avec celui jes solutions aqueuses amène à des valeurs comparable,. De plus. de, panicules d~ pyrobilumes, a5Sociécs aux veines de ~aleite, indiquent qu'elle, on! a!!eint une température d'au moins 150°C (d~ns le cas d'une maturation de type «bassin sédimentaire »). Lcs fluides chauds ainsi caractérisés sont localisés dans la zone de chevaueh~ment basal (mélange v~riçolore inférieur). on ne les retrouve pas d~ns les veines échantillonnées dans les zones de ehevJuchement plus superficielles (mélange varicolore supérieur). Le, ,peetres X de<;

argilü du mélang~ cneai,sant de<; hr~ches hydraulique<; présentent des indice~ de lransformation thermique des minéraux argileux (liS de type R3) ,itués uniquement au contact de la brèche

La stricte 1()Ç~lis~tion de, veines au niveau des zones de failles suggère que l'expulsion dcs fluides, lors dc la déformation au haut du pri,me sicilien, s'cst effectuée lc long des zones de forte perméabilité (failles ct décollcmcnts). De<; fluides chauds et très peu salés ont circulé dan~ la zone de chevauchement basal, conncctée au décollement inféricur du prisme, et provoqué la formation des hrèches hydrauliqu~s. Le déséquilibre thermique entre l'enc~issanl des brèches et Ic, fluides piégés suggère que ces fluides n'ont pas été chauffés ;11 Silu. mais or.t migré. le long du décollement, depuis des zones plus internes ct plus profondes du prisme.

RésUlI1é érendu. - Des travaux récents, basés sur des données de terrain ct de subsurface en Sicile et dans

r

Apennin du Sud, montrent que durant la convergence entre les plaques Afrique et Europe (fig. 1) le:; sédiments déposés sur la marge africaine et les fonds océaniques de la Néotéthys, actuellement subduits, ont été accrétés contre la marge européenne au Néogène. Cet ensemble constitue aujourd'hui trois prismes d'accrétion-collision juxtaposés latéralement. du nord-est au sud-ouest : l'Apennin, la ride calabraise et la Sicile [Roure et al., 1990].

Des échantillons ont été prélevés au niveau des chevauchements de base de l'Unité tectonique inférieure. au pied du MI Scalpello, dans la partie orientale du domaine de Caltanisseua (fig. 1). Les échantillons analysés sont des blocs de radiolarite provenant d'un niveau interstratifié dans une matrice argileuse écailleuse (d'âge crétacé inférieur). Cel1e formation (mélange varicolore inférieur. fig. 1) est disposée en lentilles de 30 à 50 m au pied de la barre de calcaire triasique du MI Scalpello ct souligne la zone de chevauchement lLarroque, 93J.

* Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lab. Géologie, URA 1316 du CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75{}{}S Paris, France.

M Institut de Géodynamique. URA N° t2i9 du CNRS. Univ. Nice-Sophi~ Antipolis, Av. Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne. France.

*** Institut Français du Pétrole 1-4 Av. Bois Préau, 92S00 Rueil Malmaison. France.

/I.-lanuscrit déposé lc 23 décembre 1993, accepté après révision le II mai 1994.

Bull. Soc. géol. Fr.. 1994. nQ 5

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426 N. GUIUIAIj]l.JQU el <1/

Les blocs sonl constitués par des éléments de radiolarites, dispcrsés au sein de veines de quartz et de calcite (pl. 1 : 1). La largeur des veines est comprise entre 1 et 20 mm et le volume moyen occupé par ces minéralisations varie de 20 il 40% suivant les échantillons. Les veines sont plus ou moins déformées (veines plissées et CiS:lillées. déformation des macles de la calcite, décalage des différentes générations de veines). Certains blocs montrent aussi des injections d'argile entre lcs veines et les éléments de radiolarites (pl. 1: 3). Toutes ces figures. typiques de l'éclatement des blocs, nous amènent ù les interpréter COlllme des brèches résultant de la fracturation hydraulique du niveau de radiolarites initial. Quelques échantillons permettent de reconnaître une chronologie parmi les différentes générations de veines. Le quartz est le premier à cristalliser, il est suivi par au moins deux générations de calcite (calcite 1 et [Il. La première emprunte partiellement le réseau dcs !"cntes de quartz alors que la seconde emprunte le réseau dc la calcite 1 ou recoupe l'ensemble.

Une étude détaillée de I·ensemble de cc secteur montre que les minéralisations sont localisées uniquement au niveau des chevauchements. Nous les considérons donc comme dcs vcines syntectoniques contemporaines du I"onctionnement de ces zones de faille [Roure el al., 1990; Larroque, 1993[.

Dans les veines de quartz ct dc ealcite échantillonnées dans le chevauchemcnt basal. les fluides associés à la minéralisation ont été piégés en différentes générations d'inclusions fluides. Les inclusions aqueuses primaires contiennent des solutions de faibles salinités (prochcs dc 0,8 équiv. \Vt % NaCI) dont les températurcs d'homogénéisation. mesurées par microthermométrie, présentent des valeurs croissantes de 90"C dans le quartz aux époll!es à 180°C dans la calcite centralc. Dans les veines de calcite [et [l, des inclusions contenant des hydrocarbures légers en CS-CI2 ont été carac- térisées par microspectrornétrie infra-rouge (FrIR) et microrJuorcscence

uv.

Elles aUestent de la présencc dans le rJuide minéralisateur. de matière organique ayant dépassé le stade de maturation de la fenêtre à huile.

Le calcul des conditions pression-tempérmure. à partir de l'évolution des isochores des inclusions aqueuses, compte tenu de la pression minimale (pression lithostatique + poids de la colonnc d'cau au moment de la déformation) de 0,8 il 1 kbar nécessaire il la formation des brèches hydrauliques, conduit il des valeurs de piègeagc de 140°C dans Jc quartz à 235"C dans la calcite. Le recoupement dc l'isochore calculé d'une huile légère à faible teneur cn méthane. proche de cellc contenue dans les inclusions d'hydrocarbures avec celui des solutions aqueuses amène à des valeurs comparables.

De plus, des particules de pyrobilllmes, associées aux veines de calcitc, indiquent qu'elles ont atteint une température d'au moins 150°C. On nc les retrouve pas dans les veines échantillonnées dans les zones de chevauchement plus su- perficielles du mélange varicolore supérieur, où les inclusions aqueuses sont essentiellement monophasées et de faible salinité. Elles témoignent de circulations de rJuidcs de basse température d·environ 50-60°C. On n'y observc pas d'in- clusions d'hydrocarbut·es.

Le spectre X des argiles du mélange encaissant des brèches hydt·auliques présente des indices de transformation thermique dcs minéraux argileux (lIS de Iype R.,) situés uniquement au contact de la brèche alors que l'ensemble du mélangc est constitué de minéraux argileux Ils de typc Ro.

La stricte localisation des veines au niveau des zones de failles suggère que I·expulsion des fluides, lors de la formation du prisme sicilien, s'est effectuée le long des LOnes de forte perméabilité (chevauchements ct décollements).

Des fluides chauds ct très peu salés ont circulé dans la zone de chevauchement basal, connectée au décollement inférieur du prisme, el provoqué la formation des brèches hydrauliques. Le déséquilibre thermique entre rencaissant des brèches et les fluides piégés suggèrc que ces tluides n·ont pas été chauffés in Si/II, mais ont migré le long du décollement, depuis des zones plus internes et plus profondes du prisme.

Ces résultats nous amènent à poser un certain nombre de problèmes concernant: (1) la raison de rabscnce de veines minéralisées hors des zones dc faille; (2) la source de chaleur et I·origine des fluidcs dilués ainsi que; (3) l'origine dcs hydrocarbures (roche mère potentielle) et leur mécanisme dc migration. Ils seront abordés dans une étude plus généralc en relation avec un modèle de circulation de !luide proposé pour le front du prisme sicilien (Larroque el al., cn préparation).

1. - INTRODUCTlOJ\

Subduction wedges are built up by accretion and defl)f- mati on of water-rich sediments. Numerous data show that sediments entering subduction lones eontain, on average, more than 50% walCr and lose mos! of their tluids during subsequent dcfor1llation [Bray and Karig. 1985[. For wedges containing shaly laycrs, the dewatering seems 10 be controlled by faults 7.Ones [Le Pichon et al., 1986:

Moore, 1989; Le Pichon et al., 1993]. [n this work, wc aim to asscss the importance of the fluid distribution and dynamics in the deformation proccsses of the Sicilian wedge.

The Sicilian wedge (fig. 1) was built up in a mixed sub- duction and collision context where the tectonÎc processes are similar to those occurring within modern oceanic ac- cretionary prisms [Roure et al., 1990[. Outcrops of the dé-

",,1/.

Soc. ",io/. Fr .. 1994. n" 5

collemcnt zones are exposed, in the frontal part of the wedge, allowing direct structural studies and sampling. We focused our sampling on the syntectonic veins and on the surrounding shales of the décollement in order to study the fluid inclusions and determine the physical and ehemical properties of the paleo-fluids (composition, PIT conditions of trapping).

Since thermodynamic data are available for many types of fluid systems, it is possible to carry out a rigorous treat- ment of the fluid inclusion data fRoedder, 1984[. These re- sults are important for constraining the thermal modelling 01" the shallow part of subduction zones, The present data relate to a Plio-Pleistocene décollemem zone, and thus arc useful for comparison with modern accretionary wedges sllch as Barbados [Foucher et al., 1990[ or Nankai prism [Yamano et al., 1992].

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FLUID FLOW IN DECOLLEMENT ZONES (SICILYl 427

M editerranean sea

o

5 lOkm

l----ç;;;J ;;;;;;;J

d - Lh e ... i f " , j g

FIG. 1. - Structural map of central Sicily. a: piggyback basins (Iate PlioccTlc-early Pleistocene); b: Upper Tectonic Unit (Iatc Oligocenc 10 carly Plcistoœne): c: Lowe!" Tectonic Unit (Trias to midelle Miocene Mt Scalpello duplex zone): d: UppCI varicolourcd mélange (late Cretaceolls-mieltllc Eocene); e: Il/wer varicoloured mélange (carly Crelaceous); f: intcJlwl unit (Panonnide): g: Plio-Quaternary volcanisrn; h: thrust; 1: deformalion l·rOIlI: j : norillai fault. l, 2, 5 : sampling sil cs.

FIG. 1. - Sc/u'I/W slruc/UIïII dl' la Sicile cell/rall'. a : /)assills )lo/lants (Pliocènc .wpéricur-P/éistocèlle illférieur): b: unité /ectolliqlle supérieure .. c : II/lité fec/o/liqlll' i/!féricul"e: el : méllllige l'aricolore .H/périeur (Cn'lacé s/ll,éric/lr-Eochlc moyen): c: mélange l'aricalore illférieur (Crétacé in/ërieur);

f: I//Iift' inleme (Pwwrmide): g. l'o!c:anisme plia-quaternaire: h: cheval/chelllen/s: : frolll de déforma/ion; j: faille 1l01"1IIflle. 1,2 . . . ,5: ~·i/es

ri· éclUlllli Ilo//age.

II. - TECTONIC SETTING

The Apennine-Sicilian bell is part of the complex Alpine collision boundary (fig. 1) between the African and European continents lRoure el al., 1990; Casero el a!., 19S9l. Il is composed of the sedimcntary co ver of the south- crn margin of Tethys, the ocean basin bet ween Africa and Europe which oecurred in the .JurassÎc and was later sub- ductcd 1 Dercourt cl al., 1986.1. The upper plate, occupying most of Sicily, is made of a post-Miocene accretionary wedge. The Lectonie imbrications (offscraping and lInder- plaLing) began during the carly Miocene, continlling at least throllgh the early Pleistocene and probably IIp to the present rMcKenzie, 1972"1. The soulhern tip of Sicily corresponds

10 the poorly deformed African plate (Ragusa foreland). The present study was lIlldertaken in the central Sicilian domain, the most rronlal unit of the bel!. This domain (fig. 1 and 2) displays Plio-Qualernary Ihin-skinned teclOnÎcs, which affect Triassic limestones and Cretaceolls 10 Quaternary turbidite-rich sequences lLentini el af., 1974; Di Geronimo el a!., 1978; Bianchi el al., 1987]. The imbricate stack com- prises a lower and an upper Ihrust-sheel units (fig. 2). The

lower thrllsl-sheets (Middle Triassic to Middle Miocene material) make up tectonic duplexes [Bianchi el al., 1987;

Roure ef a/ .• 1990]. At the base of these duplexes (M' Scal- pello area, fig. 1) lenses of varicoloured mélange (lower mélange), which are involved in the basal thrust Fault zone, crop out (fig. 1).

The upper thrust-sheets (late Oligocene to early Pleisto- cene material) generally lie on top of a décollement zone which contains a varicoloured mélange [upper mélange, Roure el al., 1990; Larroque, 1993] composed of rcd and green clayey matrix with a typical "blocks in matrix" fabric [Cowan, 1985].

The biostratigraphic age of the varicoloured mélange ranges l'rom early Cretaceous (Iower varicoloured melange) to Upper Cretaceous-Middle Eocene (upper varicoloured melange), for both the matrix and lhe blocks [Larroque, 1993]. Blocks are marine sandstones, mudslones, limestones and radiolarian cherts. The matrix is intensively shcared and microfolded, displaying the typical structure of brittle-duc- tile shear zones [Prior and Berhmann, 1990]. Many of the blocks are deformed, showing veins of quartz and/or calcite.

BI/II. Soc. géol. FI:, 1994, nO 5

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428 N. GUILHAUMOU et al.

UPPER PLATE

---_ /~ ---

a

b

c

d DECOLŒMt:NT ZONE

11"'~

~~

""""

THAUST-SHEET

LOWER PLATE

k

lOWER THRUST-SHEET

FIG. 2. - Simplified lCclOlloslraligraphic successions. a: laie Pliocene 10 QU<llernary shalçs and sanels; b: Messinian 10 carly Pliocene limcstOIlC and evaporîlcs: ç: laIe Oligocene to laie Mioccne lurbidiles: d : late Crctaceous to middJc Eocene varicoJoured lange: c: laIe Oligoccne 10 rniddJe Mioccne lurbidile: f: Eocene pelagie limesloncs: g: Jurassic radiolarian cherIs: h: Triassic limesloncs: i: carly Crclaccous varicolourcd ll1~langc:

j : Plio-Qualcrn.ny sand and shalcs; k : Miocene limcstoncs.

FIG. 2. - CO/OIIIII!.\" Il'cIOi/OslrlIrigral)IIiqul!s sil1lpliflùs. a: Pliocèlle supériellr li QI/(III!/'II(/in' (argiles el .wb/es); b: Mel"silliell à P/iocèlll' illférieur (calcaires et (}wlporites); c: Oligoclme supérieur li Miocèlle .\'Ilpérieur (série t1/rbidilh!/le): fi: Crho('(' il Fo('h,,' 1II0Y('11 (IIu;lallge l'lI/ù'olore): e:

Oligocèlll' supérieur à Miocèlle inférieur (série fIIrbidiriqm.') .. f: cl/fcl/ire pé/agiqul' éO~'l'l/(': g: Jurassique (radiolarir/.'s): h: Trias (ca/cain's) .. i : Cretacé inférieûr (mélange mrit.:o[ore) .. j : Plio-Quatenwire (sab/l' l't argiles); k : Mioâlle (mlcairl' dl' plaIe-forme).

Furthennore, in the most frontal part of the belt, shale di- apirism of the mélange suggests the presence of overpres- sured fJuids in the vicinily of the décollement 1 Larroque et al., 19911.

III. - SAMPLING AND RELATIONSHIP OF VEINS TO DEFOR- MATION

Mineralized veins occur mainly within the varicoloured mélange, al the bases of fhe lower and the upper thrust- sheels, large sized veins (1 centimetre size) are localized

PL. 1. - PLATE [

in the blocks of the mélange, smaller on es (1 millimelre size) are illterbedded in the scaly planes of the matrix, Few are in continuity from the blacks to the matrix (lOto 20 centimetres length). No significant mineralizations are found in the thrust-sheet units.

- ln the lower mélange, 10 sHmples were colleclcd in the thrust Fault zone al the base of the lower unit (south of the M' Scalpello, sites 1 and 2, fig. 1). A complex chert level (30 10 40 cm thick) is cmbedded in Ihe scaly clay mau'ix. Brecciated beds display a typical "puzzle" structure with clasts of chert and extensional veins filled by minc- ralizations (pl. 1 1,2 and 3), The clasts are mostly angular

1. - Hydraulic brcccia of the lowcr métange showing diffcrClll gCllcralions of veins : quarlz ~;'I1cile 1 and calcite 11 (sile n" 1).

1. - Brèche hydraulique du mélange illj"ériellr pl"éSCII/(l/ll lel' différen/es géllératio/l.I· dl' l'cille.l·: ql/arl:., m'cile J ef ca/cile 1/ (sile nO 1).

2. - Thin-section micropholography showing quartz "cins, calcite 1 and calcite Il veins in hydralllic breccia (site n" 1).

2. - Pholographie (ffi/lie milice) de la géométrie des l'l'il/ô' dl' qI/arr:,., des Vl'ÎlU'l' dl' clilcil/.' 1 el 1/ dallS les brèches hydrlwliqlll's (.I·ite /lU 1).

3. - Hydraulic brcccias of the lower mél;lllge (cheri c1asts): ;l: cheri; b: quartz: c: duys flowagc into the breeeia (site nO 1).

3. - Brèche IIydrauliqne dn II/éll/llge il/fériellr: ;l: murce(l/l de radiolarile; b : ql/{/rt~ .. C : argile illjectée t/CIIIS la brèche (sile 11° 1).

4. - Extr:ldos tension vcins with calcite mincralizalion in a foldcd blocks of Ihe upper mél:lnge (site n" 5).

4. - Veille de calcile slIr I"e.\"lr(ldo.\" d'I/I/ pli lians /II/ bloc du mélallge .wpérie//r (.\·;Ie Il'' 5).

5. - Thin-section mierophotography

or

hydrocarbon fluid inclusion in sparry calcite vcin : in transillilled light (left) and UV light (right) (sile n" 1).

5. - Microphologmp/lie (fall/e mince) d'ulle illdusion pl/ide à hydroc(lrhllre dalls 1I11i! l'eine dl' ("olcite spaririq/lc : ell lumière lrammise gal/che), e/l édairag/.' UV droire) (l'ùe Il'' 1).

6. - Pyrobitumen parlicle in a calcite vein (site nO 1).

(L - Porticule de fJ.,'robitullll' d(/IIS IlIIe l'ei/le de cl//cile (site Il'' 1).

/Juil. Suc. géol. Fr., 1994, nO 5

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FLUID FLOW IN DECOLLEMENT ZONES (SICILY) 429

/Jill!. Soc:. géol. FI:. 199-1-, nU 5

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·BO 1\. GUII.HAt:MOU ('/ III.

and do nOI show any significant displacemenl. rotation or illlcrnai deform:Hioll. The size of Ihe clasls range from a few millimetres to fe\\' celltimetres.

Pho(O 1 illUSlrales the relative chrollology of veining in the r:ldioklrian cheri boudins. Quartz is firs! to crystallize around Ihe p:ttches of radlolarian chen in a vuggy llelwork.

The geomelry of this Iletwork "ppe:lrs complex with veins par:llici. perpendicular and oblique to the beddillg and sug- gest some bursting of the rock. NCXI, an carly gencration of large calcile veins partly inlrudes and crossculs Ihe prc- vious quart/. veins. Many of the calcile Iwins are strainee!.

Thi~ pattcrn is crosseul, pcrpendicular 10 the bede!ing, by al Jeasl one I"urther gcneralion of ealcile veins (pholo 2).

Numcrolls features of twinning or faul1ing and folding vcins :lrc major criteria 10 assume thal these veins are synlCClonic. Somc ~lHnple~ ~how Illud injection through the clm;ll; and lhe yeins (plloto 3). The transition to the bcdrock is pro-

grc~siyc. l)ltl somc veins penelralc a fcw centimetcr inlo the ~ealy clay bedrock. Since these features are typiclll of hydraulic brcccias [Phillips. 1972: Sibsoll. 1986: k brak, 19921, we infcr that tluids cause hydraulic fracturing of the rock during dcformation.

- At the base of Ihe upper thrust-sheet units, 12 s<llIlples were col1cctcd in the upper mélange al thrcc diffcrcnt siles (site), 3. 4.5. fig. 1). Only calcite-Iype minc- ralizations is found inside blocb of green ll1udslone or while limestone. The blocks also show evidence of synlec-

tonie cry),\:Llli.l.alÎon {extrados tension veins (photo 4), faultcd :md folded veinsl. bUI no features typical uf hy- draulic rracturing :Ire present.

IV. - TlIER:'>i"L EVOLUTION OF THE ROCKS

A) l'ctrography of the \'eins

Petrographie observations associated with nuÎd inclu- sions studies were carricd out on 2 sels of samples (table 1).

ln the hydraulic breccias of the Iower méltlllge, li fibrous t·cd or grey chalcedony cryslallize carly as tin)' rims arOllnd the brecciated fragments. Then microcryslalline quartz oc- c\.Irs in vcins with inereasing size in the centre. X-ray ulluly- sis docs not indicate the former presence of opal. The first gcnern!ion of c:t1cile erystals (calcite 1) are pure sparitic- Iype in large veins (around 10 mm or more) ohen occurring Ihrough the path positionned first by qU:lrt./. vcins. The second generation of carbonate veills (calcitc Il) b smaller

~i7.e (1 Illm) :lnd often crosscuting the former. SEM and mi- croprobe :lIlalyscs show varying Mn contenl (up 10 5 % .\1nO in Ihe calcite Il). The widlh of the "eins is 1-20 mm.

TAlILE 1. - Typ-c of În~-tu,Îun~ În lhe ~ludied .~mples.

1

Lo\\"cr mélange

1

(.hc~

1. 2)

S.mpIL" )Ç'

Upper mélange

«ilC< 3. 4. 5)

S~mplc< N'

TABU 1. - Tl1'" J"illdlt.l"ÎI>II.f '/11/1.'· /<'.\ md,,'of ';'·/I/<I!liIIO<!JIél'S.

Aqucous singlephasc Aqlloous lwophase Hydrocarbon Bitumen

inclusions inclusions inclusions articlts

Calcile] and Il and qunfll Calcite 1 and Il veins Calcite(I):lI1d Il vcin~

vc.ns (chcncl~sls) (d>:rtclasl.S)

(chcncl"~~.) ::.I.l%, ni%. )7·198 Hl. 1l·lll

lI·l'!6. 27·1 '.l6, 1 ~·9).

, •. ~J lo·~)

C:llcile VCÎM (Cre,>ccous green llludstor.c) (Cretace"", !:",en

"''''1<>'''')

(Eocene white lime'10"c) /

1

n I7? 73·1)). l()'l. [hol I,E4-1

];1.2. u;. lC3-57 1'.0·12

TIlH h Il. - E'lim;ll(,"d mÎnrralogil'al composition of hulk TI",k based un inlcnsÎlics ralÎo of f>Ctcctcd l'''aks 10 lhe 4.27 À pc~k of quanz : 1:\1 : itlÎle/mil·u:

K/C : ~~l()tÎnÎle: (" : ehlnritc: QI : quanz: Cc: calcile: Dot: dolomÎle: Hml : hemmÎle: F: feldspar: GOCI. goclhilc.

MÎn~ralol!Îcut ~ulllpt)~ili"n

"r

lhe clay-sÎze fraclÎoll « 2 1.lln). from clhytcn-gtrcot snlvuled prcp.lrmion : ISo: random inlcTSlralificd illile/smeClilc: 1 :

~~palld"t>lc ÎtlÎte: <,Ii, Sm : ~rc(,"nl Sllle<'llte layer~ dclermilled fmm angular posÎlJon of Ihe 9(003)" ""ak 3nd lhe 6(001 ):0 pcaks: Ro. mndolll 0'l!ani~Uli()n: R" (m.krcd Orl:~IIÎ~<I(ÎUll of Ih~ t"·1ll lype. K/C. undÎffcrcnlÎmcd KaolÎnÎlclChtorÎle: M, 10 À ph~sc.

TABLl Il. - C,)JJlIJfJ.<i/i"" mi""m/,,.~i'l"" approcllét' dt' /n roel/t' IOta/t' (blllh .<ur /" Tl/flf'orl tll'of imel10filh dl< flic si/t'c/io""i "'"1'(," fe flic ,} 4.27 À du

ql<flrt~.J; IIM: illildmi/·ll: KIC. /;t",lil1ll1': C : cll/orill': Qz: quart;.; Cc: cult-iu: OuI: d%milt'; Ilml : hima/lu: F: frlds/wlll; Goet : gOl'l/l//('.

C"'''I'Mi/itm minim/oRilfu,' dl' III fmc/ioll orgill'lIu (<: 2 ]..lm). aprè.r Imi/l'II/t'III 0 f"éllly/b'l'-gl)"co/: ISo imer.<lmlifié désordonné illîlds>IIt'Clile; 1.

il/il<' nOl/fit/Ml'; 'l Sm : /,mm.·,,"wge dl' ofml'CI;Il' déterminé Ù flarti, Jt' It, Iifni/ioll fIIIJlII/ai,t' Il,, pic (()()JJ" polir lïmerstrll/ifii l'I 9(001 ho flO'" i"iIIi/l' XOllfl/llllr; Ro: "'Xlm;.""Îl", "és""lm",ù; R,: orgalli.<miOll (I,t/OImét' tir 1)"/'1' IMI/. KlC : /;(w/jnildrh/orite j"diffirellôil': M : fJllUS" 10 A.

Mineralog1cal Clay .• ize rndion

< "'. Bulk Rod<

, . .

ïlon

s",",l'"..Ji !l<1TOIŒ' 1 • (s.a

J~l)10 "', l "

c~

'" "" '" " ":,1 ,'"

~, <

,-

" . II("J:lJhl I)ill1 110"" 11-1sA

,,' " w,

,.". U9" VilA 4.1 ...

.. o;s.

LOWER Mf..t..ANGIl

~H%

,

" " ,. ,

0.7t

,

,m ,

~

" ,. ,

n~ '.W

'M' ,

<

"

".~ 0.27 0.61

,

o.n Dl .~ 1 OA4 i

UP1'ER MEL"1'iGR

,., ,

" "

n Q.SS 0.21 O.4S

,

4.9S

21-19) 11·9]

<

" " " "

0.37 0.19 O.SS

,

"~ 1 0.22

" , "

1 O.~ 0.29 0.S9

,

0.33 0.25 0.36

~~

• • " "

".~ 0.21 0.70

,

1.1"1 O.lij O.~6

7·191

,

W

" "

1.33 0.61

'" ,

2.27 0.&3

' "

H9!

, • " "

O."

, . ,

,~

/11111. S'l(". /:"0/. F.:. 199-1. n" 5

(8)

FLUID FLOW IN DECOLLEMENT ZONES (SICJLYI ·BI

while the mean volume occupied by the mineralizations V;lr-

ies between 20 and 4071,.

ln the upper mélallge, the mineralizations arc ullil"ormly distributcd in aIl the blocks, making up 10% by volume of tne rocks. The crystals arc pure calcite sparry-typc. The widtn of the veins is 1 to 20 mm.

B) The shaly hedrock

Samples of clayey mélange matrix were :tn:llysed by X- ra)" diffraction for cach sile [Nicot el (II., 1992[.

III the Iowa méltlllge: clay mélange I\wtrix s<l1l1ples 'were collecled al the COlllaCI with Ihe hydraulic bn:ecin (10-

93, table Il) and SOIllC tells of centirnelrcs I"rom the veins within thc breceia (5-93. 32-196). The bulk mineralogy con- tains abundant calcite and minor felspar. ChlOTile and kaolinite arc eilher distingllished by IWO peaks al 3.5 Â.

or considered as :In undifferellli,Hed K/C pn'Ise.

The less than 2 pm fractions arc quite different : a ran- dom inlerstratified illitclsmcctile occurs in the samples (5- 93. 32-196) wilhin the clasts. whercu~ an ordered interstratil"ied illite/slllcctite 01" R3 type is present in contact with the veins in s,lInple 10-93.

III the upperlllélailge (7-1. 7-191. 8-191. 21-193.13-93.

44-65, tabk Il) S:lIllpfes were also colfeeted adj:lccnl and fanher away from the veins.The main diffcrcnce in the bulk rock mineralogy is Ihat the mat ri x is mostly de void of cal- cite.

The fraction less th,tn 2 )Jm contains quartz. in addition of the day mineraIs. The dominant clay minerai is;. randolll inlerstratificd iflite/smectile. with a broad range of smcctite layers (80 10 40%). Kaolinite is commoll. Heating treat- mcnts and observation of the (060) peak position show that chlorite is absent QI" undctectabk in Ihis fraction.

v. -

RESULTS QI' Pt\I.AEO·FLum STUDtES

As nuid inclusions rcsult from the trapping of tluids during ancient fluid circulation, the characteristics of thc inclusions most commonly entrapped in synteclonic mine- ralizations can provide direct informations on the nature und prr conditions of the fluids circulating during defor- mation [Roedder, 19841. On the other hand. the charncteris- tics of organic malter nssociated within mineralizations can give additional information on the temperalure. In this study, aqueous syngenetic ffuid inclusions were commonly found in quartz and calcite, and hydrocarbon fluid inclu- sions (pl. 1 5) associnted \Vith bitumcn particles (pl. 1 6)

b

60 80

0

-0,5

.. ... .. •

E

-1

..

-t.5

. .

E

-, -

e- -2.5 -3

Quartr.

Calcite

. . .

100

.: . .. .

• .

120

c

140 t60

. ..: ...

. . .... .. ... .. . .

• •

FI(i. 3B

were observed in the calcite veins of cheri cfasls (lower mélange, t:tble [).

Using diffefent ,lI1alytical techniques. nn attempt was made 10 define the ~'omposition or Ihe fluids nnd their con- ditions of Ilow in the décollement zoncs during dcformatiol1 [Larroque el al .. 1992: !9931. To be consistcnt with Ihe const,mt volume assumptÉon. illvestigalions were conducled on sheltered zones where microscopie observation does not show petrographic indications of stretching or leakage.Thc dClails of the analYlical techniques arc given in the appendix.

A) Fluid inclusion studies

III flle IOwér mélange, fluid inclusions in qU:lTlZ :lnd cal- cile arc l1lost I"requently round in hydraulic breccias wilhin ehen clasts.

- Quart: l'eim (25-196. 27-196. 12-93. 14-93. 16-93. table 1), conlain aqueous prinwry f1uid inclusions in g.rowth zones and as isolated cavities. They arc of small size (5 to 10 I-l.tn) and oftcnly clustered in Ihe inner part of the crys- tais and in growth zones in the external part. The inclusions ure biph:lse and show relalively hOlllogcneous lïlling ratios.

The hOlllogenisation ternperaturcs (Th) obtaincd for these inclusions by microtherrnometry IGuilhaumou. 19821 arc Jess than IOO"C. \Vith a mode betwecll 70 and 9()OC (fig. 3A). The inclusions trapped Ilear the rims of quartz crystals have the highest Th values (near 90°C). Microcryo- scopie analyses (fig. 38) yield very homogeneous lasl melt- ing tempcrature of ice (Tm with an average (arollnd - IOC).

which is in ravor of a weil preserved content. This corres- ponds 10 a low salinity \Vater wilh a composition in Ihe

14 - 12

10 8 "

N 6"

4 2 0

180 200

... . ... . . .. .

a

50

c

b

I~

100 Th (oC)

ln

150

Il

200

1'10. ~A

FIG. 3. ~ A. - H01l1ogcni..alion lC1l11X"rlllun's. ~:

hydT<l"~rb,,n-bcaring tluid illdu.<iuli. in calcitc: b and c : aqucous tluid indu.<i()o~ in qll~rt, and cal<'it"

vdn, (hydruillic brt""l"<'i'lj

A. - T."rr. t1i~gral1l for nui!! indu,ions in quarn l\llÙ cakilc ,"cin, (hydrautir br~l"d,,) .

FI(;. ~. - A. - Ji·"'I,,'rlllllrl'.' d·h"III".~';l1h.,""I;'JII. "

;lIdu.;,,,, "'''nlrocilrlil/J"<' "IIII.~ III (',,"·il,.: b el c : in- duûolls f//lid(';' "ql/"".\"'.\. dm/.I· /, •. ,. \"I·i,,,,.\· d,' "u(lrl~

('1 d,' c"I,il" (hr;"'l", hwlraUIi'lII('j.

R. - D;"XnwIII1(, d(' .. ill·dlil/iml

r..rr.

l'O/tr la ill- du .• hms fluides ,lm..,. 1 .... ,·âllr.' d,' qu"rt: ,"1 d .. ,"al·

âlr dr.' b,,,cI,.. .• I,_,·dwul;qll('$.

(9)

432 N. GUILHAUMOU el of.

A

Objectif I~X IRuS 128sc. 4cm-!

Singlebeam l'3lio '.80

!

LOO ~ ,

~

1.40

L20

'.00

o . .,

O.'"

3800 3600 3400

~

2600 2400 2200

B S.rnple Objectir ! '.9Jn 15X

!RuS 128 K •• Cm" L

ABSr -__________________________________________ - ,

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.00

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000

Wa"cnumber (cm·l)

FIG. 4. - A. - Mil'roFTIR speClrn of hydrocarbon nuid inclusions. Thc spcclrum shows characlcrislic vibrations of uliphatic componcnls . 2852·2922~

2956 crWI (C-H aliph) and of the mat ri x 2138-2242 cm" (qU'H'IZ).

B. - MicrorflR <lllalysis 011 bilulllcn ]lartic1cs. The speclrum show charactcristit' "ibmlions of aromatic çomponcnts al 760-820-870 cm·1 (aromalic C-H Jcformation bands), 1601 cm 1 (e = C Slreching of the rings), 1706 cm-I (C = 0 slrclchillg) and 3020-3060 cm'· (C-H stretching). The other bands bclwccn 2800-3000 cm,l and 1378-1463 cm-I correspond 10 slrclching and bending of aliphalic C-H respccli"cly.

FIG. 4. - A. - Speclre microFTlR /JOII/" les il/cll/siollS j7uide.il hydrocarbure: le spectre mal/Ire le.l· vibrations caractéJ'Î.\"IÎque'i de.s composé.l· alipha- tiques: 2852-2922-2956 CII/'/ (C-H aliph) ct de la II/atrice 2 UN-2 242 CI/r/ (qua rI::,).

B. - Spectre mÎcroFTIR pour le'\" parlicules bilfllllillellses." Le spectre mal/Ire les l'ibralioll.\· caractéristique'\" de.\' call1/w.I'.!S aromatique.I·." 760-820- 87() cml (déj'ortlw/ioll des C-H). 1601 CI'" 1 (élol/ga/ioll de~' C = Cl. /706 CI/,-I (élol/gllfioll des C = 0) and 3020-3060 CII/- I (élollKalioll des C-H).

Les (11//1'1',1' ballde.l· ('//ln' 2 800-3 000 cllr' alld 1 378-1 463 (:/Ir/ correspol/de/l{ re.speclivell/(!lIt (II/X élol/RflliollS el al/x déj'orll/lItioll.l" des C-H aliphatiques.

H20-NaCI-(KCL) system of 1.651 equiv.wt % NaCI and a density of 0.972 g/cm3 IBrown and Lamb, 19891).

- Aqueolls large primary il/fracrystalline inclusions, about 15-20 ~lm in size, are more uniformly distributed in calcite crystals (25-196, 27-196, 12-93, 14-93, 16-93, table 1). They are biphase, irregularly shaped and often re- presentative of dendritic growth. The liquid/vapour ratios are relatively homogeneous for weil preserved inclusions.

The Th values range from 120 to 200°C, with LwO modes, near 140 and 180°C (fig. 3A). The Tm values, are higher than - 2°C, also indicating a low sali nit y water (fig. 38).

The composition of the f1uid also lies in the H20-NaCI-KCI, system with 0.827-1.651 equiv. wl % NaCl and corres- ponding densities of 0.94-0.89 g/cm3,

SEM-EDS analysis on Frozen inclusions [Ayora and Fon- rameau, 1990], \Vas used to compare the spectra froIl1 dilute sea water (standard solution with 112, 1/4, 1/8 and 1116 dilution) and the spectra obtained from inclusions in quartz and calcite veins. The results show that the sali nit y in these inclusions is lower lhan 8 g/J. This is very close to the value of equiv. 0.827 equiv. wl % NaCI calculaLcd from micro- cryoscopic data.

CH4, N2, H2S, S02, C02 and light hydrocarbons were not detected by mieroRaman speetrometry (following conditions defined by Burke and Lustenhower [1987]) in the gaseolls phases or as dissolved components in the aqueous phases of fluid inclusÎons in any sample. For

CH~, the detection limit, in the operating condition, was near 0.04 mole %.

-- III the calcite "eills (25-196, 27-196, 37-198, table 1), and at the quartz/calcite interfaces, large hydrocarbon in- clusions (20-30 ,um) displaying UV fluorescent dull blue colour in are observed (pl. 1 : 5). These inclusions are partly single-phase. When they arc biphase, the Th are ranging From 50 to 60°C (fig. 3A). These hydroearbons were ana- Iysed by micro FTIR. The type of speetra registered Bull, Soc, Kéo!. Fr.. 1994. nO 5

(fig. 4A) show the characterisrÎc slrelching vibrations of aliphatics between 2800 and 3000 cm-l [Colthup et of., 1990]. CH4, COl, aromatics, \Vater and sulphur components were not detected. This spectra is representative of a light aliphatie oil depleted in CH4 and C02. The equivalent n- alkanes calculated are in the range CS-Cil [GuilhUU111011 et (I!., 1990J. These hydrocarbon bearing tluid inclusions are mostly abundant in calcite Il. Their randolll distribution (pl. 1 5) allow to presume Lhey are contemporaneous of aqucous primary inclusions.

III the upper mélange, primary aqueous fluid inclusions in calcite veins (72-177,73-177, 10-1, E6-1, E6-2, E4-2, E3-57, E4-12, table l) are mostly Iiquid single-phase at room temperature. The few measurements obtained in sel- dom biphase inclusions (Cretaceolls green Illudstone blocks ~ 9-1, E4-4, table 1) show homogenisation tempera- tures neaf 50-60°C.

Some large and flat-shaped aqueous single-phase inclu'-' sions were observed in numerous calcite samples of ail blocks. These inclusions fonning healed shear planes are regularly spaced within the planes from cleavages steps and thus considered as secondary and characteristic of very late- stage f1uid during brittle deformation [Roedder 1984 J.

B) Organic matter sludies

In the lower mélange, the calcite veins contain numerous solid black partieles (8-93, 13-111, table 1; pl. 1 : 6), thal were easy to isolate from the rock for direct analysis [Guil- haumou and Larroque, 1993J. Rock Eval pyrolysis, applied on isolated l'articles from two different samples (table III), give an HI averaging 578. This is a typical value for organic maller of marine origin. The average tOmax values at 445 ± 1°C indicate hydrocarbons in the oil window [Espi- talié et al., 1985; Espitalié et of., 1986]. MicroFTIR ana- lyses were obtained on very Lhin particles by crushing them in a diamond cell to avoid deLector saturation. The spectra

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