Hygrothermal performance of wall and window systems

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Hygrothermal performance of wall and window systems

Maref, W.

http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca

H y g r o t h e r m a l p e r f o r m a n c e o f w a l l a n d

w i n d o w s y s t e m s

I R C - O R A L - 8 3 4

M a r e f , W .

A version of this document is published in / Une version de ce document se trouve dans:

18

Session of Canada Japan Housing Committee Meeting Proceedings, Ottawa,

Ontario, October 17, 2007, pp. 1-46

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Hygrothermal performance of wall& window systems

Prepared by :

Dr. Wahid Maref

Research Officer at IRC-NRC

Institute for Research in Construction

National Research Council Canada

Canada-Japan Housing Committee

October 2007

Outline

• Hygrothermal Performance of Building Envelope Systems

(BES)

– Modeling

– Field Experiment

– Laboratory experiments

Hygrothermal Performance of

Building Envelope Systems

MODELING

MODELING

(i.e. IRC’s HAM Tools

hygIRC 1D & 2D,

WeatherSmart)

LABORATORY

LABORATORY

(i.e. DWTF, EEEF)

FIELD

FIELD

(i.e. IRC RHs, CCHT)

Why?

How?

Which?

What?

Why?

How?

Which?

What

Why?

How?

Which?

What?

Modeling: IRC’s Hygrothermal

Advanced Model (HAM) Tools

•

hygIRC 1-D V. 1.1 is a user-friendly, one-dimensional version of

NRC-IRC's hygIRC, a state-of-the-art hygrothermal model.

‰

1-D hygIRC can be used for

•

parametric analysis: changing weather (locations), materials, for

example

For more information please visit hygIRC

Website

:

http://irc.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/bes/software/hygIRC/index_e.html

•

hygIRC 2D is the Advanced hygrothermal models

‰

Best handled by hygIRC 2-D

•

air leakage

•

water leaks

•

gravity effects

IRC Field Experiments

• IRC’s Research Houses:

– Research House #3 (Indoor

Environment/Building

Envelope and Structure)

– Canadian Centre for

Housing and Technology

(CCHT)

IRC Field Exposure of

Wall Facility (FEWF)

Objectives

– Compare performance of different side-by-side wall assemblies

– improve understanding of HAM response of wall and window

assemblies exposed to naturally occurring climate loads of Ottawa as

well as to indoor environment loads of T, RH and P defined by

occupancy and HVAC systems.

– Research the interaction between the building envelope and the

indoor environment

– Complement IRC’s controlled laboratory test and modeling

simulations

IRC Field Exposure of Wall

Facility (FEWF)

•

Experimental Approach

–

Year 1 (2006-2007) Commission the facility by monitoring

three identical test specimens of traditional construction

(2x6) through Fall, Winter and Spring.

–

Year 2 (2006-2007) Investigate the performance of two to

three wall specimens of different innovative designs based

on industrial collaboration/partnership.

–

Year 3 and beyond Expand the program in collaboration

with Indoor Environment to examine whole house

performance issues.

South facade

Instr

ed w

Instrument

ed window

Instrumented

window

Test frame to be

designed to provide

the largest possible

free bay for

placement of

several test

specimens

Max. 19 ft available

Stack casing

location

North facade

West facade

DETEC_9 DETEC_11

T_10

T_8

16.0

T_9

RHT_7

MP_1

2.0

T_7

_{RHT_6}

15.0

2.0

20.0

17.0

3.0

LAYER 4 - Interior Face of OSB

HF_1

JW_3

Heat Flux

Moisture Pin

Wireless

Relative Humidity

14.0

7.0

MP_3

LAYER 5 - Stud Cavity

DET EC_15

MP

_2

HF_2

Moisture Pin

RHT_9

15.0

T_13

T_14

17.0

T_11

RHT_8

T_12

LAYER 6 - Interior Face of Insulation & Stud

Cavity (Exterior side of Vapour Barrier)

P_3

7.3

10.0

HF_3

JW_4

Delta Pressure

LAYER 7 - Interior Face of Drywall

17.0

15.0

T_18

T_17

RHT_10 (air)

T_16

T_15

7.0

T_19

Thermocouple

IRC Field Exposure of

Wall Facility (FEWF)

Instrumentation - Plan View

Interior

Drywall

Plastic Air/Vapour Barrier Stud Cavity with Fiberglass Insulation Vinyl Siding

Sheathing Membrane OSB

Material

Air Pressure sensor

Moisture Pins

RH and T sensors

T sensors

Exterior

Jeld-Wen Wireless RH&T Sensors

Heat Flux Transducer (for W2 only)

Experimental Approach

• Challenging the wall experimental begins:

– Stage 1- Create air leakage path and monitor under naturally

occurring int. and ext. conditions on two of three specimens

(1 week)

D

ryw

a

Air Leakage

• Challenging the wall experimental begins:

– Stage 1- Create air leakage path and monitor under naturally

occurring int. and ext. conditions on two of three specimens

(1 week)

– Stage 2- Increase indoor RH to 45% and induce 10 Pa

positive pressure while air leak is present in two specimens,

for 2 weeks (?)

• Challenging the wall experimental begins:

– Stage 1- Create air leakage path and monitor under naturally

occurring int. and ext. conditions on two of three specimens

(1 week)

– Stage 2- Increase indoor RH to 45% and induce 10 Pa

positive pressure while air leak is present in two specimens,

for 2 weeks (?)

– Stage 3- Return to naturally occurring conditions to monitor

drying. Disassemble the indoor chamber

Results

FEWF Wall 3 - Stud - Layer 5 - Moisture Content

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 3/17/07 0:00 3/18/07 0:00 3/19/07 0:00 3/20/07 0:00 3/21/07 0:00 3/22/07 0:00 3/23/07 0:00 3/24/07 0:00 3/25/07 0:00 3/26/07 0:00

Date and Time

Resistance (k

Ω

)

18-Mar-07

Results

After

Results-Infrared

IRC Laboratory Experiments

—

Apparatus - EEEF

Environmental Exposure Envelope Facility (EEEF)

Environmental Exposure Envelope Facility (EEEF)

Specimens and

weighing apparatus

are placed in EEEF

EEEF maintains

T and RH profile

over course of

experiment

- 47 to 48 ± 1 ºC

10 to 100% RH ± 3% RH

- 47 to 48 ± 1 ºC

10 to 100% RH ± 3% RH

IRC Laboratory Experiments

—

Weighing System

TENSION

LOAD CELLS

PNEUMATIC

CYLINDERS

TEST

PANEL

TO BE

WEIGHED

SERIAL LINK

RS232

HIGH SPEED

SERIAL LINK

SUPPORTING

FRAME

2

100 PSI - SHOP AIR

24 BIT A/D CONVERTER

SIGNAL

INPUT LC # 1

●

FILTERING INPUT LC # 2

●

CONTROL & D/A SYSTEM

CONTROL & D/A SYSTEM

HIGH RESOLUTION

ACQUISITION MODULE

PNEUMATICS

CONTROL

MODULE

DOCO

MICROCONTROLLER

AIR OVER OIL

CYLINDERS

AIR ACTUATED

DIGITAL CONTROLLED

SOLENOID VALVE

Thermocouple

RH & T probe (wireless) RH & T probe

4 5 6 7 2,3

1

All sensors are concentrated at mid-height on the middle section (above & below poly)

Heater Panel Wall Specimen

EEEF WALL SPECIMEN - SIDE SECTION VIEW

Wall Specimen Closeup with Sensor Locations

RTD RTD RTD RTD 4.50 in 24.00 in Heaters 24.00 in Gypsum Polyolefin

membrane _Insulation Air Cavity With Vertical strip Fiberboard

Cementitious board Fan

IRC Laboratory Experiments

—

IRC Laboratory Experiments

—

Apparatus - EEEF

Spray Nozzles

Infrared Heating

Benchmarking Trials:

Test Frame installation

ANALYSIS & VERIFICATION

SIMULATION-hygIRC

Benchmarking hygIRC

Benchmarking hygIRC

IRC Laboratory

Experiments-Test Specimen in DWTF

Detail A

Variation

• Develop procedures

to assess rainwater

ingress

• Evaluate specific

window-wall

interface details to

determine how

effective they

manage rainwater

intrusion

IRC Laboratory Experiments

-Test Specimen in DWTF

Window A

_{Window A}

Q

Water Spray

Water Spray

Point of water entry

Point of water entry

– Pressure Difference

Δ

P

• Test conditions

representative of North

American climate

conditions

• Test Pressures:

Range between 0-700 Pa

• Spray rates:

–

0.8 to 3.4 L/min.-m

• Wall system air leakage:

–

0.3 to 0.8 L/s-m

_{at 75}

W1

Location of Deficiencies

Saw cut in cladding

Deficiencies in sealant

bead and backer

rod between window

frame and siding

Concluding remarks

•

Hygrothermal Model such as

hygIRC

can adequately duplicate and help

predict hygrothermal behaviour of wall components

•

Tests that have been conducted in

EEEF

and

DWTF

demonstrated the

capabilities of IRC’s facilities to carry out a series of experimental works

to mimic the exterior conditions effect on the moisture transport.

•

Lab and/or Field Experiments help to benchmark models

•

Benchmarked models save time and money for doing parametric studies

comparing to field and lab experiments

Dr. Wahid Maref

[email protected]

Tel. 1-613-993 5709

Lab

-EEEF

Field

-FEWF