UNITED NATIONS
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL COUNCIL AND
Distr.
LIMITED
Ji)/CN.14/INR/179
11 August 1969 originals ENGLISH
..CoNQMI jVR AFRICA
3jV..RAa, imXJSTHI .3 IN C WITHAL AFRICA M]ASaR:ilS AED FUTURE PRoSP JJCTS
Chapter
I.
II.
III.
iv.
V.
VI.
CONTENTS
FuH^'JuEH: HISTORICAL A1H) G.^T^EAL 1-3
G mRAL 3tJHY,jY ^ B.,V,RA.G:. PRoDUCTIuS III THj CCUNTHI.JS ^F TH, CJTTEAL APRICM
S1JB-R..GILN 4-14
D^MD AIjD DISTRISUTI.N _P SoFT LHIMC3,
B.,,;R AND ^THjR ALCoE^LIC DEI1TKS 15-20
Consumption patterns in t;-j- saB-HJGicN ClMPAHvD VJITE TH.SJ J? 3.,^ S..JL.DGT..D
C^'JNTEI'JS 21-23
FUTURE PROSP.XTS ^ B.JV,RAG,J I>II)USTRI3S
IN Til, Sas-R3GI..N 24-32
CHJLTI^N k,F ADDITIONAL 3:VjRAG^ I-IANOFACTURING
CAPACITIES IN TH.J 3U3-5^GI^N 33-38
M69-1995
!?!«^... ^ ^^^
I. FOREWORD s HISTORICAL AND GEHERAL . ^
Foreword
1. This paper deals with the two main groups of drinks whioh are generally
described as beverages and lie under the major group 21 in the ISIC (inter national Standard Industrial Classification). The first group - non-alcoholi
beverages - includes mineral waters, aerated waters, and flavoured waters*The other group is divided into beer and other alcoholic drinks such as wine, cider and distilled alcoholic beverages.
2. The beer industry will be treated separately in this paper since it represents the main branch in beverage industries*
3. There was difficulty in obtaining data on alcoholic beverages other than beerf for example, the volume of production, raw materials required, value added and labour force are, to a great extent, not available.
4. As for this group (alcoholic beverages other than beer), special atten
tion should be given to the supply through imports, the volume of whioh
reached 1»349>45Q hectolitres with a value of JS$8.6 million in 1963.
5. Whereas the volume of imported alcoholic drinks other than beer was
515,420 hi in the Western sub-region (population over 90 million) in 1?63, in the Central Afrioan Sub^region (population 26 million) the volume
amounted to 1,349s45O hi in the same year.
Historical and General-^
6. There are many legends connected with the origin and history of spirits. In this respect we may offer here only a few of the fascinating tales. But one fact emerges clearly; every civilization has had its liquor.
Egyptian carvings and paintings depict distilling apparatus. Shahs of
India sipped liquors made from flowers in 800 B.C. The great philosopher,
Aristotle, has mentioned liquor, and legend has. it that Alexander the Great passed the first loving oup as a peace gesture between Macedonians andPersians. George Washington was one of the early American distillers.
Below are a few examples of how different liquors acquired their names which are still used commercially as internationally well-known industrial products.
(a) Whiskys The word "whisky" evolved from "uisge" or "usque",
both of Celtic origin. As early as the 12th century the Irish drank "uisge lah", meaning "water of life".1/ See The Beverages Industry in the West African Sub-region
Page 2
(b) Vodkas Both Russia and Poland claim to be the birthplace of
this potable, almost as old as the Slavs themselves. But its name stems from the Russian "vodk" meaning "little water". At one time, vodka was made from potatoes, but American vodkas
are made from grains. .
(c) Gins A 17th century professor at Holland's Leiden University, experimenting with distilling (or mixing a batoh of home brew), is credited .with discovering "genievre", French for "juniper",
a berry whicii gives gin. its flavour. It was the iSnglish who shortened the name to gin,(d) Rums Originally "rhum" began as a by-product of sugar
manufacturing. It was p'rtibably the first liquor distilled in colonial United States.
7. The brewing of beer is a ver^ ancient industry and has been practised for thousands of years by the Egyptians and the Assyrians. The process may still be improved for there are many problems associated with brewing.
Scientific studies of brewing began only about seventy-five years ago.
The■two main factors necessary in the brewing technique are based partly on well established scientific facts and partly on empirical knowledge gained from years of practical experience.
8. Brewing can be classed among the agro—allied industries since it
draws its materials from this source. Prom the economic point of view, brewing is an extremely important industry linked with the agricultural sector.
9. On a world-wide scale, about 300 million hectolitres (6,600 million
gallons) of beer are produced annually, for which about 5 million tons of cereals and about 50 million kilogrammes (l million owt) of hops are used.
In some European countries, the brewing industry occupies a significant place among industries. For example, it is particularly important in Belgium, since it is the third largest industry of the country, metal smelting and coal mining being the most prominent. Considerable amounts of beer are consumed annually in Europe. The per capita annual consump
tion of beer in three European countries is as follows: XJ ■
Country Per capita annual consumption of beer
Belgium 140 litres (250 pints)
United Kingdom ' 75 "
Germany (West) 75 "
If Jean de Clerk, A textbook of Brewing, Volume 1, 1957.
B/CK.14/IHR/L79
Page 3
10. In the world market of soft drinks, there are quite a number of products where substances other than alcohol contribute to the taste, stimulation and flavouring materials. In some of these drinks, sugar is added, and in others no sweetening' components are included. Soft drinks are sold under a wide variety of commercial names, some of which
are widely known throughout the world (e.g. Coca-Cola, Pepsi Cola).
Pepsi Cola, which was originally an American drink, is now being produced
in more than ^8 countries. The Pepsi Cola formula was created in I896
by the owner of a drug store, Caleb Bradham, in the small town of New Bern, Worth Carolina. The basis is cane sugar, vanilla, essential oils, spices and cola nut. Although the principal base of ingredients for the Pepsi Cola syrup formula is well known, the exact details are a well- kept secret. The Pepsi Cola organization has two ohemists who alone-, knowthe e^act details of the formula. Also, in almost every country whe-xe soft drinks are produced, there are, in addition to the internationally known soft drinks, many local commercial names.
Page 4
Chad
^ff 0F mmas
BS OF TH3 CEMTP41 APRICA1T SUB-KSGION
capacity) per Z^
malt and ho^s - are also used in this
n this factory-
"oe and cereals are
^IteTaf^OoTS B^^ ^ ( pi^ «*■
are directed to the local market %£ t"+ Md '?" drinkB ?^uctx 100 labourers, cost USS2,35oTooo' Infill I ^ 8D1Pl°yS arOUnd
22,000 hi out or .hich"5;03050'hT;ereU9du6cedO^ Si"
Congo
L.
\riSre;in:ihe
bottles of soda, le.onX and"otLr
two additional factories in l
des Gabon" and "Soci<He The ?
-£/ Plan de ^eveloPPement economiqufl et
*« 1,600,000
. I966-I970.
Page 5
Congo (Democratic Republic)-*
16. The first two breweries were bull t^ in Kinshasa and Lubumhashi
(formerly Ilisabethviiie) in the years 1923 and 1925, respectively. The production of these two factories reaohed 30,000 hi in 1931*
17. Between 1946 and 1956, annual beer production jumped from 182,000 hi to 1,229,000 hi. In I960 -there were 13 factories belonging (except for
one) to the three main companies mentioned before.
18. The demand for beer increased after independence and almost doubled between 1958 and 1962. Beer consumption stayed stable after 1962 and
the volume of production was limited to ?,100»000 hi. The 1964 monetary changes affected demand, and the level of beer production 4ecrefteed to 1,900,000 hi. Xt then increased to 2,017|O0O hi in 1965» however. In 1965 per capita beer consumption was estimated at 20 litres? Looal
production of beer covered 75 per cent of local demand in the years before the war, but after 1946 local production of beer covered 99 per cent of
local consumption. . . ...
19. Compared to other African countries, the looal beer in the Congo is consumed in large measure by foreigners as well as by the indigenous
population. .
"20. The value added in the beer industry in the Congo (Demo-ratio
kepibiio) represents 80 per cent of the total output of this^industry.
In 1964 the value added in the beer industry amounted to US$8 million which represented 39 per cent of the total value added for industries
producing for the internal market.
21. tfhe relative size of the value added in the beer industry shows the disequilibrium of the industrial structure where too much stress is placed
on the production of consumer goods.
22. Compared to other African countries, the beer industry in the Congo (Democratic Republic) is much larger as seen in Table 1.
23. The brewing industry imports its basic materials (malt and hops}
from abroad. There was a factory for produoing malt in Bukavu, bit this activity was discontinued during the trouble which took place during 1961-1964. The beer industry in the.Congo (Democratic Republic) consumes local sugar, rice and maize, and greater efforts are being made to ,_
stimulate and- increase the production of these products. Bottles and crowns are produced in two factories in Kinshasa to provide the beverage
industry with its requirements.
24- The beer industry in the Congo (Democratic Republio) is considered as sanitary and beneficial sinoe it substitutes for the artis»nal alcoholic drinks which often have adverse effeots on health.
1/ See "Etude d! orientation pour le plan de developpement de diversification
industriel".
E/CN.14/INR/179
Page 6
Production of beer in selected Afrioan
(million hectolitres Congo (Democratic
Republic) '.
Congo (Brazzaville)
Cameroon
Central African
'; Republic -Morocco
Kenya .
Nigeria Uganda Senegal Ghana UAR
1,196
• • •
179 495 19
139.6391117.7 126.3
53.2 107 l1,358
• ■ •
211
23 308 ' 202.5
399
74.8 102.8 58.0 109
32>7 234,
29 ■ 315
388 219.182.5 78.3 141 53.5
•■21.3
214
31049 296
239.3 114.1
93.688.7
1622,128
17-9.
206 66 290
208.8
396122.3
13O'.'7 "
97.2 1922,108 23829.4
66
277
440446.0
122.9: IO8.7 197-7 195 Source 5 Statistical Yearbook. 1964.
25. While there are more soft drinks factories than breweries in the"
Congo (Democratic Republic), the former are less important when measured by the volume of output in both branches. Apart from the breweries pro ducing soft drinks, there are ten small factories producing lemonades and
aerated waters.
?,oS total Production of lemonades and other soft drinks was 300,000 hi 111 }l%* CSEpareito 350,000 hi in 1962. It then declined to 271,000 hi
in 1964. The 1966 production of soft drinks in the Congo (Democratic Republic) reached 475,000 hi, of which 185,000 hi were produced in the
breweries.
27. The following survey shows the situation of beer and soft drink units as well as capaoities and production in the Congo (Democratic Republic).
^ ,2, .! Capacities and production of beer and soft drinks in the
Congo (Democratic Republic) ~ ~" .
Factory Location
Capacity (lOOO hi) 1967 Production of beer
Beerfco^t drinks 1966
Brallma Bralima Bralima Bralima,
Total Bralima Brassekat Brassekat Brassekat Brassekat
Total Brassekat
Kinshasa Boraa Kisangani Bukavu Lubumbashi Kolwezi Jadotville Kamina
1,132.2
360.0
855
160
26
480 189.2 37.2 a/
149.5 b/
855-9
244.2 ■
153.4 205.59 c/
167.7'
770.8
Page 7
Table 2 (continued)
Production of beer
■ . 1?66 348.
103. 47.
107. 606.
&
3 2 3
Capacity (1000'hi)'1967 Factory - Location Beer" Soft drinks
UNIBRA Kinshasa
UUIBRA. . Sicaagani
UWIBBA . Paulis
TJKIHRA. Luluabourg
Total UMBRA. 924 $6
Brasserie de
Manono 10 2 7-3 ~
Total Congo :
(Democratic . / . . -
Hepublic) 2,921-2 284 ; " . 2,240.3
Source;; Information oollected by an ECA mission to Central Africa.
&/ Working far. below capacity.
_b/ Also manufacturing malt. . .■....-. -
0/ The brewery was reoently expanded (1966-67). :... - ■ . ' . ;
The Central African Republic . .
28. Some 10,000 hi (the capacity is estimated at 2O,OO0,hl) of soft drinks
are estimated to have been produced in the Central ;African Republic, in
1963, With capacity of 180,000 hi, beer production was 66,OOO.hl^n 1963
and 110,000 hi in 1966.29. A distillery has been provided for in the "Plan interimaire Biennial".
30. As mentioned in paragraph 3* no records of alcoholic beverages other than beer are available for all the countries of the sub-region. This paper will deal with figures of imports as the only source which covers the local demand in the sub-region. This.hypothesis might conceal the fac:i(Lthat national distilleries might be in operation, but for one reason or.another their output is not statistically recorded. Soft drink produc
tion in 1966 reached 30,000'hi, of which 20,000 hi were produced in the
breweries.
E/CN.14/INR/179
Page 8
Cameroon ,
31 • Beer was one of the main exports of industrial products in 1963, and
amounted to around US$270,000, AfteA- 1963? the amount decreased'to around US$260,000. The..first brewery was established in Douala in 1948, with
production of 20,000 hi. This increased to 60,000 hi in 1954 and to' 120,000 hi" in 1956". The beer brands produced "bea? the names "Beaufort",blonde 33" and "Staut 33". In 1963, the beer industry produced 250,000 hi,
as compared to 23^,000 hi in i960. The capacity of this factory is 22,000
"bottles per hour, or 500,000 hi annually. The beer production in Canjeroon
increased in the years 19643 1965 and 1966 to 380,000, 436,000 and465jOOO hi respectively.
32. Besides beer, the brewery produces 97,000 hi of soft drinks ,and 33,000 tons of ice. The soft drinks produced are spda, tonic, squash, lemonade, grenadine, menthe, champagne, soda, syrup with sugar and fruit juice. The annual capacity of soft drink production is 200,000 hi. Soft drink production in the Cameroon reached full capacity in 1966. The labour force in this factory comprises 400 Africans and 30 Europeans
(technicians). There is a branch of this factory in Yaounde whioh produces'
ice, and some aerated waters. ^
33. As will be seen from Table 3> the bulk of "beverage production is represented by beer. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has the -biggest
share in soft drinks as well as beer. ■■■'■
34. The share of beer and soft drinks production in the Congo (Democratic Republic) to the total production of these drinks in the sub-region is
higher than the share of population in the country to that of the sub-region.
This country had 88 per cent of the beer production in the sub-region,
whereas its population was only 58 Per cent of the whole population in the sub-region.General observations on beverage industries in Central Afric a-'
35» Ths production of beer and the capacities of breweries have increased very fast compared with 1962, when production amounted to 2,525,000 hi and capacities to 2,630,000 hi. These totals are somewhat distorted by
the fact that some breweries in the Congo (Democratic Republic) have been working'far below their capacity (and previous output figures). This
refers to breweries located in north-eastern and eastern areas wnioh are disorganized as a result of the revolution. Other breweries have, beenalso-working below capaoity due to the shortages of supply of imported materials (malt, hops). In absolute terms the production has increased in the Congo (Democratic Republic) at 0.6 per cent per annum and in the
UDEAC countries at 11.9 per cent per annum.
1/ This section is based on information collected by an ECA mission which
visited Central Africa in April-May 1967.♦Table3:ProductionofdrinksintheCentralAfricanBob-regionin1963
"f Softdrinks hiBeerOther" alcoholic hi;1Total hiPopulation
1963
of total Chad Cameroon Gabon CentralAfricanRepublicCongo (Democratic Republic) Congo (Brazzaville)
10 110
4
10 330 10rOOO .000 ,400 fooo fOOO tOOO
2 23 1 2 70 2
- 25OtOOO -.
66,000
2P500.000 29f400-- 8 - 3 88 1 Totalsub-region474t4001002P845f400100
10f000 36OtOOO 4r400 ■76rOOO 2r83OEOOO 39-400 3r319r8QO
0.3 10.9 0.1 2.3
85.3
1.1 1003 5 1 15 26
t250,000 fOO0P000 462t000 P312t000 r102t000 885r000 .011.000
12 19 2 5 58 3 100
.5 .5 sot-* -4 vo
\
E/CN.14/imt/l79
Page 1036. The particular situation in Congo (Democratic Republic) is also reflected "by the rates of capacity increase during the period 1962-1967 . which have been for the Congo (Democratic Republic) 5.8 per cent per
annum and for the UDEAC countries 16.4 per cent per annum.
37- Beer imports (still important) fi*om overseas, as well as the con sumption trends, still remain to be studied carefully.. It should be mentioned that there is an important import-export trade in beer (and to some extent in soft drinks) among the UDEAC countries. Location of breweries and transport costs as well as local tastes, of course, play
very important roles in this respeot.38. Whereas demand for beer seems to spiral up very'fast, the increase of consumption of soft drinks is lagging considerably behind. The
relatively unimportant price difference between beer and soft drinks seems to be the explanation. Soft drinks are supposedly consumed by the Moslem population and very little by women, children and youngsters (these groups
have little money at their own disposal).39« Generally, all directors of breweries agree that in the sub-region the consumption of soft drinks was at the level of 20 per cent (in volume) in relation to beer. This proportion tends nevertheless to decrease in
favour of beer.
40. There are still imports of soft drinks from overseas. This may be
explained by European Common Market facilities combined with wider commercial,
margin applied to imported commodities.41. In the opinion of the managers of the breweries, wine consumption has levelled, off. The slight growth of consumption by expatriates is offset by the decrease of Africans' consumption. Local wines (palm, banana) are
steadily losing their previous importance, and are increasingly limited
to more remote areas as they are. rarely commercialized.42. The manufacture of strong alcoholic liquors is negligible. They are almost entirely imported. The expatriate sector is the major consumer of*
them, estimatad roughly at some 70-80 per cent. Contrary to the habits
developing now in Anglophone countries, increased consumption of strong alcoholic beverages has not been observed among the African populationin the UDSAC countries or in the Congo (Democratic Republic),
43. Practioally all the breweries manufacture syrups and ice for local market•
Cameroon—'
44. The Beaufort brewery (in Cameroon) is now being expanded and by the beginning of 1968 will have a capacity of 700,000 hi. The erection
of two new breweries is also being considered, namely in Yaounde, with an initial capacity of 200,000 hi, and in Garua - 50,000 hi. It is expected that these capacities will be balanced by demand somewhere around 1970.1/ From discussions with the Director of the Beaufort brewery in Douala-
e/ch.hAnb/3.79
Page 11
45. A bottle of beer should cost (official retail priee) Fr. CPA 7^85 in shops, Fr. CFA 100 and more when sold by peddlers. The indirect tax on beer (oollected from breweries) is Fr. CFA 15 per litre.
46. The market is growing fast, and there is no expectation that the present trend will change soon. Some beer is exported to Gabon, Chad and the Congo (Brazzaville) - Pointe Noire area.
47. The malt is imported from Czechoslovakia or Germany (12-14 kg per
hi of beer). The same countries supply hops.
48. The demand for soft drinks (soda water) is expected to grow muoh
slowly than that for beer.
The Central African Republic-'
49. The Mooaf brewery (in CAR) is being expanded and its capacity by 1968 will be 180,000 hi of beer plus 20,000 hi of aerated drinks. In 1966 it produced 110,000 hi of beer, of which 40 per oent was consumed in the CAR (mostly in Bangui and other urban areas), 40 per cent was exported to the Congo (Brazzaville) - mostly northern region up to Brazzaville itseir,
and 20 per cent -to Chad (eastern part, mostly Fort Arohambault and area;.
Directors of the brewery believe that they could sell muoh more and that the market is far from being saturated, especially in the rural areas where distribution is not properly organized. J
50. In 1966 they used 1,800 tons of malt imported from overseas.
51. The investment outlays for the capacity extension have been in the
range of Fr. CFA 100<million.
Chad
52. The only brewery (in Lcgone ) is not well looated, either from the point of view of servicing the country's market or in respect to all- weather transport of supplies and output. Five months in the year the brewery is virtually out off from the rest of the world.
53. Only some 60 per cent of the capacity is used. About 14 per oent of the production is exported to the CAR (2,200 hi). ' 54. Nevertheless, the actual five-year plan envisages an expansion of capacity to 45,000 hi by 1969-70, hoping that the planned improvement of the roads will enable cheaper and easier distribution of more local beer throughout the oountry. The requisite investment outlays are
estimated at Fr. CFA 50 million. .
55. Soft aerated drinks are manufactured, on a small scale, mainly in Fort Lamy and in Fort Archambault. The consumption is about 20 per cent
(in volume) of beer, and this trend is expected to continue.
1/ From discussions with the Director of the Mooaf brewery in Bangui.
E/CJT.14/IKR/179
Page 12
Congo (Brazzaville)
il Bpiue+Of/t?? 1OSS °f the part of the Cameroonian,' Gabonese and see G^r^n /fn1 fmainin* sports to Gabon, will be lost soon, T th« £££' * &1 \ br8Wery and the <«»P«*«ion of the CAR beer in
Si vT ^ MJPOPtant losses of sales in the south with Point Noire's
new Kronenburg brewery) demand and output grow steadily. The Primus brewery m Brazzaville has been recently expanded up to 100,000 hi
Ttltl'^ STw**6* that *7 ^^9 .further expansion will be necessary
^l) ?°meet th9 demand' **• Bales oould ^ increased
if the.^ai1 trade conditions in rural areas were improved.
P V-f9 interior now oos^, if available, tzp ttf'J?:. OFA
W1 Petai1 ri ** CFA 65' A tottle ^eans 0.73- l«r- in
l but in
at?+in 1966Va new tow^y (Kronenburg) started operation in .Points A^?™ i Pr!S!f "^""y is 60'°00 W l«t may easily be expanded to
■ 80-100 thousand hi This brewery is experiencing serious diff^ies
and so far is not able to produce beer of good quality. The original . troubles were caused by poor water quality, but other troubles have caused some ^P°rtant changes in the design of the equipment. It can hardly be expected that this brewery will sell more than some 20-25,000 hi in 1967 and, of course, that it will incur serious financial losses. Ohe Dutch
(Kronenburg) are experienced brewers and will sooner or later get through
ofMer^r a^2°U ^ theip SaleS BhoUl* r6a°h SOme 50-60,000 £
58. The Director of the Primus brewery believes that in the Congo
(Brazzaville) the demand for imported wine has decreased in favour of beer.
Congo (Democratic Republic)
59. The last six years have seriously distorted the market situation as well as the development of beverages industries. This has resulted in
nH^rf ,oapacit? (innthe north-east and east) caused by substantial drop
of demand and consequently of output. Too, it has, resulted in the inability to meet the demand in other areas, due not only to the lack of capacity but also to shortages in supply of materials (imported and local) which causes xrregular runs at breweries and inability to use their full
capacity throughout the year.
60. These o.ircumstanceshave heavily influenced the quality of beer, (eg. use of substitutes such as maize and molasses in the manufacture and speeding up of .the manufacturing process beyond permitted limits in an endeavour to meet the unsatisfied demand). More beer oan be sold at present in "active" areas. On the other hand, the use of idle capacities in the^north-eastern part of the country is impossible because of the lack of transport facilities.
I/From discussions with the Director of the Primus brewery in Brazzaville.
B/CN.14/IKRA79
'■■■■:■' 13
61. The market picture locks dull "because of the heavy impact of inflation.
Nevertheless, the Director-General of the Bralima Company felt that in normal conditions much more beer could be sold in "active" areas.
62. Most of'the breweries in "active" areas have expanded their capacities in the last few years. The most important investment was made by the
Brassekat (Jadotville) brewery which doubled its capadity (to 360,000 hi per annum). More investment will soon te necessary in most breweries,
except for the north-eastern part of the country. However, prospects are rather dull due to the lack of foreign exchange.
Employment (1966)
Company Brassekat Bralima Unibra ft'anon o*'
Total 1,727
1,693
1,560 29Out of whioh expatriate 100
53
63> Malt - the Bralima Company produces malt in its Bukavu plant and has a capacity of 2,000 tons per annum. Due to the shortage of barley this
malt plant (erected in 1952) has never worked at full capacity, and it is
unprofitable to operate the plant with barley imported from overseas, because of transport costs. Today the plant works at about one-third of capacity, based entirely on barley imported from Rwanda.
64- The price based on experienced prime cost is competitive with imported malt in Bmcavuj but not when transported anywhere else (except perhaps for Bujumbura). Nevertheless, this consideration is purely theoretical, because
the plant was never able to meet the demand of its own brewery in Bukarvu which always had to import substantial quantities of malt.
65- The reason is the ^short supply of barley, the cultivation of which is
unprofitable due to low yields (1,000 kg per hectare, instead of the annual 4-5 tons in Europe). These low yields result in a high price for barley.
On the other hand, the operational costs of the plant are high when compared with European conditions, where the cooling of air is not necessary.
66. There is as yet no brewery in Gabon, but one is now under construction Beer is imported mostly from Surope but also from the Congo (Brazzaville)
and from Cameroon.
1/ The Fanono brewery belongs to a mining company and works practically
exclusively for.company employees and the local population in this re mote part of the country. Technically, it is an artisanal plant with no development possibilities.2/ From discussions with the Director of the Castel brewery under construc
tion in Libreville at the time the EGA mission visited.
■■$-«-■
E/CN.14/INR/17?
Page 14 '■ i.." ;:■■'.
67. The brewery will have an initial capacity of 50,000 hi of beer in
i960. , '
68. The capacity ..can be easily increased to 130,000 hi because only the
"ouves" have to be added. This is expected to be ready before 1970, .. . '
Some general problems
69.. Bottles, crown corks, and labels are mostly imported from Europe.
The problem of bottles will be solved soon. Four UD.SAC countries are
willing to start bottle factories (Gabon, Cameroon, the Congo (Brazzaville) and the CAR) - this will be probably decided during the UDEAC meeting in
June 1,967.. , . . .
70. Malt and hops (exoept Bukavu - see above) are imported from Surope.
tfo doubt hops cannot be grown in Africa, but the problem of malt should be reconsidered. Chances of having good African-grown barley at reason
able prices are remote, but, technically, malt could be manufactured locally, The UDSAC brewers however think that the germinating- capacity of barley
may.be lost during lengthy transport in bad climatic conditions; that the
value added on this production is negligible; and that the higher cost of
manufacture will effectively result in no foreign exchange saving.
E/CN.14/INR/179 Page 15 ' j* ' '■
iii, demot) and distribution of soft drihks, bs3r and other
alcoholic Brinks ' . [ ,
71. The three groups of "beverages will be analysed separately for the
following reasons? i '- ;
(a) The chemical and physical structure differs from one group of
drinks to another. Iftiereas soft drinks are free fromjalcohol, beer and other alcoholic drinks include different percentagesof alcohol; . . ' ■
(b) Every group requires different raw materials; \
(c) The price level of every group is adapted to meet special
demands. Vhereas the:price level of soft drinks corresponds to a great extent to the. level of purchasing power of ithe masses in every nation, the price of beer for the samd unit is dependent on the price level of other alcoholic drinks.
(d) These drinks cater to.consumers of different ages. Generally
the market for aoft drinks,is not limited to a speoial age of population, but, most\consumers of beer and other alcoholic beverages are in the. age groups over 15 years. . ■ ■-•72. The demand picture for beer in 1963 differed from one country to another. Chad and Gabon relied;fully on imported beer. The shafre 0$ j domestic demand of imported beer to Cameroon and the Congo (Brazzaville) in 1963 was higher than the share of domestic supply of this commodity
(see Table 4). :
73. The domestic supply of beer in 1963, in the whole sub-region,
76 per cent of the total domestic demand (see Table 4)» ■ ;
74. Cameroon exported more beer than any other country'in the
(Table 4). • ' . ■ j
75. Concerning soft drinks, the; Congo (Democratic Republic) was: the:, only exporter of Boft drinks in 1963-: The two countries which relied^fully in 1963 on domestic production of soft drinks were Cameroon and Gabon (see
Table 5). As will be seen in Table 5» domestio supply of soft drlnkja in
the Central African sub-region in 1963 met 88 per cent of domestic demand.
76. Table 6 shows that the total supply of alcoholic drinks was covered
in 1963 through imports. '._.
77. The biggest amount of alcoholic drinks was imported ;in 1963 through Cameroon, followed by the Congo (Brazzaville) then by Chad. The-Congo (Democratic Republic) had the smallest amount of imported alcoholic ..
drinks (see Table 6). ■ :
4 * Demand and distribution of beer in the Central African sub-region
Chad Cameroon Gabon CentralAfrican Republic Congo(Dem.Rep.) Congo(Brazza.) Total US$1,000Domestic Domestic Domestic Domestic '. Domestic Domestic" demand Import supply Export production demand Import supply Export production 564 564
2,6881,810 1,2671,267878
110,435 110,435
r175l85f455 64F545 250,000
47fO5747,057465 155 310 10,180
2309,950
1,1381,00013850
310 70,975 4,975 66fOOO - 66,000 10P000^/ 2flllr830 3,840 2,107,990 1,010 2f109f00O 67,702 38,302 29,400 - 29,400 16f3O2 5P026 11,276 347 11,623 3r133,864 745,019 2,388,845 65t555 2,454,400 a/ The total value including indirect taxes is estimated at US$14 million.
and distribution of soft drills in the'Central African sub-re Domestic Domestic Domestic Domestic Domestic' " Domestic demand Import supply Export Production demand Import supply Export production
Cameroon Sabon CentralAfricanRepublicCongo (Brazza.)
171169 90 5tetal
92 193^'
300288
770.46732 61.4 2
2.6
97-4 2.6
2 23 1 2 TO 2 100
69,00059,00010,000 110,000-110,000 4,4004,400 11,5721,57210,000 330,520
14,157 539,650 65,310 474,340
6010,000 110,000 4,400 0000 330,000
1Q'QQ°
474,400 •n1st(asq Table6:
Demand and distribution
oftheotheralcoholicdrinksintheCentralAfrican sub-region
,1963
,.3 Domestic demandImportDomestic supply-ExportDomestic productionDomestic demandImporthi Domestic supply
fusti.
Export000) Domestic production Chad Cameroon Gabon CentralAfrican -Republic...„„.
Congo (Dem. Rep.) Congo (Brazza,)-■-*-.
Total715
1,9201,634
,..,739 1,922 1,W~ 8,600715 1,920
1,634 . 739
1,922 lr67O 8,600109,744 109,744
976,676976,676 87,10687,10644,136
44,1350.2 ""- 16,430 16,430 ,115,358
0.2-1,349,4501,349,450e/cn.H/ink/179
page 19
78, The total domestic demand for all "beverages,.in the Central African
■sub^-region'wasestimated at 5,022,964 hi. Soft drinks were 11 per cent of this demand, "beer accounted for 62 per cent of the total demand for
"beverages, and other alcoholic drinks accounted for 27 per cent, (see.- Table" 7). -
Table 7 The domestic demand for all_groups of beverages in the - central African
■ -
sub-region and share of
US$1000
each group in
hi"
the total,1963
hi per cent
Soft drinks Be»r
Other alcoholic beverages
Total
770 16,302 8,600
539,650
3,133,864
1,349,450
XI62
27
25,672
5,022,964
10079* There is a higher tendenoy to consume soft drinks in both North and
Central Africa than in West Afrioa (Table 8).
80. The highest per capita beer consumption is found in the Central African sub-region (Table 8).
81. The highest per capita consumption of alcoholic drinks other than
beer exists in North Africa followed by the Central African sub-region.The West African per capita consumption of alooholio drinks, other than beer, is the lowest for any group of beverages in the sub-regions consid ered in Table 8.
Table 8
Par capita consumption of the different beverage groups in three sub-regions, 1963/L?64Soft drinks Beer
Other alcoholic beverages
North
3.48 13.82.15
Vest
1.00
2.75
0.76( itres)
Central
2.07 12.04 5.18
1
82. The share of every group of drinks to total beverages differs from one sub-region to another (Table 9)»
83. As will be seen in Table 9 "the share of beer to total demand for
beverages is the highest in the three sub-regions.
Page 20
Ta?le S * .Share of every leverage group to the total demand
in NorthT West and Central Africa.1963/1poU
North West Central
Beer
Other alaoholic."beverages
-18 ■ ■
49
3322 60 - -i8
■■"'■ i hi I.
11 62
E/CN.14/INR/179
Page 21
IV. CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN THE SUB-REGION COMPARED WITH
THOSE "OP SOME SELECTED COUOTRIBS
84. ^ As will "be seen in Table 10, the highest per capita consumption of soft drinks, beer and other alcoholic drinks is in Cameroon.
85. Table 10- shows also a wide range between the lower and upper per oapita consumption in beer - from 3.39 litres to 14.51 litres - and other alcoholic drinks - from 0,10 litres to 19.53 litres - in compar ison with soft drinks.
Table 10 : Per capita consumption of soft drinks, beer and other alcoholic drinks in
Chad Cameroon Gabon
CAR
Congo (Dem. Rep. ) Congo (Brazzaville)
Total
&/ Mainly wine.
86. The fluctuation
the Central African ooixhtries, 1963
Soft drinks
2.12 2.20
0.95
0.88 2.181.59
2.07Litres
1 Other alcoholic Beer
14-51 3.39
10.18 5.4013.98 7.64
12.04drinks
3' 37a/
19.53^
18.85s7
3.36 0.10 ,
13.03^
5.18
in per capita consumption illustrated in the previous table may be due to;
(a) The different habits in beverage consumption, as shown in
the following examples* ... ■ .
(i) The per capita consumption of beer in the Congo
• (Democratic Republic) is six times higher than that of
soft drinks and 139 times larger than that of other alcoholic beverages?
(ii) The Congo (Brazzaville) has a per capita consumption of
other alcoholic drinks which is 130 times higher thanthat of its neighbour, the Congo (Democratic Republic).
(b) Probability of unrecorded trade flow of beverages through the Central African countries.
B/C3J.14/INR/179
Page 22
(o) Different patterns .of beverage consumption by rural and urban population. The study made \ by PAO \J shows that the expenditure
of beverages and.tobacco amounted to 4«8 per cent in families with an expenditure of 80-180 shillings per month and increasedto 5*6 per cent in families with a total expenditure of lBO-360
shillings per month. As for palm wine, it is represented/by 1 per cent of the total expenditure in the first group and declines to 0.5 per cent of the total expenditure in the secondgroup. "The expenditure on other alcoholic drinks is represented by 0.6 in the first group and 2.2 per bent for the second group.
"A few studies have been made of budgets in rural areas, particularly in areas where industrial crops have
beeti introduced. They-indicate that while the family
income has risen substantially, in many cases no improve ment in food consumption and health can be observed, in fact, a deterioration of health and nutritional status has sometimes been reported, the greater part of the new income being spent on useless or luxury articles or beverages.
/ 'The pattern of expenditure at different income levels was analysed in Ghana - Kumasi survey. The
percentage spent on food did not vary greatly at different income levels. A main-reason for the stability of food expenditure in the increasing expenditures on imported
■ foods and/or drink and tobacco in the higher income groups.
Similar results were obtained in a survey of household
budgets undertaken in Freetown, Sierra Leone." 2/
j Per capita consumption in the countries of the sub-region comparedwith that of some selected countries
87. The per capita beer consumption in the Central Afrioan countries
lies far below the j>er capita beer consumption of many of the selected countries shown for comparison in Table 11.88. Excluding Prance, Italy and Hungary from Table 11: t.^R per capita
consumption of other alcoholic drinks in the Central African countries does not vary too much from that for the selected countries in Table 111/ PAO Africa survey - Report on: The possibilities of Afrioan Rural Development in Halation to Economic and Social Growth, Home, 1962,
page 41.
2/ Ibid.
E/CH. 14/1510.79
Page 23
Table 11 : Per oapita consumption of beer and wine in selected countries
Litres
Beer Wine
1957 1957
Belgium . 113>8
Denmark • 64.2 2.8
Finland 7-1 2.6
Prance 34-4 112.3
Italy 3,8 83-9
Germany (Fe4, Rep.) 81.8 ■ 9.8
Netherlands 25.0 . 1.5
Norway ^••2
Austria 64.8 17.0
Sweden 28.1 2.6
Switzerland 53.3 . .
United States of America 60.7 3.4
United Kingdom 80.1 . 1.3
Hungary 31.4 2^"o
East Germany 76.6 1.8
Poland . 20.1 ... ,3*6
Czechoslovakia 92.7 . 7*5
Source : Development Coefficients for Foreign Economy (in Czechoslovakia.
Prague, 1962.
3/CN.14/INR/179
Page 24 ■
V. FCJ1UE3 PROSPECTS oP BSViiRAGi ITOJSTRISS IN TIO StfB-R3GIt,N 89» The trend of beverage consumption shows the dominance of "beer consumption in the Central African sub-regloil. As stated" previously', all direotors of breweries agree that in the sub-region the consumption of soft drinks approximates 20 per cent (by Volume) in relation to beer and that this proportion tends to decrease in favour of beer, Whereas the beer demand seems'to grow fast, the increase of soft drinks con&imp- tion is lagging considerably behind. Perhaps the relatively slight difference in prioe between beer and soft drinks is one of the main reasons, for the shift to higher beer consumption. '■'• ■ 90. Generally all beer capacities in the countries of the sub-region are not fully utilized. Despite this, there are plans for expansion of breweries in the sub-region. In Cameroon, the only existing brewery is
now being expanded and will have a oapacity of 700,000 hi by the beginningof 1968. New breweries are also planned in Cameroon, so that some
950,000 hi will be produced to meet the demand in 1970. Beer production
capacity in the Central African Republic will reach some 180,000 hi in1970. Although Chad does not utilize all beer capacities (60 per cent are utilized), the five-year plan envisages an expansion of the oapacity
to reach 45>0OO hi by 1970.
91* The demand for beer is steadily increasing in the Congo (Brazzaville).
The capacity of the main brewery in Brazzaville has been expanded recently to 100,000 hi and further expansion-by 1969 will be necessary (to 130,000 hi). The total oapacity in 1970 will reach approximately 230,000 hi.
92. The total capacities of breweries in the Congo (Democratic Republic)
were estimated at 2,921,200 hi in 1967 and the production of beer in1966 reached 2,240,300 hi. The breweries in Stanleyville, Kisangani and
Paulis are working below capacity* The increased demand for beerthrough 1970 can easily be covered by utilization of idle capacities.
93. The new brewery in Gabon is expected to sell its first production
in 1968. The capacity can easily reach 100,000 hi by 1970.
94* The above faots lead to the conclusion that most of the breweries are well aware of the growing demand and are passing a dynamic expansionist policy in respect of continuous expansion of capacities.
Future demand for beverages in the Central African sub-region
95* A clear analysis of the different methods which facilitate measure ment of the size of future demand is neoessary. For the expected demand, and its great importance as reflected in its connexions with other economic
expectations (such as size of investment, amortisation of the investments,
foreign trade policies, etc), an explicit forecast is undoubtedly required.
e/cjj.14/inh/179
Pa e 25
96. This paper deals with three different procedures which might be applied
for forecasting future demand. Before giving computations of the efficiency of each procedure, all will be analysed to determine which one could be use fully applied.97* Until sufficient data for forecasting the demand are available, we can qualify and choose the most reliable method applicable in the circumstances.
98. There are a variety of complex problems involved in the calculation and
interpretation ofelasticity coefficients for beverages. First and foremost is the fact that variations in food expenditure and consumption, includingdrinks, are associated not only with variations in income, but also witi*
variations in family size and composition and with food or drinks preference patterns. Moreover, comparison of elasticity worked out from different family budget surveys is risky because of the lack of parallelism in the concepts and procedures used,
99- Other factors, such as the defect of moving from rural circumstances
to urban environment, the length of urban residence, the strength of influences modifying the traditional attitudes, and the degree of familiarity with the different'kinds of drinks, are all likely to be of considerable importance.
100. For the above reasons caution should be exercised in drawing conclusions from the income elasticity estimates. Moreover, the facts given\above
emphasize the necessity for close attention in planning for future budget,
surveys•
First procedure; applying population rates of growth.
101. The total demand of all beverages for the whole sub-region as Table 12
shows is 5.0, 5-8 and 7-2 million hi in the years 1963, 1970 and I98O, .
respectively.
102. The sub-regional demand for beer in I963 as well as 1970 and I98O exceeds
that of soft drinks and other alcoholic drinks together.103* Different factors might affect the validity of this procedure- Recalling
the factors (a), (b) and (c) mentioned in Chapter IV, the figures of demand
in .Table 12 should be handled with care.' In this respect, it is necessary to analyse every factor separately. Unless a change in habits of beverageconsumption is anticipated, factor (a) might not be changeable to the extent.
that a complete upset, of beverage consumption patterns in the different
countries could be expected.
104- As for factor (b), any increase of unre-corded trade flow which might
lead to an increase of beverage consumption in the sub-region may not be
expected. The reason for this is that the developing countries, including
the Central African countries, are trying to use every possibility to obtain
a favourable balance of payments- through controlled foreign trade and through
bilateral and multilateral economic agreements*
E/CN.14/INR/179
Page 26
105* Industrialization, programmes and urbanization policies can change the patterns of consumption faster than any other factor, thus factor (c) can be assumed to be the one most influencing the demand picture. Expenditure on beverages and tobacco is related to the size of total expenditure. As a shifting to higher quality brands of beverages with special reference to imported ones is recognized in higher income groups (see Chapter IV), The above facts reflected through factor (c) might lead to the analysis of the
second procedure.
Second procedure: applying the GDP rates of growth.
10iS. As will be seen in Table 13, the total demand' for all beverages in the sub-region is 5.0, 7.5 and 13.5 million hi in the years 1963, 1970 and 1980, respectively. It is also notable by this procedure that the estimated demand for every group of beverages is higher than that obtained .by the/first ' procedure. In fact, this procedure is not considered as technically applicable as the firsty Bince the change of food and beverage consumption pattern is not related to income changes, but also to other, factors such as family size and
structure, etc.
107. Hecalling Table 11, we can find a very clear example which might support the previous concept. In that table, although the per capita income of most of the countries included in the table is considered to be high compared with the developing countries, a wide range of per capita consumption pattern of
beer and wine is to be noted. ~"108. As Table 11 shows, the per capita consumption of beer in the United States of America (60.7 litres) in 1957» where the per capita income was higher than in Belgium, was-much less than its counterpart "in Belgium (113.8 litres) in the same year. The £er_cap_ita wine consumption in Italy (83.9 litres in 1957) was much higher than that in the Federal Republic of Germany (9.8 litres in the same year), where the per capita income was higher than
Italy's. . ——«
109. The above facts might invalidate the applicability of the second procedure for demand projections*
110. As explained in paragraph 98, care should be taken by interpretation and calculation of elasticity measures for forecasting the demand for beverages.
An attempt was made, however, to apply these measures for forecasting the demand on beverages. Separate elasticity figures for beverages as a group are difficult to obtain. In many cases where elasticity studies have been .made, they presented food, beverages and tobacco together as a group of
commodities. Using some consumption expenditure.patterns, a uniform elasti
city measure for alcoholic beverages (including beer) is estimated to be
I.3. As for soft drinks, the elasticity is 1.0,;coiO jCN
O U O> O
83
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<->. in q
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E/CN.14/IHR/179
Page 27 '
oo a
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E/GN.14/INR/179 Pa^e 29
111. Applying the elasticity ''measures for the three groups of [beverages we come to the following conclusions:
(a) The total sub-fregiqnal demand for all beverages is %0f ^»7 and
15.3 million hi in=the years 19&3, 1970 and. I98O respectively(see Table lA-h \ '. 1
(b) The sub-regiorial figures for soft drinksj obtained by this procedure are larger than thcjse obtained by applying population rate of growth and smaller than thje figures obtained by applying the GDP rates of
growth (see Table 3J5); ! '
(c) The total figure of; demand for beer and for other alcoholic drinks
in the whole s,ub-rejgipn obtained by applying the second procedure (GDP rate of growth) lies between the figures obtained by the first
and third procedure; (Table 15)- :
112. We have considered ,in thje previous paragraphs; three different procedures for measuring the future; demabd for the three groups of beverages and now there arises the difficulty qf choosing the most appropriate procedure,
113- Since this paper is; not -dealing with purely economic criteria which might lead to accuracy in applying the most appropriate method; for fore
casting the demand, it is considered advisable to compare the results obtained
"by the three procedures With jthedsmand, projections available in the plan documents of the countries of) the sub-region. ;
'■■ i ■ : : r
114* It is the aim of all developing countries to substitute as much of
imported consumer goods,; including beverages, with; local produption whenever
local capacities and possibilities are able to fulfil the demand* f.The Central African imports of soft drinks in 19&3 constituted1 12 per cent* of the total domestic demand. These icountries imported 24 per cent of their requirements of beer in that year. Assuming that the plans fori expansion of capacities for soft drinks and beer; will; cover most of the domestic demand, and compar ing the planned capacities iri- 1970 for the countries of the sub-region with the projected demand in that year, we come to the following conclusions:
(a) Table 16 shows the capacities from 1967 through 1970! in ihe countries of the :-sujb-region as given to the<ECA field mission.
Total capacity; in the sub-region in 1970 is assumed $0 reach
4|555|OOO hi olf beejr. This figure is very close to the estimated
o O
O o o
o >
en3
a o t»
I
4o o
a
3
O-F* idprojection for beverages in 1970 and 1980 in
theCentral African sub-region applying elasticity measures
Rates3Of demand increase Soft D. 7.0 6.0 4-5 7.0 5-4 6.0Ale. D.
8-7
7.2 5.6 8.46.3
7.2Soft 1963 69000 110000 4400 11600 330500 14100
drinlcs 1970 110800 165400 6000 18600 477600[ 21200
1980 21800 296200 10700 36600 80/8000 37960
Beer 196319701980
Other 1963 109700 977000 87OOO 44000 16000 115300
alcoholic drinks 1970 196700 1589000 1274QO' 77400 24500 187600
1980 453000 3185000 219700 173400 45000 376000
Total 1963 289100 1813000 138400 166800 24585OO 197400
beverages 1970 505500 2935400 202200 220900 3741500 319400
1980 1127000 5848200 349000 4899OO 6821000 635660
110400198000456000 72600011810002367000 4700068800118600 710001249OO279900 211200032394005968000 68000110600221700
539600 799600 1407460 3134400 4922700 9411200 1349000 2202600 4452100 5O23OOO 7724900 15270760
1!able15iComparisonofdemandprojectionsofsoftdrinks^beer.andotheralcoholicdrinksforthey»ara1970and1980
(hi)
Soft 1970drinks 19801970Beer 1980Other 1970
alcoholic drinks 1980
■Total beverages 19701980 Firstprocedure625,200772,2003,646,4004,528,6001,540,0001,861,9005,811,6007,162,700
•Second procedure 800,200 1,455,900 4,607,640 8,302,500 2,043,100 3,701,700 7,450,940 13,460,100 Third procedure 799*600 1,407,460 4,922,700 9,411,20012,202,600 4,452,100 7,724,900 15,270,76O
WHPage 32
115* These results indicate the desirability of using the second procedure for evaluating the demand till i98O.fi It would "be advisable to test the three procedures when forecasting the; demand after the year I98O, since the second approach does not take into account the. different .elements influenc
ing the demand. i ' ; :V
116• The demand projections based on the second procedure for the sub-region as a whole are given below: ,! :" ; "s
Chad
Soft Beer Other
Total
Table 16 and soft
Cameroon Gabon CAR Congo Congo
(Dem. Rep, (Brazza.)
Total
drinks
alcoholic drinks
: Production of soft _drinks production in
Production 1966 beer
16
465
-
110
) 2,240
-
2,831
soft drinks
22 220 .15 30 475 50 812
800,
4,607, 2,043, 7.45Q,
,200 ,640 ,100
,940
* 4
drinks and beer, 1966 - 1
tjie^uWegiqn, 23§Jr?SL
Capacities of
1967
i
500 50
-
2,921
3,471
1968 :
700 ;
-
- ■■
- ;
~ ■ i 700
beer 1970
45
950 150 180 3,000 2304,555 (hi).
:, ,. li
1 1
; 3]
13,
IS§2
,455,900 ,302,500 ,701,700
,460,100
Capacities for beer
(hi)
Capacities of
1967
_
260
■50
; 40
;■-
1
350
^f"^ drinks 1968 1970
30
_ _
50 50
130
Page 33 /
VI. CHEATIOW OF ADDITIONAL BEVERAGE MANUFACTURING CAPACITIES III THE SUB-REGION
117. The previous chapter dealt with the estimation of demand for the three groups of beverages. Additional capacities required to meet the bulk of sub-regional demand through local production will be indicated in this
chapter. , .
118. As will be seen in Table 17, there are a variety of additional demands (1970-1980) for the different beverages in the countries of the BUb^region.
In soft drinks and beer, the Congo (Democratic Republic) ranks first. As
for other alcoholic drinks, the Cameroon leads with 70 per cent.119. The table shows also the share of every beverage group in the total
additional demand (1970-1980).
120. Before estimating the number of units required to cover the additional
demand expected to be satisfied by local production, it is important to state
that this paper can deal only with soft drinks and beer. There, is a lack of figures on investment patterns for units concerned with the production of alcoholic drinks other than beer. .
121. To determine the size of investment required for units producing soft drinks and beer, attempts have been made to analyze various patterns for factories producing these dririks.
122. Two type-units one small (investment outlays around US$100>,000) and one large (investment outlays around US$700,000) have been selected for considera
tion. ■ !
/ ■
123. As can be seen from Tables 17 and 18, the number of units5required from
the period I97O-I98O can be distributed in two phases, the first phase
1970-1975 and the second phased 1975-1980; i.e. in Chad, the number of units required till 1980 will be two big units and one of these units should begin operating between 1970 or 1980! and the second by I98O. The same obtains for
Cameroon. . . ;
124. Not taking into consideration the possibility of utilizing the;, soft drink capacity existing in Gabon in more than one shift, an additional small unit can be added by 1975- This unit can as well be utilized to fulfil the
demand till I98O. ; ..'■'.
125. From the two units required by 1980, in the Central African Republic,
one unit can be set up to meet the demand during the period 1970-1975.126. The first unit - small - can be set up in the Congo (Brazzaville)
to meet the demand through 1975 and a second through I98O. .
Table
17:Capacities required
1970-1980-shareof beveragegroupineverycountry.countryinthetotalof ?oupsandtheshareofeve] Demand1970Demand1980 Other,Softotherdrinks beer alcoholic. drinks beer alcoholic
Capacitiesrequired 1970-1980 Soft drinksShare for each pountry
to_- beerOtherSoftOtheralcoholic drinks beer alcoholic
Chad Cameroon Gabon CARCongo (Dem. Rep.) 477600 3051840 Congo (Brazza.) 21200 102200
110800 177300 I654OO 1091600 66CO 70700
186c;)114000176200
I469OOO
130800 70700 23000 173400218000
296200 11800 36600855300 38000
348900
1954800
126600 224300 5465200 183700-346700
2630000
234200 139100 41200 310500107200171600
130800 863200
520055900 18000103300 377700241336016800 80500
Total170500
1161000
103400 68400 18200 13710016
19
1 359
24 24 1 3
65
'3800200 46O764O .2043100 1455900 83O25OO 3701700 655700 369486O I6586OO
10 70 6 4 1 9 100100100
Table17(cont'd) Share demand Soft drinks
ofbeverage countrywise Other BeeralcoholicSoft drinks
Demand Beer
1975 Other alcoholic
tJhits 1970 Soft Big
recruired 1980 drinks Small
Unitsrecruired 19701980 Beer BigSmall Chad Cameroon Gabon
23 6 3 CAR
Congo (Dem* Rep*) Congo (Brazza.)
Total9 13 7
38 40 34. 55 86 34
381554302487OO247200 54221300146O8OO19658OO ea.8800.94600...175000 36
26100 159900 99200
1621200396950029900 5928400
13.6800232000
--"1 _2. 17 1 26
am 9 9
H —3Table
18
:Estimated additional capacity required by 1970-1975 and
1975-1980^number of units required till 1975
(hi) Capacitiesrequired Soft drinks44630
56OOO =220^ 7500 143600 72001970-1975
Beer 71400 369200 -2-3900 45900 917660 34600Other alcoholic 71000 496800 44200 28500 6900 586OO
Capacitiesrequired. Soft drinks 62570 748OO -3000- 10500 234100 9600
1975-1980 Beer 100200 494000 •32000 57400 1495700 45900
Other alcoholic 99500 664200 59200 39900 11300" 785OO
Soft Big 1 1 ■■'■*•"■ - 2 -
Number required drinks small _ - ■■■-X■ 1 - 1
ofunits till1975 Beer Big 1 3 _... - 8 1
small - 1" 1 - -
Chad Cameroon Gabon CAR
