Eighteenth-Century Dystopian Travel

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Eighteenth-Century Dystopian Travel

Hélène Palma

To cite this version:

Hélène Palma. Eighteenth-Century Dystopian Travel. Cycnos, Revel, 2019. �hal-02511519�

CYCNOS

L PREUVE DE

COMPOSITION AU CAPES D ANGLAIS

Responsable d n m ro Chris ian G leben Re e b e a e

LIRCES U e C e d A

Vol me 35 N 1 2019

Eigh een h-Cen r D s opian Tra el

H l ne Palma

Uni e i Ai -Ma eille

Wa ha Da e C gha f h h gh f ead g f h a e .

Se f d c e . C a e a d c a he f g d c e : Doc men A

I J 1776 he I a a d e G e e Ba a , h had a ed he h gh d g a e a d e f C A e a d d Med a Cag , ca e L d . He a acc a ed b h fe a d a ec e a a d b gh h h h ee h a d d g d, be de e a d e e . He e Wh c b S ee ea Pa Ma 5

a a fe f he cc c e ce a d a fa b e g de c be e e . He a had a che e f ea g f he , a d ha ade h ea fa a d gh af e , h h ca ege e a . Th a a c e h ch d c e a ea a a d def e g fe. I c ed f a f da ' c e f ba h , 10

ea g, a a , ed c e , ga e a d a d e f . Ma e e ca e h a d dec a ed he e e c ed. P b he e e;

a a a d af e a g c e f e -ea g a d d g a e ha e had a e ce e effec . The Cag d d a e h g, he a ed ha a be ca ed a b - b f "Eg p ian Ma on ". Th 15

a a a ed he c f E g h Ma a d e e bega h e ha he a a h had d ed a e e he C e . He c ed, h e e , a e f e d h L d Ge ge G d , h , h e e ad he a ha e bee , a a a e; he ac a a ce e e e e ab e, a a a d h fe f he a e f F 20

a d a I a a ca ed V e e d e h . The ac a c ed e ac f h ha f h ga , a d c e h h had h a e ed f a f c deb f e h d ed a d e d a d b e e a cha ge f ch c af . Cag a ac ed b h he e cha ge ; b a ed a he K g' Be ch a he a ce f a 25

Hélène Palma, Aix Marseille Univ, LERMA, Aix-en-Provence, France

H l ne Palma 28

fe c a , Bad , h had bec e e f h e e . L e a, h fe, a ha d. She e a e S da a he cha e f he Ba a a e , a d he e b he gh a d ea a ac ed he a e f a e be f he c g ega , S Ed a d Ha e . He ga e he e a d af e a d , he he h ba d a e ea ed f , 30

e ed h d a a g a Ha e P ace. Cag e h g f a a d h eff e c ed de . The he ec g a d a a ec e h d he a d e ce , h ec e a e a a . He a ed e f he ha he e e f Med a, h e c a fe ed h d bea , e e he hab f fa e g he 35

g h a e c. The he ed he he c de be de ed b fe c a a . The e d ed f a e c g;

b h he g had d ed f Cag d d e a . Tha a e h d ha e b ed ef e ch e e ee dd; b a ce a M.

de M a de, he ed f a F e ch e a e , e e ed g a e d b 40

ab he a he c f he e c fac . Cag e a e e he P blic Ad e i e g de M a de b ea fa h h . The c a d e a h ea a be a c g g fa e ed acc d g

he Med a c .

"The da af e b ea fa " Caglio o o e " e e f f 45

h g ha e . E he b h f ha d e e e he f ha d e, ha d e a d I e, I ha d e a d e. Of he e f cha ce I g e h ee, a d I be 5,000 g ea ha he da af e

b ea fa ha d e a d I ha be e fec e . Y e he acce he cha e ge ac edge ha a e a g a fe , a d 50

ha ha e f h d c ed a h g h ch f edge."

M. de M a de d d acce he a a d dec a ed ha Cag a " he g ea e impo o of he age". F d g ha h a e e e e e g aga h a d ha L d e e e bec g e a he c, he c e f f g g e h he d 55

bea f he g e he e he a e f f d g f e d , a d de a ed f Pa .

T a elle in eigh een h-cen England, R a d Ba e-P e , 1951.

Doc men B

F he e f he a a f he h he de a e, h ch

a ab h ee h , ca ce a da a e h e Neg e

Eigh een h Cen r D s opian Tra el 29

be g cha ed a d ca ed b a d; e e a a d e e a ge be . The h e be a e b a d de e d c c a ce . I a age I ce ade, c f e cha d e a 5

e ha ed he cha e f ab 380 Neg e , h ch a e ec ed ha e c ed 500...

The ha e che h d ed f a e b gh b he b ac ade a fa , h ch a e he d f ha e, a he d a ce f a d f h d ed e f he ea c a ; a d he e fa a e a d be ed 10

f a e a f he c . Ma Neg e , be g e ed e a e he ace f he a , ha e a e ed ha he ha e a e ed d g he e f e e a ( he a e h d f ca c a g e) bef e he ha e eached he ace he e he e e cha ed b he b ac ade .

15

A he e fa , h ch a e he d a ce a e d , b ge e a e e ee , e e a h a d a e f e e e ed a e Wh had bee c ec ed f a a f he c f a e c de ab e d a ce a d....D g e f age , he b ac ade b gh d , d ffe e ca e , f e e f f ee h d ed Neg e Wh had bee 20

cha ed a e fa . The c ed ch ef f e a d b , he e e d e ceed g a h d f he h e be . F f h d ed Neg e a e ge e a cha ed a a e b he b ac ade , acc d g

he e ce f he b e , a d c f a age , f a h ea a d a d . Sca ce a age a dee ed a e ce , 25

he ce be g ab e. W e e e f a a f he , Wh ha e be fa ad a ced he eg a c a be de e ed d g he e f he fa he c a ; a d I ha e f e e ee

a ce f de e e b a d h ....

Whe he Neg e , h he b ac ade ha e d e f, a e h 30

he E ea cha e , he f e a e he e a e he age.

The he e ec he e a d e he a e f he hea h; f he a e f c ed W h a d ea e a e def ed ha e bad e e ee h; f he a e a e ea he d ed he bac f a e de a e a he che ; h , f he ha e bee 35

a e aff c ed a a e a e de he ca ab e f ch ab . If a f he f eg g defec a e d c e ed he he a e e ec ed.

B f a ed f, he a e ge e a a e b a d he h he a e e e g. The cha e ha be e he f g g, b af e a d , ch a e- e a a a e f d e ce ab e....

40

A e a de F ac b dge, An Acco n of he Sla e T ade on he Coa

of Af ica, 1788.

Doc men C

Cap ain Cook Fi Landing a Bo an Ba , NS Wale , 1770.

I a b Ge ge S e (1870-1942).

In rod c ion

O e cha ac e c f he g e gh ee h ce B a , a e . I deed, h e d, f e e a ed h he age f E gh e e , a a ha f he F I d a Re , a d b e e

a de a . B a , he , c beca e a a ca

a d ec c a e b h E e a d he d. I he ead e f e c e , h, f a ce, he d c e f A a a b Ja e C A 1770. B he B h e gh ee h ce a a

ha f B a e ha ced e e he a a a c a e ade, h

he e d 1713 (T ea f U ech , e d f he Wa f S a h S cce )

f he S a h h c e ce. A ha , B a

Eigh een h Cen r D s opian Tra el 31

beca e e f he a a e de f he A e ca c e , c b g he f c b e g a f f Af ca e e.

I ed a a e ab ed e e a e he d he age f E gh e e . Th f e ed e ec a e cha ge be ee e gh e ed e be f he Re b c f Le e , b h a a a f c f de ce c e e f e E ea ca a he he a d a he e e ff a e ec ab e e e, d g ce d .

The e f d c e de d e he f a e a d g a . I a a e he e f d a, h d c e de c g a e e ee g e ace e e e , h e he

h d e de c be e e h e e f c b a ed ace he e he d be e ed dea h. The f d c e deed de c be he ca ee f a g e, C Cag , h a e ed f S c L d , e e d g be a ed ca d c a d a f ee a , a d h , ce c f ed b he e e he had a e ad a age f, dec ded e Pa he e he c d dece e e c .

The ec d d c e a acc b D A e a de Fa c b dge f he c d f ca e a d a f a e , f h Af ca a d he f Af ca A e ca.

The h d d c e a a g b Ge ge S e e e e g he e he Ja e C e f A a a f he f e a d e c e ed a g f a e e e. The e f Ja e C e ed a he d c e f a e e a d a g he c e e ce f a he c a f h e c e , a g 1778 a d ead g he de c f he a e hab a a d c e.

A h ee d c e e g a d he f a e a e a ha f d a, a each d c e ed e e ec , h a a add e he e f d a a e . F , h d

ha a f f a e ge e a ead d c e e a d e c e , he e f a e g f ced g a . I f a e a e he d a e h c a d deed f a e e a d c f de ce c e e c c e . I h ec f ha f I ch e e e f h ee a , f d dac c ea , b ca d da e h d e e be ha he a e a ed d a d h d e e c

a .

H l ne Palma 32

1. Tra elling, disco ering, enco n ering

Th e f d c e cha ac e ed b he f a e a d he ef e b ha f d c e e a d e c e . A h ee d c e deed de c a h ch a e g ead d c e g e fac , e c e a d e e e.

The ec d d c e f h do ie e ac ed f A e a de Fa c b dge e he a e ade. Fa c b dge a a ge . He acce ed b a d a e h f 1780 1787. W e g he h b e ffe g f he a e b a d a e h , he beca e a ab ac a d dec ded b h An Acco n of he Sla e T ade on he Coa of Af ica, f h ch e ac ed he e ce de d , 1788. I he ca e f D Fa c b dge, a e g a a d c e he ea f he a e ade a d ee e e h , e h , e e h f ed b he e e ce f h abe a e f c e ce.

Fa c b dge acc e a c a he h b e c d h ch he a e a e ed. N d d he ha e c he A a c f h b a d ac ed a e h , b ha , he e e ca ed Af ca, e e " h d ed e f he ea c a " ( e 9-10). The had a e "d g he e f e e a " each he ace " he e he e e cha ed b he b ac ade " ( e 13-15).

T a e g b a d a e h a a ge he ef e e ab ed Fa c b dge ea e ha he h ab e ea f he a e ade, h a be g e e ea ed e b ec a d ac a e cha ged f e cha d e : " c f e cha d e a e ha ed he cha e f ab 380 Neg e " ( e 5-6). Fa c b dge e a d ca e ha cha e e a ed a e c e , e ac a he d ha e d e h ca e : "The he e ec he e a d e he a e f he hea h" ( e 32-33).

The f d c e f he do ie a b ef b g a h f a fa e gh ee h-ce ad e e a d g e. Th d c e a e e a d he f a e , d c e e a d e c e . I deed, he he a ed L d 1776, G e e Ba a a a C Cag , had a ead a e ed e e e a d d c e ed f h g ,

ch a , f a ce, h dece e e e a d h a e ad a age f

he a b e a . Whe he e ed L d , he gh

e ab h h e f a a f ag c a : "a fe f he cc c e ce

a d a fa b e g de c be e e . He a had a che e

Eigh een h Cen r D s opian Tra el 33

f ea g f he , a d ha ade h ea fa a d gh af e , h h ca ege e a " ( e 6-9). H c ed e e , he ade a a e, a he f d c e f h do ie . A e , deed, he ed a d ac ced F ee a . He e ec f ca ac ced Eg a Ma , ca g h e f The G a d C h a d ga g f a b a ce e e . A Cag

ad a age f a e e g h e, h a ac ed he a e f he L d a h e ed he a e e a a . Ye h L d ha d d d c age " he ac f ac ", a Th a Ca e d ca h . I deed, Cag e a e g, e g a d e c e g e e e, h he ad a age f : "he de a ed f Pa " ( e 56-57).

I a a e , h f ad e e, d c e e a d e c e h ch Ja e C A a a. I h a c a ca e, he a e a a e ed c ed b K g Ge ge III a d ga ed b he R a Na a d he R a S c e h he b ec e f d c e g he

" he a d" (Te a A ali Incogni a). I A 1770, Ja e C a d h c e beca e he f E ea each A a a a d e c e Ab g e . The h d d c e Ge ge S e a g Cap ain Cook Fi Landing a Bo an Ba , NS Wale , 1770. I d de c he e e he he E ea e e e he A a a a e a . The a g h he face f he g f ade b h e f he Ab g e ; he b d a g age f he a e , h e e , c ea ef ec he g g e c e g h g f E ea e e , a f he a had ed de c h a f

he a e f e a d a f he had a ed he ec a e e e ce he a he Ab g a a e ce ed he a a f E ea he a d.

The c a be ee he g f e g he a g. O he ef -ha d de f he a e ece he g f E ea a g b a d a de d gh , h, he d a ce, he h ge h h ch he a d he d. O he gh -ha d de a e

h ee Ab g e h d g he ea a d h e d a a ec aga

h e ade . The eacef a d e f-c f de de ea f he

We e e a ed he a a e e a d f gh d a ed b he

Ab g e h gh gh he e ce a b a dee ega a a

cha ac e f h e c e : he a e e , ce h gh he a , e e

e e e e f a he e e bac ed a d f ded b a h e a b

c g e he a e , a e e gh ee h-ce B a . I

H l ne Palma 34

c a , h e h ee a e h ea e g- g a , had h g b he ea defe d he c , he c e a d he f e.

2. Tra elling ers s forced migra ion

A e g c a h do ie c he

be ee , he e ha d, Cag b g a h a d S e a g, h ch b h de c a e a a ch ce, a d, he he ha d, Fa c b dge e , h ch de ce f ced a e d ace e .

I deed, Ge ge S e a g de c e e e g f a h e de he e e f h ee Ab g a a . The g f e ega c ad E ea a f ed he e e - e a ed e ed he S he he he e a h he e e (H Ma e Sh Endea o he bac g d), he be (5 e ac a a d g, b a c e f e 70 a ), he a de (f e d b

e f-c f de ) a d he e e .

W f a e g a d e g a ee be he cha ac e c f Cag e ad e e . Th S c a g e, de c ed he f d c e , dec ded a e he d ga fa e a d a e a f e a

he e e e f h c e c : "I J 1776 he I a a d e G e e Ba a , [ ] ca e L d . He a acc a ed b h fe a d a ec e a [ ]. He e Wh c b S ee ea Pa Ma a a fe f he cc c e ce " ( e 1-6).

B Pa e , h a de d e g ha a e g c d he h a e ad a age f a de a ge f e e a d ge a a h . Cag he ef e c c ed E e a d he M dd e Ea , e d g e e G eece, Eg , Pe a a d R e bef e c g L d a d, a e , Pa g c g h fe h a be g :

"F d g ha h a e e e e e g aga h a d ha L d e e e bec g e a he c, he c [ ] de a ed f Pa " ( e 53-57).

Cag he e ha d, a d he g f B a d g he A a a c a he he , e e he e a e e a e g f he

a ed he a e de c bed b A e a de Fa c b dge h e . I he ca e f he a e ca ed a d de ed A e ca, a e g a f c b e, b a a h b a f a d f e e ha (" ha e che ", e 8).

A Fa c b dge e a e c ea , he a e had a e f he

Eigh een h Cen r D s opian Tra el 35

ace he e he e e ca ed he ace he e he h e e ed :

"Ma Neg e , be g e ed e a e he ace f he a , ha e a e ed ha he ha e a e ed d g he e f e e a ( he a e h d f ca c a g e)" ( e 11-14). The e e a b gh a d d "a [ ] fa , h ch a e he d a ce a e d [ h ch] e e a h a d [ f he ] a e [ ] e ed a e" ( e 16- 17). The f c b e d ace e a c ded eg a e h , beca e he e e f c b d aced, ga e b h e e e eca c d : "W e e e f a a f he , h ha e be fa ad a ced he eg a c a be de e ed d g he e f he fa he c a ; a d I ha e f e e ee a ce f de e e b a d h " ( e 27-29).

3. D s opian ra els

T a e , h e e , he cha ac e g h e f h ee d c e . D a, ha a "a [ ] d c e h ch e e ead e ched, deh a ed fea f e " (Me e -Web e , h :// . e a - eb e .c /d c a /d a), a he a c ce a e acc de e e h do ie , a

e , a a , ead g a ea a ce , c a beha ,

de c a d e c e e a ee be a he e hea f each f he e h ee d c e .

Cag a a ab e a ce a he a fa e b e a ("h gh d g a e a d e f C A e a d d Med a Cag ", e 2-3) b he a e e ded be a h a e (" fe

f he cc c e ce a d a fa b e g de c be e e ", e 6-7) a d be ab e c e e e ("c d c e a ea a a d def e g fe", e 9-10) h gh a ec f c "f da c e f ba h , ea g, a a , ed c e , ga e a d a d e f "

( e 10-11). A f Cag e h ca c e e e he d ed a d a e c d e ab e h beha e h .

I e a e , dece , e a d a a ee cha ac e e he a he e f Ge ge S e a g. The e e ega ade , fac g a g f c e e h he ega ded a a age , h d de a

ead g f e d a de he e c e e f he a h ch had e he .

L e a d a a e e a a he hea f he a e ade

ac ce, h a e cha d e, f e fa e e e e a d ea ,

H l ne Palma 36

ed a a ed f e cha ge cha e h a be g . A Fa c b dge e f ed : " c f e cha d e a e ha ed he cha e f ab 380 Neg e " ( e 5-6).

D a de c ee e a he c be ee he

h ee d c e de d . I deed, Ca a C a e A a a d d ead he d c e f a e c e . I a ed a ce f c a h ch e a ed he g ad a de c f he a e a hab a , c e a d de , ed c g e be a c f e ha a e e ada . I 1788, he he c a f A a a ff c a bega h Ca a A h Ph

a d g ea ha d a e bec e he c f S d e , a ff c a dec a ed ha h a d d d be g he ab g a a . The e g c f e a a d de a e e c ed a e

e g ab g a ed- ace ch d e f he fa e . Th acce e a ed e e e he ce f de c f he a e c a egac . L g a S e a g, ca def e be a d ha he a e defe e a de a ac a a e g d a c a f ha he g f a a e ha e ade a d g he h e had

e f he

D a de c a ha cha ac e ed he a e ade. A Fa c b dge de a ed de c a e ab e c ea , he B ac a ca ed a a f he a e ade e e f c b a ed b B ac a d Wh e ade h a e ed h gh Af ca abd c he , b e e a ba e ed d e ca e ("f e e f f ee h d ed Neg e h had bee cha ed a e fa ", e 20-21) a d e e a ed a ch b he e a cha e ("If he a e f c ed h a d ea e a e def ed ha e bad e e ee h [ ] f a f he f eg g defec a e d c e ed he he a e e ec ed. B f a ed f, he a e ge e a a e b a d he h he a e e e g" e 34-39). The h e ce he M dd e Pa age a d he

b e e e a dea h f he B ac a e ed he de c f f Af ca e .

C Cag ac ce , fe e a d e e e a

b de c e. F h fa e b e h e f- ed a e a a d c , fe f cc c e ce a , e e h g h

a e g d e a a e a d e e e ha f he a e

e e h he a aged dece e. Th ed e e ha

Cag c a a e g h ch e ab ed h ac ce h

d a a e a f c he da he he a

Eigh een h Cen r D s opian Tra el 37

h e f he c f he a e g c f de ce c e : "a I a a ca ed V e e d e h [ ] a d c e h h had h a e ed f a f c deb " ( e 21-23). D a c e ca bac f e a d de c f de ce c e he e e .

H e e , a d h a g d ffe e ce be ee Cag

b g a h he e ha d, a d Fa c b dge e a d S e a g he he , Cag a d a h gh ce f h e ac e he c e e f A a a a d he a e ade , h a g a a h . Cag a deed ed, he e ea ed f a ha he ge e f S Ed a d Ha e . He d d ea ea h e , h gh, a he e dece g e e ("M. de M a de [ ] dec a ed ha Cag a he g ea e f he age", e 51-52) a d e e a ef L d c e dece g he c F a ce.

D a e c e a c cha ac e c f he h ee d c e c g h do ie . L g, a a g, de g ee deed ha e bee ea e f e g a d e e c e he e gh ee h ce , fa f E e a d fa f e a d ag ee g e e . Ca g h a be g , ba e g he f a e cha d e, e g he a "fa [ ] a he d a ce f a d f h d ed e f he ea c a " ( e 9-10), h a a ge a f he c g f e e he e he Af ca c e (" e e a h a d [ ] e ed

a e h had bee c ec ed f a a f he c f a e c de ab e d a ce a d", e 17-19) a a f he a e ade d a e c , ha a he b f c g a c e

e e c e a d e ca g h e f ha e ea . I e a e , c a ace e e, e d c e ed a f he d a Ge ge S e a g e d , a d he e c f he a e a beca e a e e ea he h

c , a gge he fa e f e d a f he Wh e ade .

Cag bac g d a d efe e ce , c g f S c a d

ha g e e e a e ed he M dd e-Ea , a a h

d a e c . I deed, a he a e ed E e a d he M dd e Ea ,

he S c a g e cha ged h de e e a e de h de h

ac e . He a e ed G eece, Eg , Pe a a d A ab a bef e e g

E e. H a he M dd e Ea e ab ed h ac e e

ed ca h ch he ed h a h e f ff a a c e he

L d . H -ca ed a c ac e e e a e a ed e c

efe e ce a he e he ed a ed be Eg a Ma ( e

15) h e he ca ed h e f he G a d C h , a b Eg a e.

H l ne Palma 38

Aga , e c efe e ce a d a e e e ace e ab ed Cag c de cab e ac a d, e a a ea , ge a a h .

Concl sion

D a a e , ha a a e e e e c ace h e e a d/ e c e e ce , a he hea f h e f h ee d c e . Th do ie ca be c de ed a a e de ha a e g he e gh ee h ce , e a c a f he d a e b d ed b he de -h d g B a a, b a f he h e he ca ed Re b c

f Le e d d ece a e a e h he e h ca f . Cag , a S c a -b e - a e ed ad e e , ad a age f he e e f he E gh e e e a f c e ce, f ee a a d e e c a c d e f e e. The d c e f A e ca ed he E ea de e a d a f f c e ce he a e ade h ch a ed f ab f h d ed ea a d ed he ac e a c a f d a g a d e f- c a ed e gh e ed c e . The d c e f A a a a ed e a he e f d a e ,

a e c a , h ch e a ed he a e- e f he h e e a d, he ca e f A a a, he b e e b ec a d de c f

he Ab g e . S a e a d he a g a ade, e a age a d

a e g g e , ch a e e f he a a ab e a ec f ha

a e a he age f E gh e e .