• Aucun résultat trouvé

Parallel Linear Multigrid Algorithms Applied to the Acceleration of Compressible Flows

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Parallel Linear Multigrid Algorithms Applied to the Acceleration of Compressible Flows"

Copied!
42
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)Parallel Linear Multigrid Algorithms Applied to the Acceleration of Compressible Flows G. Carré, Stephane Lanteri, L. Fournier. To cite this version: G. Carré, Stephane Lanteri, L. Fournier. Parallel Linear Multigrid Algorithms Applied to the Acceleration of Compressible Flows. RR-3462, INRIA. 1998. �inria-00073228�. HAL Id: inria-00073228 https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00073228 Submitted on 24 May 2006. HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés..

(2) INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE EN INFORMATIQUE ET EN AUTOMATIQUE. Parallel linear multigrid algorithms applied to the acceleration of compressible flows G. Carré, S. Lanteri and L. Fournier. N° 3462 Juillet 1998 THÈME 4. ISSN 0249-6399. apport de recherche.

(3)

(4)  

(5)          !  " # $%$&  '(  )*$&  "" +! -,!/.0 132547698:8:;=<?>A@525B%69CEDGF?8:HI<J6KCLMB(25NOKP8CHQF=8:< R'SUTVXWY[Z \^]_V[`Uacbedf]_gih!Wdjgikldm]cVn]_ofbedm]cgph q Wosr=osdmTVnWoutgiVnkUa_W v^Wo wAxsgeyzWd{\^]_h?`Uo |/bekUk}gpxsd q WxmWt~SUWxst~SUWh9€‚pY„ƒi †Z ‡p`U]ca_a_WdˆŠ‰i‰i‹Z i‹7kŒbeiWo Ž ‘’Š“G”Œ•p’„– R'SUW7]_h„dfWxmWozd(]_h—`UhUosdmxm`Ut df`UxsW q VnWosSUWou˜™gixuš&giVnkU`ldfbedf]_gihŒbpa›a_`U] qœ r=hŒbpVn]cto ž š%› œ(Ÿ bpkUklac]_t:bedm]cgphUo‚bpkUkKW:bexmodmgu KW&]_hUtxsW:bphUos]chlia_r[]cVnkKgixsdfbph„d¡]_h¢dfSUW£]ch q `Uosdmxm]cbpaltgiVnV[`Uhl]_d¤rp¥ ¦¤h q `losdfxs]§beabpkUkUa_]ctbedf]_gihUo!xmW¨?`U]cxsW—dfSUW©h?`UVnWxs]ctbpaom]_V[`Uacbedf]_gihªgp˜tgiVnkUa_W v¬«ŒgŠ­ o ž ]Q¥®We¥¯dfSUW `Uh q Wxma°r=]chl±«ŒgŠ­ o!W v^SU]_ U]_d²a_g^tbpac]_³W q SU]_iS¬´ebpxm]cbedf]_gihUogp˜[kUS„r=om]_t:bpa¨?`Œbph„df]°df]_Wo Ÿ bpxsgi`Uh q gix ­ ]°dfSU]_h†tgiVnkUacWv²iWgiVnW dfxm]_Wo¥ µ/hUozdfxs`Utdm`UxmW q VnWomSlWo(bpxsWkŒbpxsdm]ct`Uacbpxma°r­&Waca"om`l]_dmW q dmgXdmSUWosW ¶ ]ch q oge˜^os]cV`Uacbedf]_gih q `UW¡dfg'dfSlW]_xbe U]ca_]°d¤r(]chbptt`UxmbedfWa_r q ]costxmW df]_³]_hU{tgiVnkUa_W vtgiVnkU`ld~b·df]_gihŒbpa q giVXbp]_hUo{bph q¹¸ dfgJdmSUW]_x/«UW v^]c l]ca_]_d¤r†]ch q r=hŒbpVn]ctbpa_a_r†xmWºUhU]chl#bph qq WxmW ºŒhU]_hU ¸ gpx q W ˜™gixmVn]_hU ¸ ]_h»gix q Wx¼dmg½VXbedft~S»dmSUW`Uh q Wxsa_r=]_hU¾«ŒgŠ­˜™W:bedm`UxmWo¥¿š&gihltWxshU]_hU¾«ŒgŠ­Àomgia°´iWxmo ¸ dfSlW†VXbp]_h ¨?`UWozdf]_gihnbpkUkKW:bexmo"dfg{ KWAdfSUW£a§bpt ¶ gp˜UWÁXt]_WhUt r q WVngihUosdmxfbedmW q  „r`UhUozdfxs`Utdm`UxmW q VXWomS7osgia_´pWxso tgpVXkUbpxmW q dmgÂosdfxs`Utdm`UxmW q gphUWo¥ÄÆbph„r»W ÁXt]_Wh„d†VnW dfSUg q o q W ´iWa_gikKW q ]ch*dfSlW—osdfxs`Utdm`UxmW q tgph?dmW v=d(bexmW[hlgpd{Wbpom]_a°r²Wv=dfWhlom]_ UacWdfg¼`lhUosdmxm`Ut df`UxsW q VnWosSUWo(beh q V[`lt~SxmWomW:bexmt~S­£gix ¶ SŒbpo riW d¢dfg† }W q gihUW]_h½dmSU]co q ]cxsWt df]_gih¹¥ œ `Uxm]_hUdfSlW¼acbposd¢dmWh½rpW:bpxso ¸ osW´iWxfbpa&om`Ut~S

(6) ­£gix ¶ o¢SŒb:´pW q WVXgphUosdmxfbedmW q dmSŒbedV[`la_dm]cixs] q kUxm]_hUt]ckUa_Wot:bphr=]cWa q xmgi U`losdbph q WÁXt]_Wh„d¡`lhUosdmxm`Ut df`UxsW q VnWosS omgpa_´pWxmo ž omWW[˜™gixjW vlbpVnkUa_W¢Å"bpa_acWVXbph q±Æ Ç ÈpÉ_ÊÌË ˆG ŠÍ ¸}Î g=gi U`Uo Æ Ç ÈpÉ_ÊÌË ˆŠ·Í ¸ š%bexmxmÏ Ë ˆÍ ¸ Æb:´=xm]_kUac]_o Æ Ç ÈpÉ_ÊÌË ˆŠ‰·Í°Ð Ë pÑ·Í°Ð Ë ^ˆÍ Ÿ ¥(¦¤hdmSU]_o(xmWkKgixzd ¸ ­£W q Womtxs]c KW7gihUpgi]chl#xmWosW:bpxst~SÒbptdm]_´=]°df]_Wobp]_Vn]chUb·dudfSUW tgphUosdmxm`Ut df]_gih#gp˜"WÁXt]cWh?djbeh q xmgp U`Uosd&`UhUozdfxm`ltdf`lxmW q V`Ua_dm]cpxm] q omgia°´iWxmo%˜™gix5tgiVnkUa_W v œ bph q  œ «ŒgŠ­Óos]cV`Ua§b·df]_gihUo¥£Ô&gpdmS!bpt:b q WVn]ctbph q ]_h q `Uozdfxm]cbpa"bposk}Wtdmo{bpxsW(tgihlom] q WxsW q ¥ ղք×EØsÙ¢Ú “·Û‘p– š&giVnkUxmWomom]_ Ua_W¢«ŒgŠ­ o{Ð'Ü/b:´^]_WxÝÐz\=dmg ¶ Wo(W¨?`Œbedm]cgphUo/Ð µjhUosdmxm`Ut df`UxsW q VnWosSUWo{Рò`Ua°df]_ixs] q VnWdfSlg q o%Ð&wbexfbpa_acWaÞtgiVnkU`^df]_hU ßà™áâÞà™ãAäpåæ æ ç&â"è éŠêIëAìŠësíÞî=é·ïÝðñè òñësísäGó¹ô^õeö ÷GäGæø öæå5ùŠè úGûGðýü%ã"þêÿðñúpè òñðñímìŠë  üþ·ïzë. Unité de recherche INRIA Sophia Antipolis 2004, route des Lucioles, B.P. 93, 06902 Sophia Antipolis Cedex (France) Téléphone : 04 92 38 77 77 - International : +33 4 92 38 77 77 — Fax : 04 92 38 77 65 - International : +33 4 92 38 77 65.

(7)  !           ²   —[# Ý$%$  '(  # -$%$%    $&!  70$&  "" +! 

(8) ‘

(9) – Å  `ldf]_ac]_ofb·df]_gih q WnVXbp]_acacbpiWo[hUgih=Фosdmxm`Ut df`UxsÏoWh¾Ã²ÏtbphU]_¨=`lW q Wo›a_`U] q Wo[Ü/`^Ð VnÏxs]c¨?`UW ž ƛ¡Ü Ÿ Wozdbp`·yzgi`Ux q ®S?`U]`UhUW©gik^df]_gihacbpxsiWVnWh„d†b q gik^dfÏW©kŒbex!acbÂtgiVnV[`lhŒbp`ldmÏ ]_h q `Uozdfxm]_Wa_a_Wp¥ œ bphUo%tW q giVXbp]_hUW ¸ acWo bpkUkUa_]_t:bedm]cgihlo q ®]_h„dfÏx d ]_h q `losdfxs]cWa q WVJbeh q Wh„d acb¢om]_V[`^Ð acbedf]_gih½h?`UVnÏxm]_¨=`lW q ®Ïtgi`lacWVXWh„dfoXbp`ldmgi`Uxgi` ²a  ]ch„dfÏxm]_W`Ux q W¼iÏgiVnÏdfxs]cWo¢tgpVXklacWvlWo 5tWo Ïtgi`Ua_WVnWh„dmoosgih„duWh—iÏhUÏxfbpat:bpxmbptdmÏxs]cosÏo(kŒbpx q W˜™gpxsdfWo{´ebpxm]cbedm]cgihlo{a_g^tbpacWo q Wou¨?`Œbph„df]°dfÏo kUS„r=om]_¨?`UWoVng q Ïa_]cosÏWo¥ wgp`Ux¼tWo¼xmbp]_omgihUo ¸ acWo¼VnÏdmSUg q Wo q W q ]_omtxsÏdm]combedf]_gih*omkUbedf]cbpa_WkŒbpx Ïa_ÏVnWh?dmouºŒhU]_ouhUgih=Фosdmxm`Ut df`UxsÏouosgih„d(kŒbpxzdf]_t`Ua_]_TxmWVnWh„d U]_Wh©b q bekldfÏWoube`^vos]cV`Uacbedf]_gihUouh?`^Ð VnÏxs]c¨?`UWojt]c lacÏWo¥£Å ®`lh q Wo bedmgi`ldfo&VJbGyzW`Uxso q Wo'VXbp]_acacbpiWo'hUgih^Ð osdmxm`Ut df`UxsÏo'xmÏom] q W q bphUo'a_Wo kKgiomos]c U]_a_]_dmÏo q WxfbeÁXhUWVnWh„d  q Ïxfb·ÁJhlWVnWh„d q r=hŒbpVn]_¨=`lW¢Wd q W q Ϙ™gixsVJb·df]_gih q behUo{a_W[tbpo q W t:beact`Uaco{]chUozd~bedm]cgphUhŒbp]_xmWo{Wh†VJbe]ca_a§beiWo/VXgp U]ca_Wo¥uwgi`Ux{tW[¨?`U]tgihltWxshUW¢a_Wo/t:bpxst:bedmÏxm]_osdm]c¨?`UWo q W'xsÏomgpac`ldm]cgph ¸ a§b(tgihUosdfbed~b·df]_gih7¨?`U]Uo  ]_VXkKgiosW/be`eyzgi`Ux q ®S?`U]lWhUtgixmW'WosdAa_W'VJbehU¨?`UW q ®W ÁXt:bpt]_dmÏ q Wo/osgia_´pW`UxsouWh²VXbp]ca_acbpiWojhUgih=Фosdmxm`Ut df`UxsÏojtgiVnkŒbexmÏo Xa_W`lxmojSUgiVngia_gii`UWo/ozdfxm`ltdf`lxmÏo ž q ]_ozÐ txsÏdm]combedf]_gih—kŒbpx q ] }ÏxsWhUtWo(ºŒhU]_ougi`´pgia_`UVnWouºŒhU]_o(Wh—pxm]_aca_W¢xmύi`Ua_]cTxmW Ÿ ¥\^gi`l´pWh„d ¸Þq WouVnÏ Ð dfSlg q WoW ÁXt:bptWo q Ï ´iWacgiklk}ÏWo q bphlo`Uh3tgih„dmW v=dfWJosdfxs`Utdm`UxmÏJhUW¼o ®Ï dfWh q Wh„d7kUbpo˜Qbet]_acWVXWh„d ž gp`kŒbpo q `Jdfgi`ld Ÿ bp`tbpo q WuVXbp]_a_a§bppWo%hUgph^Фozdfxm`ltdf`lxmÏo!¥ {`#tgp`Uxmo q WutWo q ]°v q WxshU]_TxmWo bph^Ð hUÏWo ¸ kUa_`Uos]cW`UxmoAdfxmbŠ´ebp`=v7gih„d q ÏVXgph?dmxmÏ ¨?`UW acWoAosdfxmbedfύi]_WoAV[`Ua°df]_ixs]ca_acW kKWxsVXW dmdmWh„d q ®gp ldfWhU]cx q Wo‚omgia°´iW`Uxmo5Wh7VXbp]_acacbpiWo‚hUgih^Ð osdmxm`Ut df`UxsÏoA¨?`U]Uomgph?dAW ÁXt:bptWoAWdAxsgi U`UozdfWo ž ´igi]_x‚kŒbpxW v^WVnkUa_W Å"bpa_acWVJbeh qÒÆ ÇAÈpÉ_ÊÌË ˆG ŠÍ ¸=Î g=gi U`lo Æ Ç¡ÈpÉ_ÊÌË ˆŠ·Í ¸ š%bpxsxmÏ Ë ˆÍ ¸ òbŠ´=xs]ckUa_]_o Æ ÇAÈpÉ_ÊÌË ˆŠ‰·Í°Ð Ë pÑGÍ_Ð Ë ^ˆ Í Ÿ ¥ œ bphlo&tW xfbekUk}gpxsd ¸ hUgp`Uo q Ïtxm]°´igihUo[hUgio(dfxmbŠ´ebp`=v©xmÏtWh„dmo q bphlotW q gpVJbe]chUW7´=]_ofbph„"d !tgihUosdmxm`U]_xmW q Wo omgpa_´pW`UxsoXV`Ua°df]_ixm]_aca_WkŒbpxmbpaca_Ta_WonkKgi`Ux¢a ®bpttÏa_Ïxfb·df]_gih q W#t:bpa_t`laco q  Ïtgi`Ua_WVnWh„dfoXtgpVXklacWvlWo œ Wd/ œ ¥ # Ú ’G‘ Ø %• $

(10) ‘±– & tgi`lacWVXWh„dfo¼tgiVnkUxmWomos]c Ua_WoXÐ & ¨?`Œb·df]_gihUo q W!Ü{b:´=]cWxzÐz\?dfg ¶ WoXÐ[òbp]ca_acbpiWo hUgih=Фosdmxm`Ut df`UxsÏo'Ð&òÏdmSUg q WojV[`Ua°df]_ixs]ca_acWuÐ&š%bpa_t`lawbpxfbeaca_Ta_W.

(11) ÈsÈpÉ É§Æ É¹ÉEÆmÈ ^É Ç 

(12)  #ÈpÉ

(13)  Ç !fÆ" #ɧÆ%$&'%  ( ) 7"X$£  R'SUW!kUxmWomWh?dX­£gix ¶ ]_ontgihUtWxshUW q ­ ]_dmS±dfSlW q W´iWacgpkUVnWh„d#bph q dmSUWW´ebpa_`Œbedf]_gih gp˜/kŒbpxfbeaca_Wa a_]chUWbpxV[`Ua°df]_ixm] q bpa_igixs]_dmSUVno˜™gpx"dmSUW£bpttWa_Wxfb·df]_gih¢gp˜ltgiVnkUxsWomos]c lacW%ozdfWb q r«ŒgŠ­

(14) t:beact`Ua§b·df]_gihUo¥ ¦¤h7dfSUW£ºŒxmozdAkŒbpxsd¡gp˜9dfSU]_o‚xmWk}gixzd ¸ ­£W'˜™g^t`Uo¡gi`lxAbedmdmWh„df]_gih7gih¢dmSUW%d¤­&g·Ð q ]_VnWhUos]cgihUbpaŒt:bposWp¥¡R'SlW osdfbpxsdm]chl¢k}gp]ch„d%tgihUos]cozdfo']_h#bphWvl]_osdm]chl¢«ŒgŠ­osgia°´iWx£­ SU]ct~S]_o& ŒbeomW q gph#bph#b:´iWxfbppW q ˜™gixsV ge˜ dfSlW¢˜™`Uaca¡Ü{b:´=]cWxzÐz\?dfg ¶ WoW¨?`Œbedm]cgihlotgi`UkUa_W q dfg!+b *-,/.¼dm`Uxm U`lacWhUtWnVng q Wa Ë ˆ:Íÿ¥[R'SUWnoskŒbedf]cbpa q ]_omtxmWdm]c³bedf]_gih¾tgiV[ l]chUWo[ºŒhU]°dfWJWa_WVnWh„dnbeh q ºŒhl]_dmWJ´igpac`UVnWJtgihUtWkldmo7bph q ]co q Wos]cphUW q gph `UhUozdfxs`Utdm`UxmW q dfxs]§bphli`Uacbpx(VnWomSlWo¥#\=dfWb q r—ozd~bedmWJosgiac`^df]_gihUogp˜£dmSUWnxmWom`Ua°df]_hU†osWVn] Ð q ]_omtxmWdmW W¨?`Œb·df]_gihUobpxsW¢gi ldfbp]chlW q  „r`Uos]chlbph & `UacWxu]_VXklac]_t]°d(df]_VnW7b q ´ebphUt]chl#osdfxmbedfWpr†­ Sl]ct~S©SŒbpo dfSlW&˜™gia_acgŠ­ ]_hUu˜™W:bedm`UxmW1o 0 É EÆmÈ 32ŠÈp Ç 4 ž bpklkUxmg:v^]cVXbedmW'ac]_hUWbpxm]_³:bedm]cgph7gp˜ŒdfSUW'tgih„´iWtdf]°´iW «Œ`^v^Wo bph q W vlbpt d q ] }WxmWh„df]cbedf]_gih½ge˜&dfSlWX´=]_omtgp`UodmWxmVno Ÿ 5¸ !~Æ ! Ç 467

(15) ž dfSlW¼‡ibetgi U]cbph3VJb·dfxm] v ]_oX UbpomW q gih±bºŒxmozdsФgpx q W-x 8(g q `UhUgŠ´

(16) ost~SUWVnW Ÿ bph q¬9É :mÈpÉ% Ç ¼;Æ  Ǥ<Æ =!7

(17) ¾È !?>A@CB É_È ' ž b a_g^tbpaÞdf]_VXWosdmWk—]_o{tgpVXkl`ldfW q gih†Wbpt~Stgph?dmxmgia"´igpac`UVnW Ÿ ¥ & bpt~S†kUomW` q gdf]_VnW[ozdfWk—xsW¨?`U]_xmWo dfSlWuomgia_`ldm]cgih#ge˜Þd¤­&g7oskŒbpxmosWua_]chUWbpx%ozr^ozdfWVXo ž xmWosk}Wtdm]_´pWa°r ¸ ˜™gixAdfSUWuVnWbph«ŒgŠ­¬´pbexm]cbp Ua_Wo'bph q ˜™gix&dmSUW(´ebpxm]cbp Ua_Wojbposomg=t]cbedfW q dmg7dfSUWudm`Uxm U`lacWhUtWVng q Wa Ÿ !¥ V[`Ua°df]_ixm] q osdfxmbedfWpr „r´pgia_`UVnW bpipacgiVnWxfbedm]cgih3]co]ch„dmxmg q `UtW q ]ch½gix q Wxdmgbpa_acgŠ­˜™gixbph¾W ÁXt]_Wh„d¢dfxsW:bedmVnWh„d7gp˜%dmSUWosW¼d¤­£g osr=ozdfWVno¥&R'SU]_o'V[`Ua°df]_ixs] q VnWdfSlg q ]_o' ŒbpomW q gphdfSUW(`UosWgp˜VJbetxmgnWacWVXWh„dfo ž VXbptxsg7tgih„dmxmgia ´igpac`UVnWo Ÿ d¤r=k}W7tg„bpxsomW q ]_omtxmW df]_³:bedm]cgihlo(gp˜‚dfSUW[tgiVnkU`ldfbedf]_gihŒbea q gpVJbe]ch­ SUWxmW¢dmSUW¢kUxsgi Ua_WV ]_oJdfgÒ KW†omgpa_´pW q gih dfSUW!ºŒhUWosdVnWomS¹¥\=dfbpxsdm]chUÒ˜™xmgiV dmSUWºŒhUWozdVnWosS ¸ Eb D¤ixmWW q =r Fd¤r=kKW tgibpxmosWhU]_hU

(18) bpa_igixs]_dmSUV]_obpkUklac]_W q dmg½iWhUWxmbedfW†bp`ldfgpVJb·df]_t:bpa_a_rÂdmSUW²tg„bpxsomW q ]costxmW df]_³:bedm]cgphUo ž osWWÅ"bpaca_WVXbph qÂÆ Ç&ÈpÉ_ÊÌË ˆŠ GÍ Ÿ ¥ wbpxmbpa_acWac]_omV ]co¡]_h„dfxsg q `ltW q ]_h¢dfSlW&gŠ´iWxfbpa_a^«ŒgŠ­ omgpa_´pWx‚ „r[`lom]_hUb{osdmxfbedmWprdmSŒbed¡tgiV[ l]chUWo VnWosS

(19) kŒbpxsdm]_dm]cgphU]chl†dfWt~SUhU]_¨=`lWoXbph q b²VXWomombpiWkŒbeomom]_hU—kUxsgiixmbpVnVX]_hUVng q WaQ¥†R'SlWÆw‚¦ Wh„´=]_xmgihUVnWh?d&]co5`UosW q ˜™gpx¡dfSUWj]cVnkUa_WVnWh?dfbedf]_gihJgp˜EdmSUW xmW¨?`U]_xmW q tgpVXV`UhU]_t:bedm]cgph¼osdmWkUo¥‚R'SU]_o VnW:bphloJdfSUbed¼ KgpdmS±dfSlW q ]_omtxmW dfW†«Œ`=vlWot:beact`Ua§b·df]_gih»bph q dfSlW†a_]chUWbpxXosr=osdmWVno#omgia_`ldm]cgih bpxmW kKWxs˜™gpxmVnW q gphbJos`U UVnWosS— Œbpos]co }]_hkŒbpxzdf]_t`Uacbpx ¸ ˜™gix'dmSUW[ Œbeom]_t[a_]chUWbpx{V`Ua°df]_ixm] q bpa_igixs]_dmSUV ­ SU]_t~S¬]coV`Ua°df]_kUac]_t:b·df]°´iW ž ]Q¥®We¥ÓdfSUW q ] }WxsWh„d#a_W´pWa_o²bexmW²dmxmWbedfW q ]ch*osW¨?`UWhltW—­ ]_dmS*]ch„dmWxzÐ q Wk}Wh q Whlt]_Wo# KWd¤­£WWh»dmSUW!kŒbpxsdm]§beajxsWos`Ua_dmo¼kUxsg q `UtW q gih±dmSUW q ] }WxsWh„d#a_W´pWa_o Ÿ ¸ dmSU]coXt:beh  KW[´=]cW ­&W q beo(bph]_h„dfxfbGФa_W´iWa¡kŒbpxmbpa_acWac]_³:bedm]cgph†­ SU]_t~SÒtgihUtWh„dfxmbedfWo(gihdfSUW[omVng^gedfSU]_hUozdfWklo kKWxs˜™gpxmVnW q gih—Wbpt~S©VXWV[ KWxgp˜AdfSlW¢ixm] q SU]_Wxfbexmt~S„ri¥ hUWtWomombpxsr—bph q ]cVnkKgixsdfbph„d(osdmWk©]_h dfSl]coAb q bpkld~b·df]_gih¢­%beo¡dfSUW'tgihUosdmxm`Ut df]_gihXgp˜}bpkUkUxsgikUxm]cbedmW q bedfbuosdfxs`Utdm`UxmWo5˜™gpxdfSUW q ]cozdfxs]c U`^df]_gih gp˜[tg„bpxsomWҍixm] q tbpa_t`Uacbedf]_gihUoH ¥ G/WxmW ¸ dmSU]_o†SŒbpo! KWWhMbpt~SU]_W´pW q  „r q W´pWa_gikU]_hU¬bÂkŒbpxfbeaca_Wa ´ebpxm]cbph„d"gp˜=dfSUWAgixs]cp]chŒbea DݍixsWW q =r F‚d¤r=k}WAtgibpxmosWhU]_hUubeacigpxm]°dfSUVª­ SU]ct~ShUgŠ­¾]_hUta_` q Wob qUq ]°df]_gihŒbpa tgpVXV`UhU]_t:bedm]cgph¼osdmWkUoA˜™gixAb(tgpSUWxsWh„d&tgihUozdfxm`ltdf]_gihJgp˜}dmSUW tgiVnV`UhU]_t:bedm]cgih q bedfbozdfxs`Utdm`UxmWo gihdfSUWkŒbexsdf]°df]_gihUW q tg„bpxsomWixm] q o¥5R'SUWtgihlosdfxs`UtdmW q kŒbpxfbeaca_WaÞa_]chlW:bpxjV[`Ua°df]_ixs] q bpa_igixm]°dfSlV ]co W´ebpa_`ŒbedmW q ]_h q Wdfbp]_aco%`lom]_hU¢d¤­&g¢dmWozd t:bposWIo 0¡dmSUWuacbpVn]chŒbex£´=]costgi`lo «UgG­bpxsgi`Uh q b J7KL=KM7MONP bp]_xs˜™gi]_a‚bph q dmSUW7df`Uxs U`Ua_Wh„d«UgG­bpxmgi`lh q Rb Q7K7STP7P7M†kUxsgpºŒa_Wp¥JÜ/`UVnWxs]ctbpa5bph q k}Wxs˜™gixsVXbphUtW â"âÀþUl÷çøå.

(20) Ê >AÈ"}Ê B¹ÈŒÇ¤Æ"AÈ! B¡Ê @A 6IÆ" xmWom`Ua°dfoJbpxsW²kUxsWosWh„dfW q bph q q ]_omt`lomomW q ˜™gix¢«ŒgŠ­ o¼tbpa_t`Uacbedf]_gihUondfSUbedXSŒb:´iW! }WWh kKWxz˜™gixmVnW q gihb

(21)  

(22)   L 

(23)  K!Ã!¦zà œ osr=osdmWVbph q b !"$#&%')(* ,+# eÑiÑnòSU³(tac`UozdfWx ­ SUWxmWdfSUW]_h?dmWxstgihUhlWtdm]cgph†]_ojxsW:bpa_]_³W q dfSUxsgi`UiS!b.-/"S ",,!" ž ˆŠÑiÑXò U]°d ·o Ÿ os­ ]°dft~S¹¥ R'SUWXomWtgih q kŒbpxsdge˜&dfSl]coxmWk}gpxsd]_otgihUtWxmhUW q ­ ]°dfS©dfSUWn]_VnkUacWVnWh„d~bedm]cgph

(24) bph q W´ebpa_`Œb·Ð df]_gihge˜5bkŒbpxfbeaca_Waac]_hUWbpxuV[`la_dm]cixs] q ozdfxmbedfWpr†]_hdfSlW J01 J7K 2 3 Q]_h q `losdfxs]§bea‚š%› œ kŒbet ¶ beiWp¥ R'SU]_ojbptdm]_´=]°d¤r]co'os`UkUkKgixsdmW q  ?r#bntgihUosgixsdm]c`UV tgihlom]_osdf]_hUJgp˜"dfSUxsWWWh q Ф`UosWxmojgp˜ J0

(25) 1 J7K 23 Q 05476.8 ¸:9);:<>=5?A@ bph qCBD<>;:@5E:FHG ¥ J0

(26) 1 J7K 23 Q²]co q W q ]_t:b·dfW q dmg¼dfSlW[h?`UVnWxs]ctbpaos]cV`Ua§b·df]_gih gp˜jtgpVXklacWv

(27) dfSUxsWWÐ q ]_VnWhUos]cgihUbpa'tgiVnkUxsWosom]_ UacW!osdmW:b q r

(28) gix[dmxfbphUos]cWh„dX«UgG­ o¥¾¦ dn]_o7t`UxsxmWh„dma_r bp Ua_W[dmgtgiVnkU`^dfW¢acbpVn]chUbpxugixjdf`Uxs U`Ua_Wh„d(«ŒgŠ­ ouigŠ´iWxmhUW q  ?r²dfSUW¢Ü{b:´=]cWxzÐz\?dfg ¶ Wo(W¨?`Œb·df]_gihUo¥ R`Uxm U`lacWhUtWVng q Wa_a_]chU²]co ŒbposW q gih½b *;,JIVng q WaA`Uom]_hU†­&bpa_a£acb:­ o¥#¦ dt:bph

(29) beacosg†SŒbph q acW «ŒgŠ­ o]ch„´igpa_´=]_hUgihUWXgixVngixmW q ] }WxmWh„d¢t~SUWVX]_t:bea£osk}Wt]_Wo¥¼R'SUW¼ Œbeom]_tJoskŒbedf]cbpaAbpklkUxmg:v^]cVXb·Ð df]_gih±VXW dfSUg q o¼bph q dm]cVnW†]_h„dfWixfbedm]cgph osdmxfbedmWi]_WobpxmW´iWxsr±om]_VX]_acbpxJdmg3dfSlgiomW q Wostxm]_ KW q ]_h dfSlWJkUxsW´=]_gi`Uo[kUbpxfbppxfbpkUSE¥ògixsWgŠ´iWx ¸ J01J7K 23 Q3]_o[be UacWndfg!om]_V[`la§bedmW¼`UhlosdfWb q rÒ«ŒgŠ­ ogph q W ˜™gixmVn]_hUnVXWomSUWo ž omWWÜ ¶ gihU„bnbph q 8(`U]_acacbpx q©Ë eYeÍ Ÿ ¥‚R'SUW(tgiVnkUa_WdmWomgp˜ d¤­&bpxmW(kUbpt ¶ bpiW(SŒbpo  KWWh3k}gpxsdfW q gihÒomW ´iWxfbpa q ]cozdfxs]c U`^dfW q VXWVngixsr3ò¦zà œ kŒbpxmbpaca_WaAozr^ozdfWVXo ž omWW¼Å"bph„dmWxm]5bph q ÅÞgixm]_gpd Ë ˆ KŠÍ Ÿ ¥R'SlW7k}gpdmWh„df]cbpa_]_d¤rgp˜‚dfSUW7V`Ua°df]_ixm] q bpkUkUxsg„bpt~S­ ]_aca¡ KW7]_aca_`UosdmxfbedmW q gih—osW´iWxfbpa xmWkUxmWomWh?dfbedf]°´iWdfWosd/t:bposWo¥ R'SUW#xmWVXbp]chl]chU—ge˜jdmSUWxsWkKgixsd7SUbpo[dfSlW¼˜™gia_acgŠ­ ]_hU—osdmxm`Ut df`UxsEW 0JosWtdm]cgph !]co7tgihUtWxmhUW q ­ ]°dfSdfSlWuVXbedfSUWVXbedf]_t:bpaK˜™gixmV`Uacbedf]_gihgp˜ÞdmSUW{klxmgi Ua_WV ]_hdfSUW{d¤­£geÐ q ]cVnWhUom]_gihŒbpa}t:bposWbph q ]°dfo q ]_omtxmWdm]c³bedf]_gihÒ]ch©oskŒbptWXbph q df]_VXW "omWtdm]cgihҁ q Womtxs]c KWo(dmSUW7ac]_hUWbpx(V[`Ua°df]_ixs] q bpa_igixm]°dfSlV  omWtdm]cgih¼Y[]_o q W ´igpdmW q dmgdfSlW/kŒbexfbpa_acWac]_³:b·df]_gih#bposk}Wtdfo ^osWt df]_giLh KklxmWosWh„dfo%bph q¼q ]cost`UosomWo'h?`^Ð VnWxs]ctbpaEbeh q kKWxs˜™gpxmVXbphUtW{xmWom`Ua°dfo&`Uom]_hU[d¤­£g7bptb q WVn]_t{dfWosd&t:bposWo'bpxsgi`Uh q bp]_xs˜™gi]_aco ^osWt df]_gih ƒ q Womtxm]_ }Wo¢dfSUWXW v=dmWhUos]cgih

(30) ge˜%dfSUWJkUxmWomWh?d[­&gix ¶ dfg†dmSUWJos]cV`Uacbedf]_gih

(31) gp˜%dmSUxmWW Ð q ]cVnWhUom]_gihŒbpa «ŒgŠ­ o(`Uos]chUdmSUW J01J7K 23 Q]ch q `Uosdmxm]cbpaAš%› œ kUbpt ¶ bpiW EºŒhUbpaca°r 5¸ M¼q xfb:­ ouosgiVnW7tgihUtac`lom]_gih bph q ˜™`ldm`UxmW(­£gix ¶ o¥ (#   $%  J# 

(32)  !7 P  (   %#X N O Y. QSRUT. VXWZY,[]\_^`WZY,acb$Wedf^`gihj\_d. ¤¦ hÂdfSU]_oJosWt df]_gih±­£W†tgihUtWh„dfxfb·dfW!gi`UxXbedmdmWh„df]_gih±gih dmSUW#d¤­&g·Ð q ]_VnWhUos]cgihUbpa/tbpomWe¥lk3W²tgih^Ð om] q Wx&dfSUW/tgiVnkUa_WdmWutgpVXklxmWosom]_ Ua_WÜ/b:´^]_WxÝÐz\=dmg ¶ Wo'W¨?`Œbedm]cgphUo%tgp`UkUa_W q ­ ]°dfS#bd¤­£geÐ W¨?`Œbedm]cgihlo df`lxm U`Ua_WhltWnVng q Waÿ¥mk¬SUWh©dmSUW7tgpVXklxmWosom]_ Ua_WX«ŒgŠ­ ]coudm`Uxm l`UacWh„d ¸ bphÒb:´iWxfbpiW q ˜™gixmVÀgp˜AdfSUW Ü{b:´=]_WxzÐÝ\=dfg ¶ Wo[W¨?`Œbedm]cgihlo¢]cot~SUgiosWh¹¥!¦¤h½dmSŒbedt:bposW ¸ dmSUW›9b:´=xmWJbŠ´pWxmbpiWo¢bpxmWX`UomW q ˜™gixdfSUW ]_hUosdfbph„d~bphUWgi`Uo&´ebpxs]§be UacWo£Wv^tWk^d%˜™gix‚dfSUW/kUxmWomos`UxmW(beh q dmSUW q WhUom]°d¤rX˜™gix‚­ SU]ct~SdmSUW/|jW r^hlgia q o b:´iWxfbpiWobpxsW²`lomW q ]chlosdfWb q ¥*R'SUW²| Wr=hUgia q o¼ozdfxsWomo ¸ ­ SU]_t~S*bpkUkKW:bpxso¼b·˜ dfWxndfSlW²ozd~bedm]cozdf]_t:bpa dfxsW:bedmVnWh„dgp˜/dfSUW²W¨?`Œbedm]cgphUo ¸ ]_oJVng q Wa_a_W q `Uos]chl3dfSlWÔ&gi`lomom]_hUWom¨±bpomos`UVnkldf]_gih  dfSUW!acbedsÐ à™áâÞà™ã.

(33) È sÈpÉ É§Æ É¹ÉEÆmÈ ^É Ç 

(34)  #ÈpÉ

(35)  Ç !fÆ" #ɧÆ%$&'% K dfWx[]_h„´igia°´iWonbph½W qUq rÒ´^]_omtgiom]°d¤r½dmWxsV q WºŒhUW q  „r½b!acWhUpdmS¾omtbpacWJ­ SU]ct~S

(36) ]_o[xsWacbedfW q dfg!dfSUW q ]_omos]ckŒb·df]_gihnxfbedmW ž I Ÿ bph q dfgub{´iWa_g=t]°d¤r7omtbpacW ž * Ÿ ¥¡¦¤h7gix q WxdfgutacgiosW%dfSUW&osr=osdmWVbph q7q WdmWxzÐ Vn]chlWndmSUW7df`Uxs U`Ua_Wh„d¨=`Ubph„df]°df]_Wo ¸ d¤­&g²b qUq ]_dm]cgihUbpa¡dfxmbphUomkKgixzdW¨?`Œbedm]cgihlo ¸ ]chU]°df]cbpa_a_r q Womtxm]_ }W q  „r²Åbe`Uh q Wxubph q \^kŒbpa q ]_hU Ë ˆ M ÍhUWW q dmg¼ KWosgia_´pW q ¥jR'SUWomW¢W¨=`Ubedf]_gihUo/t:bph KW­ xm]°dmdfWh ¸ ]ch—b q ]°´iWxmiWhUtW˜™gixmV ¸ bpo 0 . . 

(37) . . .  

(38)  .    .  . .  .  .   . . .  "#$ !. . . . .  &$  % . . ­ SUWxmW 0 ]co‚dfSlW ´pWt dfgixAgp˜}tgihlomWxz´ebedf]°´iW ´ebpxm]cbp Ua_Wo‚­ SU]_acW dfSlWtgih„´iWtdf]°´iW«Œ`^v^Wo 0 ) *,+-.+-/. 01. :<;. 01 ;. 1. 3 1 1. 1. 1 354 1 . 1 12 . * 3. ­ ]°dfS. I 3. 1 ;. 1. +> ?  ;. 1 12 . =. 354. 0.

(39) . I. bph q. 01 1. 356 1. 354 6. ;.  A B 354 6 7C8 8 4 DA * 354. ;. 356 798 1. 1. 1 ; ;. 1 ; ;. +E? F ;. "#. ('. ;. 8. 354@. ; ;. :<;. 354. ;. žˆŸ. . ; ; ; ; ;. 3 6 @ 5  A D 7C8 8 6 BA * 356 1 12. =. 356. q WhUgpdfW. :<; 8. 1 . 

(40) . ; ; =. I. GHH HH HH HH H HH H. I HHH HH HJ. ,. ML. AK 7. 3ON .  P. AQRAS.   O 3 N  3 4 @  P. T. 6 @  . 3. *. *. 3. À­ ]°dfS , , ¦¤h dmSUW²bp }gŠ´pW!W¨?`Œbedf]_gihUo ¸ ]_o7dfSUW#«Œ`l] q q Whlom]°d¤r ¸ beh q bpxmW#dmSUW bph q ´pWa_g^t]_d¤r tgpVXkKgihUWh„dfo  bph q xsWomkKWt df]°´iWa_r q WhUgpdfW dfSlW dmgpd~beaUWhUWxmprXbeh q dmSUW ]ch„dmWxmhUbpaŒWhUWxmprnkKWx `UhU]°dgp˜&´pgiac`lVXW  ]codfSUWXkUxsWomos`UxmWe¥#R'SUWXa§bpVn]_hŒbpx(´=]costgi`lo«Œ`^v^Wo bph q bpxmW i]°´iWh† „Er 0 7. 7. Q . VU. 3. *. UB. P. . 3. W7. T ML. . 4.  . . 6. N. Q. X. A Q. 01 1 1. Z\[][ 1. Z^[]_. 1 1 . â"âÀþUl÷çøå. . 1. 01 ;. 1. 4 12. 1. 1. 1. Z^[][. ;. a a.   I . 1. Z^_/_. 1 ; ;. 1 ;. + "# ;. =. ;. 1 . ;. Z^[]_. ; ;.  . : ;. 1. ;. 6 ^ Z []_ [ V`  *. . 1. ;. . Y. : ; Y. 1. . . 4 12. 1. 1. 1. Z^[]_. ; ; ; ; ;. . ;. 6 ^ Z _/_ _ (`  * a a.   I . ; ; ; =. ;.

(41) Ê A> È"}Ê ¹B ȌǤÆ"AÈ! ¡B Ê. ƒ ­ SUWxmW 0. GHH HH L HH H. [ `. I HJ. . `. bph q.  . 1 1 1 1 ".  Z ] [ [  4. 1  1 1.  . RU.  . 01 1. . . 1 ;. 1. [ ;. + ; ;. 1.  .  Z ] [ _  4. 1 1 . ;. 1 1 12. ;. I . 1 ;. ; ; ; ;.  6 Z < _ _    *. .  . .  . . . =. ;.  Z ] [ _  Z _<_. 1 ;. : ;. Y. ; `. 0. 1 ;. . 0. `. ; ; _ ; ; ; ; ;. I =. GHH HH L HH HHJ. [ `.  N. `. h!dmSUWgpdfSUWx'SŒbph q I. . HH. a. Z HHJ Z. '. . .   4    4. . . ".  N .   . . . . * . VU.  . * . VU.  . 0. GHH HH. _. .    L. ›]_hŒbpa_a_r. * . a. ;. . I. . . ;.  6 Z ] [ _    *.  12. ­ SUWxmW.  N. VU. : ;.  Z ] [ [  Z []_. 1. 1. a. . . Y. 1. 1. . a. ozd~bph q ˜™gix%dmSUW(df`Uxs U`Ua_Wh„dj´^]_omtgi`Uo «Œ`^v^Wo.  "# 01. . _. . * .  N. a. L. ­ SU]_acW. IÆ. @A 6 ". . .  4 . . .  4 . .  . . P. ,. . a. T.  4. P  4. ,. . . . T . ­ ]°dfS. 

(42) .  4. . 4. bph q. 01 Y. : ;. 1. Y ;. 1 Y. 1 1 '. 1 . 1. U. 12. `. 6.  *. I. ,. , 3. 3. ; ; ;. I I. ,. 0. ;. 1 1. @ . 

(43) . ]_ojb7omgi`UxstW(dfWxmV ]_h„´igia°´=]chl¼dfSUWkUxsg q `Utdm]cgih#dmWxmV . 4. ; ; .   `. . 3. ;. *. I. ; @ =. à™áâÞà™ã.

(44) È sÈpÉ É§Æ É¹ÉEÆmÈ ^É Ç 

(45)  #ÈpÉ

(46)  Ç !fÆ" #ɧÆ%$&'% ­ SUWxmW 0 M. GHH HH HH HH H. I HHHJ.   *

(47)  ,.  . . .        P. ,. . ` C  . T. Y. +. Y. `. 3 ]4. .   4. a . 3. . +. a . .  . +. . . a . . `.  4. `. @ +. . . 

(48)  . . T . .     +. 5P. . 

(49)     . P  4. ,. 3 ]4. .  .  4  T.   +. . . a. ¤¦ h±dmSUW†be }gŠ´iW´iWtdmgixmo ¸ bph q xmWomkKWtdm]_´pWa°r»xsWkUxsWomWh„d¼dfSlW²acbpVn]chUbpx¼beh q dm`Uxm l`UacWh„d osdmxmWomo£dmWhUosgixmo ¸ ]coAdfSlWjVngia_Wt`Uacbpx£´=]_omtgpom]°d¤rbph q }dfSUW df`lxm U`Ua_Wh„d£W qUq rX´=]_omtgiom]°d¤r  Abph q q WhUgedfW'dfSUW acbpVn]chUbpx5bph q df`Uxs U`Ua_Wh„d%| Wr=hUgpa q o5h?`UV[ KWxso £bph q q WhUgpdmW dmSUW a§beVX]_hŒbpx bph q df`Uxs U`Ua_Wh„d(w‚xmbph q dmah?`UV }Wxmoj­ SU]ct~SbpxmWxmWomkKWtdm]_´pWa°r†W¨?`Œbpa"dfg  bph q 

(50)  ¸ bph q ]co dfSlWxfbedm]cg²gp˜ omkKWt]_ºUt#SUW:bedmo[gp˜'dmSUW¼«Œ`l] q  ]_o¢tgiVnkU`ldfW q ˜™xmgiV dmSUW\^`ldmSUWxsa§beh q a§b:­ bph q * ¥R'SUW¡dm`Uxm l`UacWhUtW5Vng q Wai]_oÞ`UomW q ]_htgih·yz`UhUtdm]cgph­ ]°dfS­&bpacae˜™`UhUtdm]cgphUo Ë ‰pÍ q W q `UtW q   I ˜™xmgpV kUS„r=om]_t:beaÞtgihUos] q Wxfb·df]_gihUo¥5¦¤h#˜Qbptd ¸ dmSUW(kUxmW ´=]cgi`lo dm`Uxm l`UacWhUtWW¨=`Ubedf]_gihUo bpxsWugihUa°r¼´ebpa_] q ˜™gixjSU]_iS^ÐÝ| Wr=hUgpa q o{h=`lV[ KWx(xmWi]_gihUo¥/R'SUW¢`Uos`ŒbpaosdfxmbedfWpr!]co/dfg¼a_g=t:bedmWdfSlW¢ }gp`Uh q bpxzr Âge˜ dfSlWjtgiVnkU`ldfbedf]_gihŒbpa q giVXbp]_hJ`Uk7dmgb(osVJbeaca q ]_osdfbphUtW

(51) b:­&b:r¢˜™xmgiV dfSUW'­&bpa_aŒ]ch7dfSlW dm`Uxm l`UacWh„d xmWi]_gih ž ˜QbpxzÐI­%beaca¹³gihUW Ÿ ¸ ­ SU]_t~S†i]°´iWojd¤­£gXk}gios]_dm]_´pW œ ]cxs]ct~SUa_Wd/tgph q ]°df]_gihUo ˜™gi&x *#bph q I 0  I" 

(52) # ž Ÿ *  * ! ÅÞWd $, % beh q $, xmWomkKWt df]°´iWa°r q WhUgpdmW{dfSUW/hUgixsVJbeaEbph q d~bphUpWh„df]cbpa9´iWt dfgix%bed'bph„rJk}gp]ch„d%ge˜ dfSlW­&bpa_&a ‚¥5R'SlW Kgi`Uh q bpxsrtgih q ]_dm]cgihlojgph!dmSUW }g q r#bexmWW v^kUxsWomosW q ˜™xsgiV 0 ؆b7oma_]ck²tgih q ]_dm]cgih ¸ bpkUkUa_]cW q dmg7dfSUWhUgixsVXbpa¹´iWacg=t]°d¤r 0 $, '  $, % ¸ Ø!dfSUW©d~behUiWh„dm]§bpa(tgiVnk}gphUWh„dge˜dmSUW3osSUW:bex²ozdfxmWomo!­ SU]ct~SM]co q W q `UtW q ˜™xmgiV dfSUW—˜™xm]_tdm]cgph ´pWa_g^t]_d¤r  ­ SUWxsW 0 Z. Z. . a . a. . . ,. Y. P. a. a . 3. @. >`. 4.  4. a. . 4@. +. . . 4. +. . `. . . Z . . 354.@. GHH HH. $, '  $,.  HH HHJ.

(53) 3 a.  ]°˜ (. 4 @. . . .

(54). Y. . a. 3K4. ) 

(55) *  .

(56) 1  -+ ,/. 0 324 gpdfSlWxs­ ]_omW ­ SUWxmWdfSUWtgihUosdfbph„dfo + bph q 2 bexmWomW djdmg +  5 bph q 2 76 

(57) 8 6 ¥ . I. . 4. .  . 3. 4. D. a. . â"âÀþUl÷çøå. Y. . E. Y. L.

(58) Ê A> È"}Ê ¹B ȌǤÆ"AÈ! ¡B Ê ‹ jWZY,acW. QSR Q. d hAab,\ Y,a WZY,acg . IÆ. @A 6 ". ^`\ Y,[]gih . R'SUWXomkŒb·df]cbpa5bpkUkUxsgŠv^]_VXbedf]_gihÒ]cob!tgiV[ l]chŒb·df]_gih½gp˜& }gedfS©ºŒhU]°dfWn´igia_`UVnW¼beh q ºŒhl]_dmWJWacWVXWh„d VnWdmSUg q o¥(R'SUW7tgiVnkU`ld~b·df]_gihŒbpa q giVXbp]_h ]co(beomom`lVXW q dmg KW7b¼ Kgi`Uh q W q k}gpa_r=igih©beh q ­£W ]_h?dmxmg q `UtWdmSUW(˜™gia_acgŠ­ ]_hU q WºŒhU]°df]_gihUo 0

(59) ]_ojb7dmxm]cbphUi`la§bedm]cgph!ge˜ ¸ %

(60) ]_o'dfSUW(dfged~bpa¹h?`UV }Wx/ge˜´pWxsdm]ctWo/]ch 

(61) ¸ v   gp˜Kdfxs]§bphliacW  ]_o5dmSUWjw'ˆjºŒhl]_dmW/WacWVXWh„d& Œbeom]_o5˜™`Uhltdf]_gih¼bpomosg^t]§bedmW q ­ ]_dmSJdmSUW'´iWxzdfW ¥ ¸ tbpa_acW q dmSUW q `ŒbpaEVXWomS!gp˜ 

(62) bph q VXb q W k½W q Wxm]°´iWb¢hUW ­MºŒhU]°dfWu´pgia_`UVnWkUbpxsdm]_dm]cgihgp˜ gp˜dfSUWtgih„dfxmgpa¹´igia_`UVnWo 2  bpxmgi`lh q W:bpt~S!´iWxzdfWv   ž omWW›]_U¥'ˆ Ÿ ¥ '. Z. '. Z. Z. '. j G1 I. i. G2. ›]ci`lxmW7ˆ0£š&gih„dfxsgia¹´igpac`UVnW 2  R'SUW©omkŒb·df]cbpa q ]_omtxmWdm]c³bedf]_gihgp˜ & ¨9¥ ˆ©]_o q Wxs]_´pW q ˜™xmgiV dfSUW—tgiV[ U]_hŒbedm]cgphgp˜b¾ºŒhU]°dfW ´igpac`UVnW(ost~SUWVnWbpkUkUa_]cW q dfg[dmSUW(tgih„´pWtdm]_´pWdmWxsVXo beh q b[ºŒhU]°dfW(WacWVXWh„d/ost~SUWVnWbpkUklac]_W q dfg dfSlW q ] E`Uos]_´pWnbph q osgi`UxmtW[dfWxmVno¥(R'SlWgixsWdf]_t:beakUxsg^gp˜™o/gp˜‚dfSlW¢tgiVnkŒb·df]_ U]ca_]°d¤r KWd¤­£WWh—dmSUWosW d¤­£g†˜™gixmV`Uacbedf]_gihUot:bph¾ KWn˜™gi`Uh q ]_h

(63) Ã!Wx Ë i ·Íÿ¥R'SUWosWVn]°Ð q ]_omtxsWdmWosr=osdmWV ¸ xmWom`Ua°df]_hU˜™xsgiV dfSlWbekUkUa_]ctbedf]_gih!gp˜dmSUW 8xsWWh^Ð  osdmxmgipxfb q o ¶ r  o ˜™gixmV`Ua§b ¸ t:bph! KW­ xs]_dsdfWh†bpo 0. à™áâÞà™ã.

(64) ÈsÈpÉ É§Æ É¹ÉEÆmÈ ^É Ç 

(65)  #ÈpÉ

(66)  Ç !fÆ" #ɧÆ%$&'% bpxmWb 2 

(67)    (   . . . . F. . . [. . ‰.

(68) . ?  . _ .   $,     ž Ÿ         ,   $ ,        $,     ­ SUWxmW

(69)  (  ( ,  ¥(\^gpa_´=]_hU dfSUW q ]costxsWdfW[osr=osdmWV tgihUom]_osdmo(]ch²ºŒh q ]_hU ¸ b·d{Wbpt~S hUW ­ dm]cVnW7a_W´pWa ( ¸ dmSUW[´iWtdmgix  ( `Uos]chl & ¨9¥J­ SlWxmW¢dmSUW[˜™gia_a_gG­ ]_hUbpklkUxmg:v^]cVXbedm]cgph VnWdmSUg q o/bexmW`UomW q 0   ="pƼÈ ! :  ~ÆXǤ"Æ " bpxmWJt:bpa_t`UacbedmW q gih3W:bpt~S¾dmxm]cbphUia_WX`Uom]_hU—b!tacbpomos]ctbpa%w'ˆÐ 8bpa_Wx ¶ ]_h ž tWh?dmWxsW q9Ÿ ˜™gixmV`Uacbedf]_gih ¸ pÆ  Ç pÆ%Ǥ"Æ  0ÞdfSUW&«U`^v¢ KWd¤­£WWh7d¤­&g(hUW]cpS= Kgixs]chU(tgih„dfxsgia=´pgia_`UVnWo 2  bph q 2 ¸ ]co tbpact`UacbedfW q dmSUxmgi`liS#dfSUW(]_h„dfWxz˜QbptW 2  ž omWW›]cU¥5 Ÿ `Uom]_hUJbph`Uk„­ ]ch q ºŒhl]_dmW´pgia_`UVnW ˜™gixsV[`Uacbedm]cgihE¥ÒR'SlW#tgih„dfxs]c l`ldf]_gih¾˜™gix¢VnWomS

(70) ´iWxsdfWv   ]_o¢gi ldfbp]chlW q  „r¾om`lVXVn]_hU—dfSUW WacWVXWh„d~bpxzr#«Œ`^v^Wojt:bpa_t`la§bedmW q ­ ]_dmS†bpa_aÞhUW]ciS? Kgixmo  0  $,

(71)   $$, #

(72)   $,

(73)  žY Ÿ  "% '&    "!   ­ SUWxmW 0 $, ( ) 

(74) tgixmxsWosk}gih q o'dfgXomgia_] q bph q ˜QbpxzºŒWa q  }gi`lh q bpxs]cWo 23    ]_o'2 dfSU

(75) W* omW 2 dj gp˜,hl+W]_i S?   }.gi- xs ]c 0hl/X1 ´p+ -W xs dm]ctWoj  2df/ g   #,$   $4, #  ]co'dfSlWhlgixmVXbpaE´pWt dfgix dfg7dfSlW]_h„dfWxs˜QbptW 2 .   ›Œgix&dfSlW(VXWbph«ŒgŠ­ª´pbexm]cbp Ua_Wo ¸ dmSUWu«Œ`^v¼dfSUxsgi`UiSdmSUW 2  ]_h„dfWxs˜QbptW]_o%tbpact`UacbedfW q `Uos]chl | g^W ®o Ë  KGÍÞh?`UVnWxm]_t:bea"«U`^v˜™`UhUt df]_gih 0  $$, #  6587 9  #,$ .   â"âÀþ Ul÷çøå . ,. . . . . . . . . '. . .  . . "#. . . . . . . . . .  "#. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? . + C. . . +. . . . + S. GHH HH HH HH. . H H. HH HJ. HH. . . . I HHH. + C. . . '. K ". . . . . [. K "#. . . _. +. +]. @. . . . . +. . . . ". + . +. .

(76) Ê A> È"}Ê ¹B ȌǤÆ"AÈ! ¡B Ê. ˆŠÑ . . @.    $, #    -    $, #  . IÆ. @A 6 ". . . @.  ›]_i`UxsW 0A¦¤h„dfWxz˜QbptW 2  so WkŒbpxmbedf]_hUn´iWxsdf]_tWo   bph q . ­ SUWxmW:beo[dfSUWX«Œ`^v q W´pWa_gikKW q ]_h Ë ˆ:ƒeÍ&]_o[`lomW q ˜™gpxdmSUWJdm`Uxm U`lacWh?d[´pbexm]cbp Ua_Wo¥²R'SU]_o«Œ`^v½SŒbpo ºŒxsosd5 }WWhJ]ch„dfxsg q `UtW q ˜™gix‚osgia°´^]_hUt~SUWVn]_t:bpa_a_rXxsW:bpt df]°´iW/|j]_WVXbphUhXkUxsgi Ua_WVno&beh q SUbpoAkUxmgŠ´iW q dfgÒkUxsWomWxs´pW†dfSUW!kKgiom]°df]°´=]_d¤r gp˜{W:bpt~S±tgiVnkKgihUWh„d¥¬›]chUbpaca°r ¸ dfSUW†\=dmWiWx¼bph q k½bpxmVn]_hU Ë pƒ·Í h?`UVnWxs]ctbpa}«Œ`=v¼˜™`Uhltdf]_gih]_o&`lomW q b·d£dmSUW/˜QbpxzºŒWa q  Kgi`Uh q bpxm]_Wo ?dfg[ }WjVngixmW/kUxmWt]_omW ¸ `Uk„­ ]ch q Ð ]_hU3]_on`UomW q ]_h±tgiheyz`UhUt df]_gih±­ ]°dfS±b©i]_´pWh±`UhU]°˜™gixmV ozd~bedmW  ­ SU]ct~S ]conom`lkUk}gpomW q dfg© }W xmWkUxmWomWh?dfbedf]°´iWgp˜dfSUW(«ŒgŠ­¿bed'dmSUWosW Kgi`Uh q bpxm]_Wo¥ R'SUW—bp KgŠ´iW²h=`lVXWxm]_t:bpaj«Œ`^v±]_h?dmWixmbedf]_gih»]_o¼gphUa_rºŒxsosd¼gix q Wx¼bett`lxfbedmWp¥M\^Wtgih q gix q Wx omkUbedf]cbpa„bptt`Uxmbptru]co"bpt~Sl]cW ´iW q  „r(`Uom]_hU/bph(W v=dmWhUos]cgihgp˜?´ebphÅ"WWx ®o Ë p‹pÍ?Ƶu\Uš%ÅXdfWt~SlhU]c¨?`UWAdfg `UhUozdfxs`Utdm`UxmW q VnWosSUWo ·dmSU]_o"bpkUkUxsg„bpt~StgihUos]cozdfo"]_hbekUkUa°r^]_hU/b%kU]_WtW ­ ]cosW&a_]chlW:bpxÞ]_h„dfWxsk}gpa§bedm]cgph dfg7gp ld~bp]_h#dfSUW(ozd~bedmWo  bph q  bed%dfSlW(]ch„dfWxs˜QbptW }W d¤­&WWh†tgih„dfxsgia}´pgiac`lVXWo 2  beh q 2 0 žK Ÿ ,:, $   ,9,  $ . ,:, $  , ,  $ . . , .  ­ SUWxmW  * .  Z ]_h²gedfSUWx%­&gix q o ¸ dmSUW]ch„dmWxmkKgiacbedf]_gih]_ojkKWxz˜™gixmVnW q gih¼dmSUW{klS?,"r=,6os]c,6t, bp$ aE´ebpxm]cbp Ua_Wo£]chlosdfWb q gp˜¹dmSUW{tgihUosWxs´ebedm]_´pWu´ebpxm]cbp Ua_Wo¥‚R'SUW(bpkUklxmg:v^]cVXbedmWuhUg q bpa ixmb q ]_Wh„d   ]_oJgi ^d~bp]_hUW q  „r b:´pWxfbei]chl½dfSUW 8bpacWx ¶ ]_h ixmb q ]_Wh„dfoJtgiVnkU`ldmW q gph±Wbpt~S dfxs]§behUia_Wge˜ 2  0  ,,6,6, $  ( $,  ,, $ bpxsW:b  žƒ Ÿ ,:, $    $,   . p b s x : W b. .  2  '  R'SUWtgihUozdfxs`Utdm]cgih²i]°´iWh² „r & ¨9¥ ž KGФƒ Ÿ xmWom`Ua°dfoj]_h†bnSŒbpa°˜ÌФ`Uk„­ ]_h q ž ›ŒxmgiVnV¢Ð¤a_] ¶ W Ÿ omt~SlWVnW ­ SU]_t~S¾]_ooskŒbedm]§bpa_a°r©omWtgih q gpx q Wxbett`lxfbedmWJ U`^dVXb:r©kUxsWomWh„d¢omkl`Uxm]_gi`Uogiomt]ca_acbedf]_gihUo]ch©dfSUW omgpac`ldm]cgphUo ¸ W v^kUxsWomos]chl(b'acgioso"gp˜=VXgphUgpdfgph?rp¥  hUW¡­&b:r(dfg t]_xmt`UV´pWh„ddmSU]co"kUxsgi Ua_WVÓ]_o¹dfg VXb ¶ W à™áâÞà™ã . . . . . . . +. 3. . . +. 4. . . . 6. . +. P. A Q. +. . +. . . . . P. #. +. . . . . . . . . . . T. . . . $.

(77) È sÈpÉ É§Æ É¹ÉEÆmÈ ^É Ç 

(78)  #ÈpÉ

(79)  Ç !fÆ" #ɧÆ%$&'% ˆiˆ b'tgiVnkUxsgiVn]cosW£ KWd¤­£WWhdmSUW¡ºŒxmozdgix q WxÞomt~SUWVnW%bph q dmSUWAomWtgih q gix q WxÞgihUWA „rbpklkUa_r=]_hUjoma_gik}W a_]cVn]°d~bedm]cgih½kUxmg=tW q `UxmWo¥ k½WJxmW˜™Wxdmg›ŒW³gi`U]£bph q

(80) œ Wxs´=]_W`^v Ë Y?Í5˜™gixb q W d~bp]_a_W q

(81) q Womtxs]ck^df]_gih gp˜‚dmSUWnbpkUkUa_]_t:bedm]cgih—ge˜AomW´pWxmbpa‚ac]_Vn]_dfbedf]_gih—kUxsg^tW q `lxmWo(]_hdfSlW¢tgih„dmW v=dgp˜‚dfSUW[kUxmWomWh„dºŒhU]°dfW Wa_WVnWh?d ·ºŒhU]°dfW´igia_`UVnW[Ƶu\Uš%Å3VXW dfSUg q ¥ QSR. . ac^. \. a. . Y,\   WY,a g . ¦ du]_o{­£Wa_a ¶ hUgŠ­ hdfSŒb·d(b¼ia_gi ŒbeaÜjW­'dfgph—]_dmWxfb·df]_gihosdfbpxsdm]chl¼˜™xmgiVÀbpxs U]°dfxfbexsr²]chU]°df]cbpa_]c³bedf]_gihUo t:behUhUgpd£ }W{bpkUkUa_]_W q dmg[tgpVXklxmWosom]_ Ua_W{«ŒgŠ­ o¥A¦¤h¼gpx q Wx5dmg¢bpkUklxmg„bpt~SJdfSUWjtgih„´pWxmpWhUtW q giVXbp]_h gp˜"b ž Vng q ]_ºUW q9Ÿ Ü/W­'dmgih]°dfWxfbedm]cgih ¸ bph & `lacWx&]_VXklac]_t]°d%df]_VnWub q ´pbehUt]_hU¢]_o&tgihUosdmxm`Ut dfW q ­ ]_dmS dfSlW˜™gpaca_gŠ­ ]chUn˜™W:b·df`UxsWo ž osWW›9W³gi`l]Þbph q \=dfgp` XWd Ë K·Í Ÿ 0 Ø É EÆmÈ 32ŠÈpÇ 4 0‚WvltWkld'˜™gpx&dfSUW(klxmg q `Utdm]cgph#kŒbpxsd%]ch#dfSlWuomgi`lxmtWudmWxsV ¸ dfSUW(a_]chlW:bpxs]c³bedf]_gih]co gi ^d~bp]_hUW q  ?rn˜™xsWW³]chl¢dfSUWu‡ibptgi l]§bph¼]ch¼|jg=W  o£«Œ`=v q ] }WxmWhUtW{omkUa_]_dsdf]_hU[˜™gix5tgph?´pWt df]°´iW dmWxmVno ¸ bph q  „rW vlbptd q ] }WxsWh„df]cbedm]cgih7ge˜ q ] }`Uos]cgihnbeh q omgp`UxmtW%dfWxsVno¥ /acosg ¸ dfSlW&df`Uxs U`^Ð a_Wh„d'´=]costgios]_d¤r ]_o%˜™xmgp³WhosgndmSŒbed%dmSUW *bph q .´ebpxm]cbp Ua_Wo bpxsW(tgi`lkUacW q dmg7W:bpt~SgpdmSUWx  U`^dA`UhUtgp`UkUa_W q ˜™xmgiV dfSUW&VXWbph7«ŒgŠ­±´ebpxs]§be UacWo¥Aš&gphUtWxmhU]_hUdfSUW%­&bpa_al˜™`UhUt df]_gihUo ¸  KgpdfS osac]_k†beh q osSUW:bexjozdfxsWomojtgph q ]°df]_gihUo/bpxmW(a_]chlW:bpxs]c³W qÞË ‰pÍ! Ø !fÆ ! Ç 467

(82) 0!]_dX]_oJkKWxz˜™gixmVnW q  „rÂ`Uom]_hU©ºŒxmozd¼gix q Wx 8(g q `UhUgŠ´Âomt~SUWVnW† KWt:be`UomW!]_d ]_oXdmxm] q ]cbpigihŒbea']ch œ beh q  KWdsdfWxXtgph q ]°df]_gihUW q dfSŒbeh±dfSlW²osWtgph q gix q WxngihUW ¸ ­ SU]_t~S ˜™`UxzdfSUWxmVngixsWklxmg q `UtWo/acbpxsiWx'VXbedmxm] v Œbph q ­ ] q dmSUo ž kKWh„d~b q ]§bppgihŒbpa¹]_h҈ œ(Ÿ  Ø 9É :mÈpÉ¡ Ç ¼Æ  ÇÝ<Æ =!7

(83) †È ! >A@CB¬É_È ' 0b#acg=t:beadf]_VnWXozdfWk3]_otgiVnkU`ldmW q gih©W:bpt~S3tWaca¡˜™xsgiV dmSUW(š&gi`lxfbph„d£h=`lV[ KWx ž q WhUgedfW q  ?r Dzš%›¡Å Fj]chXdfSUW/omW¨?`UWa Ÿ ¥AR'SUWš%›¡Åh?`UV }Wx%t:bphJ }W ˜™gix']_hUozd~bphUtW[beh!]_hUtxmW:beom]_hUJ˜™`Uhltdf]_gihgp˜df]_VnWdfb ¶ Wh†bpo'dmSUW]ch„´iWxmosWgp˜dfSlWhlgih^Фa_]_hUW:bpx xsWom] q `Œbea ž  hUgixsV Ÿ¸ ]_h†gpx q Wxjdmg¼Whlom`UxsWdfSlWkUxsgiixsWomos]_´pW¢os­ ]°dft~S˜™xsgiV dfSlW`UhlosdfWb q r kUSUbpomW(dfg7dmSUWbposr=Vnkldfgedf]_ttgih„´iWxsiWhltW  زW:bpt~Sdm]cVnWuozdfWk#]ch„´igpa_´pWo'dfSUW/omgia_`ldm]cgih#ge˜ÞdfSUWjd¤­&g7a_]chlW:bpx£osr=osdmWVno ž VnW:bph«UgG­ªbeh q df`Uxs U`^Ð a_Wh„dj´pbexm]cbp Ua_Wo Ÿ ¥ {kUklxmg:v^]cVXbedmW[omgpac`ldm]cgphUo/dmgXdmSUWosW[osr=ozdfWVnobpxsWgi ld~be]chUW q  „r`Uom]_hU#b a_]chlW:bpx5V[`Ua°df]_ixs] q ozdfxmbedfWprX ?rn´pgiac`lVXW{bpiia_giVnWxmbedf]_gihX­ SU]ct~S¼]co q Wostxm]_ KW q ]_hJdfSlW/hUWv=d osWtdm]cgph  زW:bpt~S#tbpa_t`Uacbedf]_gih#]_o&ozd~bpxzdfW q ˜™xsgiVÄb[`Uhl]_˜™gixsV«ŒgŠ­Mbeh qq xs]_´pWh#dfg[bed%a_W:bpozd b xmWom] q `Œbpa xsW q `Ut df]_gih¹¥ #  #      ! R'SUW²V[`Ua°df]_ixm] q VnWdmSUg q b q gik^dfW q SUWxsW†]_o¼ ŒbposW q gph±dfSlW†`UosWgp˜uVXbptxmg¾WacWVnWh„dfo ž VXbptxsg tgph?dmxmgia=´igia_`UVnWo Ÿ ­ SU]_t~SX˜™gixsV dfSUW%tg„bpxsomW q ]_omtxmW df]_³:bedm]cgihlo5ge˜ŒdfSUW%tgiVnkU`ldfbedf]_gihŒbpa q giVXbp]_h¹¥¦ d â"âÀþ Ul÷çøå . a . . @.  Y.

(84).

(85) Ê A> È"}Ê B¹ÈŒÇ¤Æ"AÈ! B¡Ê @A 6IÆ" Gˆ ]_obphW v=dmWhUos]cgih[gp˜ldmSUWAac]_hUW:bexV`Ua_dm]cpxm] q bpkUklxmg„bpt~S q W ´iWa_gikKW q  „r[ò`Ua q Wx Ë peÍ=bph q Å"bpaca_WVXbph q Æ Ç&ÈpÉ_ÊÌË ˆG ŠÍÞdfgXbpttWa_WxmbedfWdfSlWosgia_`ldf]_gih!gp˜a_]_hUW:bpx ozr^ozdfWVXo¥ a h. RUT.  \ ja . b g W.  . W. . dcg ^`\ ,  WZY,acg . . ¦¤h Ë ˆÍ{bph qMË ˆG GÍjdmSUWb q gikldmW q tg„bpxsomWhl]chU¾bpacpgixm]°dfSUV]_o¼ UbpomW q gih hlW]_iS? }gixs]chl¾xmWa§bedm]cgphUo¥ \=dfbpxsdm]chU˜™xsgiV b¼ºŒhUW¢`Uhlosdfxs`Utdm`UxmW q dmxm]cbphUi`la§bedm]cgph ¸ gihUW­%bph„dmodmgiWhUWxmbedfWnbSU]_Wxmbpxmt~S„r—ge˜ tgibpxmosWacW ´iWaco £dmSU]_o¢t:bph

(86)  KW#bpt~Sl]cW ´iW q `Uos]chUÒbRD¤ixmWW q r=FJd¤r^kKWtg„bpxmosWhU]_hUÒbpa_igixs]_dmSUV-dmSŒbed bposomWV Ua_WouhUW]cpS= Kgixs]chUXtgph?dmxmgiaÞ´pgiac`lVXWo{gp˜dfSUW(ºŒhlWosd{ixm] q ž Wp¥ U¥AdfSUgpomWSŒb:´^]_hU¼bXtgiVnVXgph  Kgi`Uh q bexsr Ÿ dfgn U`U]_a q dmSUWVXbptxsgXWacWVnWh„dfojgp˜"dfSUWtg„bpxmosWx'a_W´pWa ¸ bettgpx q ]_hU7dfg7dfSlWu˜™giaca_gŠ­ ]chl osdmWkUo 0   ÆmÈ lÈ ŒÈpÉÇ f Æm·=È É  ;·É # Æ~¼"Æ  Æ 2    É   = Æ  — È

(87)  : G:<>;

(88)  > 2   " ="Æ uÇ ŒÆ EÆ i1Ç ŒÇ  ·É  ·É ¼Æ <>F< >CfÆmÈpǤÆÈ E"Æ '

(89)    ŒÇIÈ 67

(90) 2  =Ç Œ<Ç XÇ 9

(91)   :ÒÇ Œ Æ E"Æ 

(92)  #""7

(93) +ŒÇ  ·É  ·É ¼Æ    2  '%4   ·Ç%ÈpÉ fÆm= È  # Æ 9É 7

(94) ¼<Ç ¼È  ·Ç Œ"Æ ¢Æ 9 Ç 7

(95)

(96)   

(97)   Ç ŒÆ Æ  Ç E "Æ 'XÇ "~9Æm Èp

(98) Ç¤Æ   :

(99) ½ È :!  ! ^ŒÇ Ç È   —ŒÈ É ½ 2Æ  9 GÇ :7<)

(100) ;

(101)   : ŒÇI È 67

(102) #ÈpÇ5ɧÆmÈ  Ç EÆ  Ç Œ2 Æ  E"Æ 

(103)  #"    2  '.

(104) 

(105)  <>;  G  ÇŒÆ E ÆiÇ1ŒÇ ·É ·É ¼Æ.   <>;. <>;. R'SUWjVJbe]ch¼b q ´ebph„d~bppWjge˜}dmSU]co5VnWdmSUg q ]_o5dmSŒbed5]_d£bpa_a_gG­ o£bphJbp`ldmgiVXbedf]_t iWhUWxfbedm]cgphJgp˜}dfSUW tgibpxmosWx q ]_omtxsWdm]c³bedf]_gihUoj­ ]_dmSUgi`ldj U`U]_a q ]chlbph„rtgibpxmosWdmxm]cbphUi`la§bedm]cgph¹¥ G/gŠ­&W ´iWx ¸ dfSU]_o/ozdfxmbedsÐ Wern]co5bpa_omgosdmxmgihUpa_r q Wk}Wh q Wh?d&gih7dfSUWjh?`UVnWxsgpd~bedm]cgphJgp˜EVnWomSX´iWxsdf]_tWo&]_hJdmSUW gixm]_i]_hŒbpaUºŒhUW VnWosS ž xmWVnWV[ KWx/dfSŒbed/ºŒhUW¢VnWomS´iWxsdm]ctWobpxsW[bpa_omgJºŒhUW¢VnWosS—tgih„dmxmgia"´igia_`UVnWo Ÿ ¥(›]chŒbeaca°r ¸ dfSlW/kUxsWosWh„d'osdmxfbedmWprn]_o&]_omgedfxmgpkU]ctj]_h¼hŒbedm`UxmW/bph q dfSUWxmW ˜™gixmW/ }WSŒb:´iWo£k}g=gixsa_rn]_hJdmSUW/klxmWosWhUtW gp˜SU]_iSUa°r#osdmxmWdmt~SUW q VXWomSUWo¥ RQ. . g W.  \. . a h W   g7ac^`WZYa g g lb$g . \5b)Y,a. . \. Y\  ^. . 3W†xmWt:bpa_a dfSŒbedXdfSlW†tgph?´pWt df]°´iW—«Œ`^v^WobpxmW²]ch„dfWixfb·dfW q  }W d¤­&WWh»d¤­£g

(106) tgih„dfxsgia'´igia_`UVnWo#ge˜ dfSlWnºUhUWozdVnWomS "dfSlWr©bpxsW7tgiVnkU`^dfW q ]ch—dmSUWnofbpVnW7­%b:r©gihÒb#tgibpxmosWXa_W´pWa ¸  KWd¤­£WWh½d¤­£g VXbptxsg¾Wa_WVnWh?dmo¥ G/gŠ­&W ´iWx ¸ gih dfSlW†tgibpxmosW†ixs] q o ¸ dfSU]_o¼tgiVnkU`ldfbedf]_gih»]_o¼a_]cVn]°dfW q dfg3ºUxmosd à™áâÞà™ã k.

(107) ÈsÈpÉ É§Æ É¹ÉEÆmÈ ^É Ç 

(108)  #ÈpÉ

(109)  Ç !fÆ" #ɧÆ%$&'% ˆŠ gix q Wx{bptt`Uxfbpt r† KWtbp`UosW¢hUg q bpaixfb q ]cWh?dmout:behUhUgpd{ }WW´ebpa_`ŒbedfW q bpo/dmSUWr†bpxsW[gih†dmSUWºUhUWozd VnWosS¹¥¾Ô&gedfS

(110) tgphUomWxs´ebedf]°´iW#´ebpxs]§bp lacWonbph q hUgixsVXbpa£´pWtdmgixmoXbpxsW]_h?dmWxsk}giacbedmW q  }W d¤­&WWhÂdfSUW q ] EWxmWh?d¢ixm] q o¥!R'SUWJtg„bpxsomWJixm] q ´ebpxm]cbp Ua_Wo[bpxmW q W q `UtW q  ?r©dmxfbphUoz˜™Wxgik}Wxfbedmgixmo ž q WºŒhUW q acbedfWx Ÿ ¥‚R'SlWhlgixmVXbpaE´pWt dfgixso ¸ ac]_h ¶ W q ­ ]°dfSWbpt~S²tg„bpxsomWVXbptxsgXtgih„dfxsgiaE´igpac`UVnW ¸ xsWos`Ua_d ˜™xsgiV dfSlW(om`UVnVXbedf]_gihgp˜"dfSlW{ºŒhUWx'ixm] q ´iWtdfgpxmo ž ˜™gix£dfSUW{ºUhUW(VnWomS!tgph?dmxmgiaK´igia_`UVnWo'dmSŒbed'SŒb:´pWb tgpVXVngihn Kgi`Uh q bpxsr­ ]_dmS7dfSUW'VXbptxmg(Wa_WVnWh?dmo Ÿ ?bpoAbuxmWom`Ua°d ¸ b·d‚VngiosdAgihlW&«Œ`^v¢]co‚tgiVnkU`ldfW q  KWd¤­£WWh²d¤­&gXVXbptxsgXtgih„dfxsgia¹´igia_`UVnWo¥. . R. g W.  \. . a h W   g7ac^`WZYa g g lhja a . \. Y\  ^. . R g#W´ebpa_`ŒbedfWdfSUW q ] }`Uom]°´iWnacbpVn]chŒbex(bph q dm`Uxm U`lacWh?d(dmWxsVXo(gph—btg„bexmomW7a_W´pWa ¸ xmWa§bedmW q  Œbeom]_o ˜™`UhUt df]_gihUo{bpxmWhUWW q W q ¥ k3WxmWtbpa_aSUWxmWdfSUWbpkUkUxsg„bpt~S²kUxmgikKgiosW q  „r Î g=gi U`Uo Æ Ç'ÈpÉ_ÊÌË ˆŠÑGÍ ž omWW bpa_omg š%bpxsxmÏ Ë ˆ:Í/˜™gixVngixmW q Wdfbp]ca_o Ÿ ¥ ¦¤h»dmSUWºŒhU]°dfW—WacWVXWh„d!˜™gpxmV[`la§bedm]cgph*gih*dfSUW†ºUhUW—ixm] q¹¸ dfSlW[W¨?`Œb·df]_gihUoubexmW]ch„dfWixfb·dfW q bph q beomomWV[ Ua_W q  „r!W q iWo ž tgih„´pWtdm]_´pW¢dfWxmVno Ÿ bph q dmxm]cbphUia_Wo ž q ] }`Uom]°´iWndfWxmVnobph q hUg q bpa¡pxfb q ]_Wh„dmo Ÿ ¥ /oudfxs]§bphliacWo q ghUgpdW v^]_osdgih—dfSlW7tg„bpxsomWxpxm] q o ¸ ]°d7]co7hlWtWomombpxsr

(111) dmg q WºŒhlWbhUW­ ˜™gixmV`Uacbedf]_gih¾˜™gix[dmSUW#t:beact`Ua§b·df]_gihÂgp˜ q ] E`Uos]_´pW!dmWxsVXo¥ 8bpacWx ¶ ]_h†bpklkUxmg:v^]cVXbedm]cgph!˜™gix beh?r¼˜™`UhUtdm]cgph

(112) t:beh! KWW v^kUxsWomosW q  „r 0

(113)    ­ SUWxmW  ]_odmSUW—´ebpac`lW—gp˜

(114) b·dVXWomSª´iWxzdfWv     beh q   ]co#dmSUW—hUg q bpau Œbeom]_o ˜™`UhUt df]_gih¾beomomg=t]cbedmW q dmg   bph q bpomosWV UacW q ˜™xmgiV dfSUWJw'ˆ¼ Œbpos]co˜™`UhUt df]_gihUo q WºUhUW q gph3Wbpt~S dfxs]§behUia_W ž WacWVXWh„d Ÿ dfSUbed¡d~b ¶ Wo‚kUbpxsd]ch¢dmSUW%ºŒhU]°dfW%WacWVnWh„d5om`UkUkKgixzd‚gp˜   ¥R'SUW%ºŒhU]°dfW'WacWVXWh„d ˜™gixsV[`Uacbedf]_gih7bekUkUa_]cW q dfg{dmSUW q ] E`lom]°´iW'acbpVn]chŒbex¡bph q dm`Uxm l`UacWh„d¡dfWxmVno¡omSlgG­ o¡dmSŒbeddfSUW%pWhUWxfbpa ˜™gixsV0gp˜dfSUWxsWom`la_dm]chU q ]_omtxsWdmW¨?`Œbph„dm]_dm]cWo q Wk}Wh q ojgihdfSUW]_h?dmWixmbpa_o 0     $, . . *,+ W. . . *,+ W. . . . *. . . .  . .

(115). . . + . . . ¸ bph q ­ SUWxmW ¥R'SlWX]_h„dfWixfbpa_o  bpxmW¢tbpa_t`UacbedfW q gph©dmSUW¢ºŒhUW Ÿ beh q W q iWo ž t:beomW Ÿ ¥ om`UVnVXbedm]cgih

(116) ge˜ ixs] q beh q bposomWV[ Ua_W q  „r3kKgi]_h„dfo ž t:bposW dfSlWomW¨?`Œbph„df]°df]_Woj „r#hUW]ciS? Kgixm]_hUXxmWa§bedm]cgphUo gih#´^]_xsdm`ŒbpaÞtg„bpxmosWk}gi]_h„dfo ¸ gix'W q pWo tgihlhUWt df]_hU d¤­£gJVXbptxmgXWa_WVnWh„dfo ¸ beaca_gŠ­ o dmg q WºŒhlWdmSUWtg„bpxsomWixs] q ]ch„dmWixmbpaco 0    $, ­ SUWxmW 0    $,     $,     â"âÀþ Ul÷çøå  +  + P. . . . . @.  . .  . .  .

(117). . . . . . .

(118). .  . . . . . . . . . .

(119). . . . .

(120) Ê >AÈ"}Ê B¹ÈŒÇ¤Æ"AÈ! B¡Ê @A 6IÆ" µ/hl˜™gpxsdf`lhŒbedfWa_r ¸ dfSlW%bp KgŠ´iW&tg„bpxsomW&pxm] q ˜™gixsV[`Uacbedf]_gih¢]_ohlgpdtgihUos]cozdfWh„d¡­ ]°dfSdfSUW£osd~beh q bpx q ºŒhU]°dfWWacWVXWh„d{˜™gixsV[`Uacbedf]_gih!gp˜dfSUW(ºŒhUWixs] q bpkUklxmg:v^]cVXbedm]cgihE¥£¦¤h˜Qbptd ¸ dfSUWxsWom`la_dm]chUJtg„bexmomW  Œbpos]cou˜™`lhUtdm]cgihlo(xmWos`Ua°df]_hU#˜™xmgiVÀbom`lVXVXbedm]cgphÒge˜5ºUhUW¢ixs] q gihlWobpxsW q Wkl]ct dfW q gih†dmSUWn›]_U¥ J]_hb!ˆ œ kKgi]_h?d/gp˜´^]_W­ ¸ bph q ]°d/]cojta_W:bpxjdfSŒb·d/dmSUW[tg„bpxmosWpxm] q ˜™gixsV[`Uacbedf]_gih]_ojhUgpd{bp Ua_Wdfg bpkUklxmg:v^]cVXbedmW¢bptt`UxmbedfWa_rdfSlWºŒhUWixm] q klxmgi Ua_WV¥/š&gihUosW¨?`UWh?dma_r²dfSUW[bp KgG´pW˜™gixsV[`Uacbedm]cgih²]co tgpVXklacW dfW q  „rnbutgixsxmWtdf]_gihn˜Qbptdmgix¡ºŒxsosdAkUxsgik}gpomW q ]_h Ë ˆŠÑeÍl˜™gixAbpkUkUxsg:vl]_VXbedfWa_r¢kUxmWomWxz´=]chUdfSUW tgphUom]_osdmWhUt r KWd¤­£WWh#d¤­£g¢ixs] q o¥‚R'SU]_o&˜Qbptdmgix ¸ V[`la_dm]ckUa°r=]chl7W:bpt~S q ] }`Uom]°´iWu«Œ`=v¼tgiVnk}gphUWh„d ¸ xmWVXbp]chlo/tgihUosdfbph„d ˜™gix'W:bpt~S²bpkUklac]_t:bedm]cgph†bph q ]_o W v^kUxmWomosW q ˜™xsgiV 0  ,   ž MiŸ . ­ ° ] f d S 3   , ­ SUWxmW ]_o dmSUWomkŒbetW q ]cVnWhUom]_gihbeh q  dmSUW(dfgpdfbpa¹h?`UV }Wx/gp˜tgibpxmosWVXbptxmgnWa_WVnWh?dmo¥ ˆ:Y. P. .   @. P. Φ. 1. .   @. Φ J+1. J. φ = "hat" function Φ = "plate" function. φi. φ i+1. φ i+2. Φ = φ i + φ i+1 J. fine grid indexes. 0 i-1. i. i+1. i+2. i+3 coarse grid indexes. ›]cp`UxmW 05š&gpVXkUbpxm]_omgih²gp˜£ˆ œ  Œbpom]_o ˜™`UhUtdm]cgphUo gp˜dmSUW(ºŒhUWbph q tgibpxmosWpxm] q o J-1. R. V. ]d. Y,a. J. ,ach g . d iYa g . J+1. b[]\_^`\. ¦¤hdfSlW7ac]_hUW:bexuV[`Ua°df]_ixs] q VnWdmSUg q ž gix{tgixmxsWt df]_gih©omt~SUWVXW Ÿ dfSUW¢tgixmxsWt df]_gihUo(gp˜AdfSlW[ºŒhUW¢pxm] q omgpac`ldm]cgph bpxsWtgiVnkU`ldmW q gih

(121) dfSUWtgibpxmosW!pxm] q o¥  h dmSUW#ºŒhUWosdJixm] q¹¸ ­&W!omgia°´iW!kŒbpxzdf]cbpa_a_rÂb a_]chUWbpx{ozr=osdfWV xsWom`la_dm]chU˜™xsgiVdfSUW[ac]_hUW:bexm]_³:bedm]cgih†gp˜‚dfSUWW¨?`Œbedm]cgphUo(i]°´iWh—]_hosWtdm]cgphÒ ^¥uÅÞWd `Uo q WhUgpdfW 0 bpxsW:b 2  - ž‹ Ÿ

(122) ( 5  5

(123) ­ SUWxmW  ‚]_o dfSUWdf]_VnW[]_hUtxsWVnWh„d ¸ 5 ¸ ¸ bph q xsWomkKWt df]°´iWa_r†xmWklxmWosWh„dudmSUWtgih„´iWtdf]°´iW ¸ dfSlW q ] E`lom]°´iW ž a§bpVn]_hŒbpx£bph q df`Uxs U`Ua_Wh„d Ÿ beh q dmSUW{osgi`UxmtW/dmWxmVÄWvlklac]_t]°d&«Œ`=vlWo¥  h¼dfSlW/gpdmSUWx SŒbph q¹¸ 5 ¸ ¸ bph q bexmWudfSlWtgixmxsWosk}gih q ]chl‡ibptgi U]cbph!VJb·dfxm]_tWo ž t:beact`Ua§b·dfW q ˜™xmgiV dfSUW à™áâÞà™ã . . . . Q. . Q . Q . . Q (' Q . Q. '. Q. ' Q. . . . ('.

(124) È sÈpÉ É§Æ É¹ÉEÆmÈ ^É Ç 

(125)  #ÈpÉ

(126)  Ç !fÆ" #ɧÆ%$&'% ˆK ºŒxsosd'gix q Wx&omt~SUWVXW(˜™gix5dfSUW{tgih„´iWtdm]_´pWdmWxmV Ÿ ¥Zk½Wutbph#xmW ­ xm]°dfW{dmSUW(bp KgŠ´iW(a_]chlW:bpx%ozr=osdfWV bpo ˜™gia_acgŠ­ o 0 ž‰ Ÿ

(127) ( 

(128) ( ( , ­ SUWxmW

(129) ( tgpxmxmWomkKgih q odfg†dmSUW#bpkUklxmg:v^]cVXbedmW q omgia_`ldm]cgihE¥—›Œ`ldfSUWxmVngixsW ¸ ­£W q WºUhUWdfSUW xmWom] q `Œbpa ­ SU]_t~S±p]_´pWo7dfSUWxs]ciS„dzФSŒbph q os] q W#gp˜/dmSUW#a_]chUWbpx7osr=ozdfWV dmg© }W#osgia_´pW q gih

(130) dfSUW tgibpxmosWpxm] q 0 ž ˆŠÑ Ÿ

(131) ( ,   R'SUWWxmxsgix dfWxsV ¸ gp ld~bp]_hUW q  „r#dfSlWosgiac`^df]_gih†gp˜dfSUWxsWom] q `ŒbeaW¨=`Ubedf]_gih ž tg„bexmomWixs] q osr=oÝÐ dfWV Ÿ ]cokUxmgpacgihl„bedfW q dfg†tgixsxmWt d¢dfSlWomgia_`ldm]cgih½gih¾dfSUWXºŒhUWpxm] q ¥R'SUW#beacigpxm]°'dfSUV tgphUom]_osdmo ]_h3osgia_´=]_hU  beh q t:bphÒ }W7­ xs]_dsdfWh3bpo ž V`Ua°df]_ixm] q beacigpxm]°dfSUVÀ˜™gix(gihUW Ð tr=ta_Wn­ ]_dmS ‡ibptgi U]ÞomVng=gpdfSlWx Ÿ 0 0

(132)

(133) V[`Ua°df]_ixs] q omgia_`ldm]cgih²bpkUklxmg„bpt~Sl]chU

(134) ( gih#dfSUW(ºŒhUWixs] q ­ ]°dfS   Ñ ¸  R   ! 0A]_hU]_dm]§bea¹omgia_`ldm]cgihgp˜dfSlW(xmWacb·vlbedm]cgih!VnWdmSUg q ˜™gix'osgia°´^]_hUndfSUW(ozr=osdfWVgih  ¸ ˜™gix   ž ­ SUWxsW  ]_o dmSUWh?`UV[ KWxjgp˜acW ´iWa_o Ÿ¸ *  (   bph q    ( xmWomkKWt df]°´iWa°r q WhUgedfWndfSUWXkUxmgpacgihl„bedf]_gihÒbph q xmWosdfxs]ct df]_gih½gpk}Wxfbedmgixmo ž q WºŒhlW q acbedmWx Ÿ¸ # bph q # bpxsWudfSUWh?`UV }Wxmo{ge˜kUxsW Уbph q kKgiosdzФosVXg=gpdmSU]chl ¸  ]co'dmSUWxmWacb·vlbedm]cgih˜Qbpt dfgix'gp˜dfSlW]°dfWxfbedm]_´pWVXW dfSUg q¹¸   !   ! ]_ojdmSUW(VXbedfxs]°v#gi ld~be]chUW q  „r#dmSUW q ]costxsWdf]_³:b·df]_gih†gih  ¸    ! ]_o'dfSUWxm]_iS„d SŒbph q os] q Wgp˜osr=osdmWVgih  ¸ bpxmWb 2  - ¥  }’ Ö Ð !#"%$&(')"!(*+ 0, !  ž omgia_`ldf]_gih!gi ldfbp]chlW q bed'dfSUWkUxsW´=]_gi`Uo ' Фt r^tacW Ÿ }’ Ö-¬Ð/.10325476589*:*1<;>=?"A@CB"%$(B>D%$("!(*+E*GFHB5*%0I0J2B5! *+>6 0¡˜™gi&x * K  . . . +. . . . . . . . . ". . . . . . . . .  +. \+. A. @. . . . . . . . . . .  +.   ! L  ]°]°˜˜ *N* M R'SUW(˜™gia_a_gG­ ]_hUXhUg q W­ ]_omW C O l  acg=t ¶ i‡ bptgi U]Þ]°dfWxmbedf]_gih!]cojbpklkUac]_W q â"âÀþUl÷çøå . Y +. ^+. +. ž ˆiˆ Ÿ. . . . 0.

(135) Ê A> È"}Ê ¹B ȌǤÆ"AÈ! ¡B Ê. ˆŠƒ. K # !  ! ,      !   !     ! ,     !     !    ( !     (    ! ,        ! .   ! ­ SUWxmW   ( ! ]_o/dmSUW¢xsWosdmxm]_tdmW q xmWom] q `Œbpa˜™xmgiVa_W´iWa *!dmgacW ´iWa * beh q xsWomWh„dfo/b q ]_omtxmW df]_³:bedm]cgih²gp˜dfSUWtgph?dm]ch?`Ugp`Uo/gpk}Wxfbedmgix'gih#dfSUWa_W´pWaA*}¥ }’ Ö

(136) ¬Ð/.*6 74 689*:*G<; >=C"A@N.103*+$ *:>=%">! *+ *GFHB5*%0I0J2B5! *+>6 0¡˜™gp&x *  , K    !    !  (      ( !    !    ! K #    ! -    !    ! ,   !   !    ! .        . . . . . . . . . . +.  +. . IÆ. @A 6 ". ^+. ž ˆG Ÿ. . 2 0. :. . . =.  +. . . .  . \+ . 0. . . ! xsWk^Ð. DA. . . .  . .   !.   . . . +. .  +. ^+. @. ž ˆŠ Ÿ.     !     !    !    ! ­ SUWxmW  (     ( xmWklxmWosWh„dfo(dmSUW¢kUxsgeyzWt dfW q tgixmxsWt df]_gih˜™xmgiVa_W´pWa * dfgJacW ´iWa* ž tg„bpxsomWixs] q tgpxmxmWtdm]cgih Ÿ ¥ }’ ÖÐ A"%$ D%.%@%" 2 0,  (   ! R W   \ lg f\ WYg   tgih q ]_dm]cgih3dfg†gp ld~bp]_h½V`Ua°df]_ixm] q W ÁJt]cWhUtr Ë M Í£]_odmSŒbeddfSlW¼om`lVXVXbedm]cgph¾gp˜%dmSUWJgpx q Wxmo[ge˜ dfSlW¢dfxfbehUos˜™Wxgpk}Wxfbedmgixmou]_oixmWbedfWx{dfSUbph—dfSUWngix q Wx(gp˜AdmSUWnkŒbpxsdm]§bea q ] EWxmWh?dm]§bea‚W¨?`Œbedm]cgih©dfg  KW²osgia_´pW q ¥ªR'SU]_o¼tgih q ]°df]_gih ¸%q W´iWacgpk}W q ]ch Ë p‰·Í{beh qÓË ‹eÍ ¸ xmW¨=`l]cxsWo]_h gix q Wxndfg3omgia°´iW!dfSUW Ü{b:´=]_WxzÐÝ\=dfg ¶ Wo(W¨?`Œbedf]_gihUo ¸ dfSUbed{W]_dmSUWx{kUxmgia_gihUibedf]_gih†gpx{xmWosdmxm]_tdf]_gih— KW[a_]chlW:bpxI¥ G/gŠ­£W´pWx ¸ b a_]chUWbpx¡]_h„dfWxsk}gpa§bedm]cgph7]co¡hlgpd¡Wbpom]_a_r[ U`U]_a_d¡]ch7behnbpiia_giVnWxmbedf]_gih¢tgih„dfW v=d¥¡¦¤h7gi`Uxt:bposW ¸ ­£W ¶ WWk dfSlW¢ofbpVnW7gix q Wx/˜™gix{ KgpdfS—xsWozdfxm]_tdm]cgph3beh q kUxmgpacgihl„bedf]_gih†­ Sl]ct~S©]_o(]ch©bpttgix q bphUtW[­ ]°dfS—dfSUW à™áâÞà™ã. . . ,. . . . . A. . . . .

(137) È sÈpÉ É§Æ É¹ÉEÆmÈ ^É Ç 

(138)  #ÈpÉ

(139)  Ç !fÆ" #ɧÆ%$&'% ˆM kUxsW´=]cgp`Uotgih q ]°df]_gih©gihUa°r˜™gixudmSUWntgih„´pWtdm]_´pWbpklkUxmg:v^]cVXbedm]cgph ¸  U`ldbpa_acgŠ­ o U`U]_a q ]chU!om]_VnkUa_W bph q!q ]cbpigihUbpaca°r q giVn]chŒbeh?djtg„bpxmosWpxm] q VXbedmxm]_tWo¥ k½W q W ºŒhUW 0/ bpo'dfSUW(osgia_`ldf]_gih!gih#dfSUW *

(140) acW ´iWa ¸ ­£WhlgpdfW(dfSlWu´pbeac`UW + 0/   ]_h#dfSUW +  K   ¥  Jozr=osdfWVgp˜a_W´pWAa * K   ( Ö ‘’:“ Q•p’ Ú ÂÚ ‚Ö “G”l’ Ú “ ˜™gix + / osgiac`^df]_gihUo 0     ( bpxsW:b     . ž ˆ:Y Ÿ     (    (  ! bpxsW:b  ( . . ­ SU Wxm W  q WhUgedfWoXdfSUW!omW d¼ge˜{dfSlW u]_h q W v^Wo¼gp˜  ³gihUWo¼gihÂdfSUW²acW ´iWIa *

(141) ­ ]_dmS ( 1  . ! ¥*R'SU]_oJgikKWxmbedfgpxXdmxfbphUoz˜™WxsoXdmSUW²osgia_`ldf]_gih ˜™xsgiV a_W´iWIa *

(142) dfg3acW ´iWa * ]chgix q Wx%dmg7 U`U]_a q gihUa°r¼dmSUW q ]_omtxmWdm]c³bedf]_gih²gp˜"dfSUW(tgih„df]_h=`lgi`Uojgik}Wxfbedmgix%gih#dmSU]co a_W´pWa}bph q ]co5hUgpd5`UosW q ]_hndfSUWjV[`Ua°df]_ixs] q tr=ta_Wp¥A¦ d5]co£bu­&W]cpS?dmW q bekUkUxmg:v^]_VJb·df]_gih¼gp˜}dfSUW a_W´pWAa *osgia_`ldf]_gih¹¥  | Gu\gih!a_W´iWCa * Ö ‘’:“ Q•p’ Ú Ú ‚Ö “G”l’ Ú “ ˜™gix%dmSUWxs]cpS?djSŒbeh q os] q W 0  

(143)    ( ¥5R'SUW[& ]_o gi ld~be]chUW q  „r#os`UVnVXbedf]_gih†ge˜¡|&Gu\¼˜™xmgpV acW ´iWa%*K¥‚¦ d/]_o q WºUhUW q bpo 0 . . +S . .  +. .  . . . . .  +. S. ^+. . 

(144) . . . . . . 

(145) . .  . .  . . . . \+. .  . . . ž ˆK Ÿ  

Références

Documents relatifs

It is obvious that the steel showed the plastic strain memory effects at each test temperature, in other words, in spite of the hardness of the steel cyclic stress,

Les cités et leur territoire d'influence sont administrées par de puissantes familles, celles de l'aristocratie terrienne et marchande, qui tirent leur légitimité de

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des

In this paper, we have defined the steady-state control problem for MDP, and shown that this question is decidable for (ergodic) MDP in polynomial time, and for labeled MDP

constat, unanime en Colombie, que la résolution des conflits par élimination de “l’opposant” est l’une des caractéristiques de la violence nationale. Première

Automatic test data generation, structural testing, constraint solving techniques, global constraints 1.. Structural testing techniques are widely used in unit or module testing

Trois autres échantillons du pool CHAT étaient également gardés au Center for Disease Control et ont été inclus dans cette analyse (CHAT pool 13, CHAT type 1 Wy4B-5, CHAT 1FL)..

Un habitat de La Tène moyenne et finale à Berry-au-Bac au lieu-dit “ Le Chemin de la Pêcherie ” (Aisne).. Jérôme Dubouloz, Michel Plateaux,