• Aucun résultat trouvé

Aerosol - Cloud Target Classification in HALO Lidar/Radar Collocated Measurements

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Aerosol - Cloud Target Classification in HALO Lidar/Radar Collocated Measurements"

Copied!
5
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

HAL Id: insu-03121139

https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-03121139

Submitted on 26 Jan 2021

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers.

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

To cite this version:

Eleni Marinou, Florian Ewald, Silke Gross, Martin Wirth, Andreas Schaefler, et al.. Aerosol - Cloud Target Classification in HALO Lidar/Radar Collocated Measurements. EPJ Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, 2020, 237, pp.08002. �10.1051/epjconf/202023708002�. �insu-03121139�

(2)

AEROSOL ­ CLOUD TARGET CLASSIFICATION IN HALO

LIDAR/RADAR COLLOCATED MEASUREMENTS



EleniMarinou1,FlorianEwald1,SilkeGross1,MartinWirth1,AndreasSchaefler1,Quitterie

Cazenave2andJulienDelanoë2

1Deutsches Zentrum für Luft­undRaumfahrt(DLR),Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre,

Oberpfaffenhofen82234,Germany.

2Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Guyancourt, France

*Email:Eleni.Marinou@dlr.de

ABSTRACT

3DUWLFOH DWWHQXDWHG EDFNVFDWWHU DQG GHSRODUL]DWLRQ UDWLR DW  QP IURP WKH :$/(6 :DWHU 9DSRU /LGDU([SHULPHQWLQ6SDFH LQVWUXPHQWDUHXVHGLQ FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK WKH UDGDU UHIOHFWLYLW\ IURP WKH *+]0,5$FORXGUDGDULQRUGHUWRSHUIRUP DQ DHURVROFORXG WDUJHW FODVVLILFDWLRQ RQ WKH OLGDUUDGDU FROORFDWHG REVHUYDWLRQV FDUULHG RXW ZLWK WKH +LJK $OWLWXGH DQG /2QJUDQJH UHVHDUFK DLUFUDIW +$/2  LQ KLJK WHPSRUDO DQG VSDWLDO UHVROXWLRQ

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

$HURVRO FORXGV DQG WKHLU LQWHUDFWLRQV ZLWK HDFK RWKHU EXW DOVR ZLWK UDGLDWLRQ DQG SUHFLSLWDWLRQ LQIOXHQFH ZHDWKHU DQG FOLPDWH $HURVROV DFW DV FORXG FRQGHQVDWLRQ QXFOHL DQG LFH QXFOHL LQIOXHQFLQJ WKH FORXG PDFUR DQG PLFURSK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV DQG SUHFLSLWDWLRQ LQLWLDWLRQ 'HVSLWH RI WKHVLJQLILFDQWLQIOXHQFHDHURVROVDQGFORXGVKDYH RQ FOLPDWH WKH TXDQWLILFDWLRQ RI WKHLU HIIHFW SUHVHQWV D ODUJH XQFHUWDLQW\ ZKLFK FDQ EH SDUWO\ DWWULEXWHG WR WKHLU VSDWLRWHPSRUDO YDULDELOLW\ DQG WKHGLYHUVLW\RIWKHRFFXUULQJSURFHVVHV>@ ,QRUGHUWREHWWHUTXDQWLI\WKHDHURVROVDQGFORXGV HIIHFW RQ FOLPDWH DQG WR LPSURYH WKH GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKHLU LQWHUDFWLRQV KLJK

VSDWLRWHPSRUDO DQG YHUWLFDOO\ UHVROYHG REVHUYDWLRQV RI WKHVH IHDWXUHV DUH RI JUHDW DVVLVWDQFH /LGDUUDGDU FROORFDWHG PHDVXUHPHQWV RI DHURVROV DQG FORXGV LV RI XQSUHFHGHQWHG VLJQLILFDQFHWRZDUGVWKLVJRDO6HYHUDOV\QHUJLVWLF REVHUYDWLRQV DUH FXUUHQWO\ XWLOL]HG XQGHU WKLV FRQFHSW DSSOLHG DW WKH IUDPHZRUN RI JURXQG EDVHG 5HVHDUFK ,QIUDVWUXFWXUHV HJ $&75,6 $50  DQG DW DLUERUQH DQG VSDFH SODWIRUPV HJ +$/25$/,&$/,362&/28'6$7 

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

OLGDUDQGWKHUDGDUUHIOHFWLYLW\ Z IURPWKHFORXG UDGDU

7R GHYHORS WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ PDVN DQG GHPRQVWUDWHits’SHUIRUPDQFHZHXVHWKHGDWDVHWV REWDLQHG GXULQJ WKH 1$:'(; H[SHULPHQW

(3)

LQFOXGLQJFROORFDWHGOLGDUUDGDUDHURVRODQGFORXG REVHUYDWLRQV IURP RYHUIOLJKWV RI WKH 1RUWK $WODQWLF 2FHDQ IRU D SHULRG RI RQH PRQWK )URP WKLV GDWDVHW ZH GHULYH WKHDQGZ SDUDPHWHUV DQG SHUIRUP WKH DHURVROFORXG FODVVLILFDWLRQRIWKHDWPRVSKHULFIHDWXUHVLQKLJK WHPSRUDO UHVROXWLRQ ,Q WKH IXWXUH WKLV EDVLF W\SLQJ ZLOO EH XVHG IRU GHWHFWLQJ WKH QHFHVVDU\ IHDWXUHV DV IRU H[DPSOH RQ WKH DHURVROFORXG LQWHUDFWLRQ SURFHVVHV DQG RQ WKH UHWULHYDO RI DHURVROV DQG FORXGV RSWLFDO DQG PLFURSK\VLFDO SURSHUWLHV>HJ@

7KH ZRUN LV VWUXFWXUHG DV IROORZV ILUVW WKH 1$:'(; H[SHULPHQW LV EULHIO\ LQWURGXFHG LQ VHFWLRQ  WKHQ WKH PHWKRGRORJ\ WR GHULYH WKH DHURVROFORXG FDWHJRUL]DWLRQ LV GHVFULEHG LQ VHFWLRQ  7KH PHWKRGRORJ\ LV DSSOLHG DQG DQDO\]HGLQVHFWLRQDQGFRQFOXVLRQVDQGIXWXUH ZRUNDUHGUDZQLQ6HFWLRQ

2.METHODOLOGY 2.1NAWDEX

7KH 1RUWK $WODQWLF :DYHJXLGH DQG 'RZQVWUHDP ,PSDFW ([SHULPHQW 1$:'(;  ZDV FRQGXFWHG DERYH WKH GRPDLQ >: – ( 1 –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erosolClassification

,QRUGHUWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKHTXDQWLWLHVXVHGIRUWKH DHURVRO  FORXG FODVVLILFDWLRQ WKH WLPHKHLJKW FURVV VHFWLRQV RI WKHVH TXDQWLWLHV DUH VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  IRU WKH GD\ RI  7KH DWPRVSKHULF IHDWXUHV DUH ZHOO VHHQ LQ WKH UDGDU UHIOHFWLYLW\ WRE  WKH SDUWLFXODWH DWWHQXDWHG EDFNVFDWWHU FRHIILFLHQW FHQWHU  DQG WKH SDUWLFOH GHSRODUL]DWLRQUDWLR ERWWRP 6HYHUDOLFHFORXGV DUH YLVLEOH XS WR  NP  DORQJ ZLWK ZDWHU FORXGV

EHOORZ a NP  %HWZHHQ WKH FORXGV WZR GLVWLQFWLYH DHURVRO OD\HUV DUH REVHUYHG RQH EHWZHHQ  DQG  87& ZLWK> 10   DQG HQKDQFHG

 30 ± 3%  DQG

RQH EHWZHHQ  WR  87& ZLWK ORZ DWWHQXDWLRQ < 10    DQGGHSRODUL]DWLRQ

EHWZHHQaDQG 

)LJXUH  +$/2 REVHUYDWLRQV DW 1$:'(; RQ  )URP WRS WR ERWWRP 0,5$ FORXG UDGDU UHIOHFWLYLW\ :$/(6SDUWLFOHDWWHQXDWHGEDFNVFDWWHUFRHIILFLHQWDWQP DQG:$/(6SDUWLFOHGHSRODUL]DWLRQUDWLRDWQP

)RU WKH W\SLQJ RI DWPRVSKHULF IHDWXUHV LH WKH RSWLFDOGRPLQDQWVFDWWHUHGW\SHZDQG

REVHUYDWLRQV DUH XVHG IRU WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ EHWZHHQ DHURVROV DQG FORXGV $X[LOLDU\ WR WKH REVHUYDWLRQVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHSUHVVXUHDQGZDWHU YDSRU ILHOGV IURP WKH (&0:) HQVHPEOH (XURSHDQ &HQWHU IURP 0HGLXP 5DQJH :HDWKHU )RUHFDVW LVXVHG7KHFRPSOHWHW\SLQJSURFHGXUH LVOLVWHGLQ7DEOHDQGLVGHVFULEHGEHORZ2YHUDOO WKHFODVVLILFDWLRQLVEDVHGRQPYHUWLFDODQG VHF a  NP  DYHUDJHG SURILOHV RI OLGDU DQG UDGDU REVHUYDWLRQV

,Q WKH ILUVW VWHS WKH FODVVLILFDWLRQ XWLOL]HV WKH FORXG UDGDU REVHUYDWLRQV DQG ZKHUH D IHDWXUH LV GHWHFWHG IURP WKH UDGDU ZQRW HTXDO WR WKH ILOO

YDOXH WKLVIHDWXUHLVFRQVLGHUWREHFORXGVXUIDFH RULQVHFWVDQGLWVVSHFLILFFODVVLILFDWLRQLVKDQGOHG E\WKHPHWKRGRORJ\GHVFULEHGLQ>@)RUWKHELWV ZKHUH ERWK OLGDU DQG UDGDU VLJQDOV DUH WRWDOO\

(4)

DWWHQXDWHG WKH FHOO LV FDWHJRUL]HG DV SUHVHQW RI OLTXLGXQNQRZQ VDPHDVLQ>@ 7KHDWPRVSKHUH LV FODVVLILHG DV FOHDU VN\ LI  < 1 × 10   D WKUHVKROG ZKLFK LV ZHOO EHORZ

WKH JLYHQ UDQJH RI DHURVROV RI WKH &$/,362 FODVVLILFDWLRQ>@7KHREVHUYDWLRQVZLWK > 2 × 10  DUHFODVVLILHGDVFORXGVDZHOO

VXLWHG WKUHVKROG IRU WKH GLVFULPLQDWLRQ EHWZHHQ DHURVROV DQG FORXGV DV WKH ODUJHVW RYHUODS EHWZHHQ WKH WZR IHDWXUHV LV IRXQG LQ WKH  UHJLRQ EHWZHHQ 4 × 10   DQG 1 ×

10  >@ 7KLV WKUHVKROG YDOXH LQ WKH

 LV DOVR XVHG LQ WKH &ORXGQHW IRU WKH

GLVFULPLQDWLRQ EHWZHHQ DHURVROV DQG FORXGV >@ 8WLOL]LQJ WKH   WKH OLGDU REVHUYDWLRQV ZLWK  < 1% DUH FRQVLGHUHG WR EH ZDWHU FORXGVDQGZLWK> 38%LFHFORXGV

7KH DIRUHPHQWLRQHG GHFLVLRQV DUH EDVHG RQ HDFK OLGDUUDGDU REVHUYDWLRQDO ELQ )XUWKHUPRUH VRPH ILOWHUHV DUH DSSOLHG WR DFFRXQW IRU WKH &LUUXV IULQJHVDQGWKHIHDWXUHVFRKHUHQFH7KHILOWHUVDUH GHVFULEHGKHUHRQ

&LUUXVIULQJHVIRUWHQXRXVLFHFORXGV,ILQDWDUJHW ELQWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLVOHVVWKDQ0°C and the bin is adjusted to an ice cloud (within the ± 180 m vertical and ± 2 km horizontal window), thenWKH WDUJHW ELQ LV FDWHJRUL]HG DV FLUUXV VLPLODU DV “Fringe amelioration” LQ &$/,362 >@ DQG LQ &ORXGQHW>@FDWHJRUL]DWLRQV 

&RKHUHQW ILOWHU IRU FOHDU VN\ LI LQ WKH [ FHOO DURXQGDWDUJHWELQWKHUHDUHPRUHWKDQELQV RXW RI WKH WRWDO   WKDW DUH FDWHJRUL]HG DV FOHDU VN\ IURP WKH SUHYLRXV ILOWHUV  WKH ELQ RI LQWHUHVW LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH FOHDU VN\ 7KLV ILOWHU GHDOV ZLWK WKHUDQGRPPROHFXODUQRVH

&RKHUHQWILOWHUIRUFORXGVLILQD[FHOODURXQGD WDUJHW ELQ WKHUH DUH PRUH WKDW  ELQV RXW RI WKH WRWDO   WKDW DUH FDWHJRUL]HG DV FORXGV WKH ELQ RI LQWHUHVWLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHFORXG

&RKHUHQWILOWHUIRUDHURVROVLILQD[FHOODURXQG D WDUJHW ELQ WKHUH DUH OHVV WKDQ  ELQV RXW RI WKH WRWDO   WKDW DUH FDWHJRUL]HG DV FORXGV FOHDU VN\ WRWDOO\ DWWHQXDWHG VXUIDFH RU LQVHFWV WKH ELQ RI LQWHUHVWLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHDHURVROV

7KH UHPDLQLQJ REVHUYDWLRQV WKDW DUH QRW FDWHJRUL]HGDVFORXGVFOHDUVN\WRWDOO\DWWHQXDWHG VXUIDFHRULQVHFWVDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHDHURVROV

7DEOH2YHUYLHZRIIHDWXUHW\SLQJ

Aerosol–Cloudtargetclassification ,IGHWHFWHGZ&ORXGVVXUIDFHDQGRULQVHFWV ,I OLGDU DQG UDGDU VLJQDOV DUH WRWDOO\ DWWHQXDWHG SUHVHQFHRIOLTXLGXQNQRZQ

,I > 2 × 10  &ORXGV ,I < 1 × 10  &OHDUVN\ ,I < 1%  > 38%&ORXGV

,I 7   DQG WKHUH LV DQ DGMXVWHG FORXG &LUUXV IULQJH

,I LQ WKH [ FHOO DURXQG D WDUJHW ELQ FOHDU VN\ SUHYDLO&OHDUVN\

,I LQ WKH [ FHOO DURXQG D WDUJHW ELQ FORXGV SUHYDLO&ORXGV

,I LQ WKH [ FHOO DURXQG D WDUJHW ELQ DHURVROV SUHYDLO$HURVROV $OOWKHUHPDLQLQJXQFDWHJRUL]HGWDUJHWV$HURVROV )XUWKHUFORXGVXEFODVVLILFDWLRQLVDSSOLHGZLWK>@ 3.RESULTS 3.1Aerosolcloudseparation ,QWKLVVHFWLRQZHGHPRQVWUDWHWKHDHURVRO–FORXG VHSDUDWLRQ DFTXLUHG ZLWK WKH GLVFXVVHG FODVVLILFDWLRQIRUWKHIOLJKWRI)LJXUH VKRZVWKHGLVWULEXWLRQVRIRFFXUUHQFHIUHTXHQF\RI WKH :$/(6 PHDVXUHPHQWV RQ WKH ' VSDFH RI  ()YVIRU DOO IHDWXUHV WRS  IRU WKH

IHDWXUHV FDWHJRUL]HG DV DHURVROV ERWWRPOHIW  DQG IRU WKH IHDWXUHV FDWHJRUL]HG DV FORXGV ERWWRP ULJKW  7KH DHURVRO OD\HUV LQ WKLV FDVH RFFXSLHG PDLQO\ WKH  DUHD EHWZHHQ 10 .− 10.ZLWK

DVKLJKDVLQGLFDWLQJDGXVW

OD\HU $OWKRXJK WKH DHURVRO PHDVXUHPHQWV ZLWK < 10 .DUH DFTXLUHG ZLWK ORZ FRQILGHQFH

WKH\ DUH VWLOO LQFOXGHG LQ WKH DHURVRO FODVV ,Q WKH FORXGV 'YVVSDFHZHFDQGLVWLQJXLVK WKH ZDWHU FORXGV UHJLRQ ZLWK< 5%DQG WKH FLUUXVUHJLRQZLWK> 20%

3.2Thenewtargetclassification

,Q )LJXUH  ZH GHPRQVWUDWH WKH DHURVRO – FORXG VHSDUDWLRQ DFTXLUHG ZLWK WKH GLVFXVVHG WDUJHW categorization, along with its’ combination with WKH FORXG VXEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQ RI >@ IRU WKH GLVFXVVHG FDVH RI  :H VHH WKDW WKH DHURVRO DQG FORXG IHDWXUHV DUH VXFFHVVIXOO\ GHWHFWHG DQG VHSDUDWHG :LWK WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKHFORXGVXEFDWHJRUL]DWLRQPDVNZHREVHUYHWKH

(5)

VHYHUDO OLTXLG FORXGV SXUSOH FRORU  DERYH WKH GRPDLQXSWRNPDQGWKHDHURVROOD\HUV RUDQJH FRORU ZKLFKDUHORFDWHGULJKWRQWRSRIWKHZDWHU FORXGV EHWZHHQ  WR  87& ([DFWO\ EHIRUHDQGDIWHU WKH GXVW REVHUYDWLRQV LFHFORXGV DUHGHWHFWHG EOXHFRORU HOHYDWHGXSWRNP



 )LJXUH'LVWULEXWLRQRIRFFXUUHQFHIUHTXHQF\DVD IXQFWLRQ RI ()DQGIRU DOO WKH REVHUYDWLRQV WRS  WKH DHURVROV ERWWRPOHIW  DQG WKH FORXGV ERWWRPULJKW  IRU WKH :$/(6REVHUYDWLRQVRQ



 )LJXUH7DUJHWFODVVLILFDWLRQIRU

4.CONCLUSIONS

,Q WKLV ZRUN ZH FRPELQH OLGDU DQG UDGDU REVHUYDWLRQV IURP WKH +$/2 SODWIRUP ZLWK KLJK WHPSRUDODQGVSDWLDOUHVROXWLRQZLWKWKHVFRSHWR FDWHJRUL]H WKH GHWHFWHG DWPRVSKHULF IHDWXUHV LQ DHURVROVDQGFORXGV)RUWKHGHPRQVWUDWLRQRIWKH FODVVLILFDWLRQZHDSSO\RXU PHWKRGRORJ\RQGDWD FROOHFWHG GXULQJ WKH 1$:'(; H[SHULPHQW :H FRQFOXGHWKDWWKHYDULDEOHVRIWKHUDGDUUHIOHFWLYLW\ WKH SDUWLFXODWH DWWHQXDWHG EDFNVFDWWHU FRHIILFLHQW

DQGWKHSDUWLFOHGHSRODUL]DWLRQUDWLRDWQPDUH VXIILFLHQW WR GLVFULPLQDWH DHURVRO DQG FORXG IHDWXUHV7KHQHZWDUJHWFDWHJRUL]DWLRQZRUNVZHOO DQG LV LQ DJUHHPHQW ZLWK &ORXGQHW DHURVROFORXG FDWHJRUL]DWLRQ 0RUH FDVHV ZLOO EH DQDO\]HG LQ D YDULHW\ RI DWPRVSKHULF FRQGLWLRQV DQG DHURVRO ORDGVVRDVWRIXUWKHUHYDOXDWHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRI WKH QHZ PDVN $GGLWLRQDOO\ WKH PDVN ZLOO EH FRPELQHGZLWKWKH+$/2DHURVROPDVNSUHVHQWHG LQ >@ IRU D FRPSOHWH DHURVRO DQG FORXG FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHVFHQHV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

7KH +$/2 FDPSDLJQ UHFHLYHG IXQGLQJ IURP '/5 (project “Klimarelevanz von atmosphärischen 6SXUHQJDVHQ$HURVROHQund Wolken”.OL6$:  (7+ =XULFK 15/ 0RQWHUUH\ WKH *HUPDQ 6FLHQFH )RXQGDWLRQ ')* ZLWKLQ 633 +$/2 DQG 6)%755 :DYHV WR :HDWKHU  WKH (XURSHDQ )DFLOLW\ IRU $LUERUQH 5HVHDUFK (8)$5 SURMHFW 1$:'(;,QIOXHQFH DQGWKH(XURSHDQ6SDFH$JHQF\

(6$ (3$7$1 SURMHFW FRQWUDFW 1R

1/&7JS  6SHFLDO WKDQNV JR WR WKH 0D[ 3ODQFN ,QVWLWXWH +DPEXUJ 8QLYHUVLW\ +DPEXUJ 8QLYHUVLW\ &RORJQH DQG '/5 IRU VKDULQJ WKH +$03 SD\ORDGGXULQJWKHFDPSDLJQ7KLVZRUNKDVEHHQGRQH ZLWKIXQGLQJRID'/5925\RXQJLQYHVWLJDWRUJURXS REFERENCES >@6HLQIHOGHWDO31$6     >@ %DDUV HW DO $WPRV 0HDV 7HFK    

>@Hogan and O’Connor, 'HSWRI0HWHRURO8QLYRI

5HDGLQJ 8. DYDLODEOH DW

KWWSZZZPHWUHDGLQJDFXNaVZUKJQUMSXEOLFDWLRQV FDWHJRUL]DWLRQSGI ODVWDFFHVV0DUFK    >@/LXHWDO$WPRV0HDV7HFK   >@ *URVV HW DO $WPRV &KHP 3K\V  –  

>@&HFFDOGLHWDO-*HRSK\V5HV$WPRV–   

>@ &D]HQDYH HW DO $WPRV 0HDV 7HFK 'LVFXVV LQ UHYLHZ  

>] Schäfler, et al., Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 99, –   >@:LUWKHWDO$SSO3K\V%   >@ (ZDOG HW DO $WPRV 0HDV 7HFK 'LVFXVV LQ UHYLHZ   >@ :LQNHUHWDO $WP 2FHDQ7HFK   >@/LXHWDO-$WPRV2FHDQLF7HFKQRO–     4

Références

Documents relatifs

Lq wklv sdshu zh vwxg| lq d jlyhq txlwh jhqhudo frpsohwh qdqfldo pdunhw wkh vwdelolw| ri wkh rswlpdo lqyhvwphqw0frqvxpswlrq vwudwhj| dv ghqhg e| Phuwrq +4&lt;:4, zlwk uhvshfw wr

MPI’s remote memory access interface defines one-sided communication operations, data consistency, and synchronization models for accessing memory regions that are exposed through

7KLV VWXG\ LV D SUHOLPLQDU\ HPSLULFDO LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI PRU SKRORJLFDOO\ HQFRGLQJ PDQQHU LQ WKH YHUEDO GRPDLQ ZLWK SDUWLFXODU HPSKDVLV RQ PDQQHU RI PRWLRQ IURP

$IWHUVHYHUDOIHUPHQWDWLRQVWKHORVVHVRIPDVVEHWZHHQWKH EHJLQQLQJDQGWKHHQGRIWKHIHUPHQWDWLRQHYROYHLQWKHVDPH SURSRUWLRQV LQGHSHQGHQWO\ RI WKH TXDQWLW\ XVHG

We remark nevertheless, from qualitative analyses of use of the regulator in real driving conditions, and from the lived experience of this use by subjects, that this drop in trust in

,Q WKH ILUVW SDUW RI WKH WKHVLV ZH GHPRQVWUDWH WKH H[LVWHQFH RI WKUHH UHJLPHV RI WKH 153 GLVFKDUJH LQ DLU DW DWPRVSKHULF SUHVVXUH DQG DW D IL[HG WHPSHUDWXUH RI. DQG WKHQ ZH

Indeed, according to the urban resident earnings model, the average hourly earnings for the urban population would be 3.90 yuan in self- employment, 5.92 yuan in the public sector