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Nanosecond Repetitively Pulsed Plasmas in Preheated Air at Atmospheric Pressure

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HAL Id: tel-01939884

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01939884

Submitted on 29 Nov 2018

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- entific research documents, whether they are pub- lished or not. The documents may come from

L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de

Air at Atmospheric Pressure

David Z Pai

To cite this version:

David Z Pai. Nanosecond Repetitively Pulsed Plasmas in Preheated Air at Atmospheric Pressure.

Plasmas. Ecole Centrale Paris, 2008. English. �tel-01939884�

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