• Aucun résultat trouvé

Efficient Strategy-Proof Allocation Functions in Linear Production Economies

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Partager "Efficient Strategy-Proof Allocation Functions in Linear Production Economies"

Copied!
19
0
0

Texte intégral

(1)

9805

MANIQUET, François

SPRUMONT, Yves

Efficient Strategy-Proof Allocation Functions in

Linear Production Economies

(2)

Département de sciences économiques

Université de Montréal

Faculté des arts et des sciences

C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville

Montréal (Québec) H3C 3J7

Canada

http://www.sceco.umontreal.ca

SCECO-information@UMontreal.CA

Téléphone : (514) 343-6539

Télécopieur : (514) 343-7221

Ce cahier a également été publié par le Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en

économie quantitative (CIREQ) sous le numéro 0698.

This working paper was also published by the Center for Interuniversity Research in

Quantitative Economics (CIREQ), under number 0698.

(3)

CAHIER 98

05

EFFICIENT STRATEGY-PROOF ALLOCATION FUNCTIONS IN

LINEAR PRODUCTION ECONOMIES

François MANIQUET

1

and Yves SPRUMONT

2

1

Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique and Facultés Universitaires

Notre-Dame de la Paix, Belgium

2

Centre de recherche et développement en économique (C.R.D.E.) and

Département de sciences économiques, Université de Montréal

June 1998

_________________

The authors thank two anonymous referees for valuable comments. During the preparation

of this paper, the first author benefited from the excellent research atmosphere at the

Department of Economics and Economic History, Universitat Aut

?

noma de Barcelona,

Spain. Partial financial support from HCM grant ERBCHBGCT940699 is gratefully

acknowledged. The second author is grateful to the Fonds pour la formation de chercheurs

et l’aide à la recherche (FCAR) of Québec and the Social Sciences and Humanities

Research Council (SSHRC) of Canada for partial financial support.

(4)

RÉSUMÉ

Dans le cadre d'une économie de production à technologie linéaire, nous

caractérisons les règles d'allocation efficaces et non manipulables, tant au sens individuel

que coalitionnel. Différentes propriétés de symétries nous permettent ensuite d'isoler une

règle unique.

Mots clés : non-manipulabilité, efficacité, ensemble de production linéaire

ABSTRACT

In a linear production model, we characterize the class of efficient and strategy-proof

allocation functions, and the class of efficient and coalition strategy-proof allocation

functions. In the former class, requiring equal treatment of equals allows us to identify a

unique allocation function. This function is also the unique member of the latter class

which satisfies uniform treatment of uniforms.

(5)

 W?|hL_U|L?

D jurxs ri djhqwv mrlqwo| rzq d exqgoh ri jrrgv dqg d olqhdu whfkqrorj| zklfk hqdeohv wkhp wr wudqvirup wkhvh jrrgv lqwr rqh dqrwkhu dw frqvwdqw udwhv1 Suhihuhqfhv duh vhovk dqg vwulfwo| prqrwrqlf1 Dv dq h{dpsoh/ zh fdq wklqn ri dq duhd ri krprjhqhrxv odqg zklfk kdv wr eh doorfdwhg dprqj djhqwv dv d ixqfwlrq ri wkh sxusrvhv +h1 j1 exloglqj/ iduplqj, iru zklfk wkh| zrxog olnh wr xvh wkhlu sorw1 Lw lv uhdvrqdeoh wr dvvxph wkdw dq| xqlw ri odqg xvhg iru d jlyhq sxusrvh fdq eh wudqviruphg lqwr d xqlw ri odqg xvhg iru dq rwkhu sxusrvh1

Dq doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq dvvljqv wr hdfk suhihuhqfh suroh d ihdvleoh exqgoh ri lqglylgxdo frqvxpswlrq exqgohv1 Zh orrn iru hflhqw dqg qrq pdqlsx0 odeoh doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrqv1

Wkh qrq pdqlsxodelolw| uhtxluhphqwv zh duh lqwhuhvwhg lq duh vwudwhj|0 surriqhvv dqg frdolwlrq vwudwhj|0surriqhvv1 Dq doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq lv vwudwhj|0 surri li wuxwkixoo| uhsruwlqj rqh*v suhihuhqfhv lv d grplqdqw vwudwhj| ri wkh gluhfw uhyhodwlrq jdph dvvrfldwhg zlwk wkh doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq +wkdw lv/ wkh jdph zkhuh wkh vhw ri dgplvvleoh vwudwhjlhv lv wkh vhw ri dgplvvleoh suhi0 huhqfhv dqg wkh rxwfrph dvvrfldwhg wr d suroh ri vwudwhjlhv lv ghwhuplqhg dffruglqj wr wkh doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq,1 Dq doorfdwlrq uxoh lv frdolwlrq vwudwhj|0 surri li qr frdolwlrq ri djhqwv fdq hyhu ehqhw iurp mrlqwo| plvuhsruwlqj wkhlu suhihuhqfhv1

Wkh uhvxowv duh= d fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri wkh fodvv ri hflhqw dqg vwudwhj|0 surri doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrqv/ dqg wkh fodvv ri hflhqw dqg frdolwlrq vwudwhj|0 surri doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrqv1 Zh dovr lghqwli| wkh vxefodvvhv ri wkhvh wzr fodvvhv zklfk zh rewdlq zkhq zh dovr lpsrvh krul}rqwdo htxlw| uhtxluhphqwv +zklfk duh frqvhtxhqfhv ri wkh fodvvlfdo dqrq|plw| uhtxluhphqw,1

Lw lv zhoo nqrzq wkdw wkh uhtxluhphqwv ri hflhqf| dqg vwudwhj|0surriqhvv ohdg wr glfwdwruvkls lq wzr djhqw sulydwh jrrg hfrqrplhv +fiu1 ]krx ^<`,/ dqg/ pruh jhqhudoo|/ frqlfw zlwk dqrq|plw| zkhq wkhuh duh pruh wkdq wzr djhqwv +fiu1 Eduehud dqg Mdfnvrq ^4`,1Q Vwudwhj|0surri doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrqv

lq surgxfwlrq hfrqrplhv zlwkrxw wkh uhvwulfwlrq wr d olqhdu whfkqrorj| duh dqdo|vhg lq Vkhqnhu ^:`1 Rq wklv odujhu grpdlq/ qr hflhqw/ vwudwhj|0surri/ dqg krul}rqwdoo| htxlwdeoh doorfdwlrq uxoh h{lvwv1

QAi U*@tt Lu iUL?L4it ihi @ € i_ @4L?| Lu @ Th@|i UL44L_|) @t |L Mi __i_

@4L?} @}i?|t @?} t?}*iTi@!i_ Thiuihi?Uitc Liihc t @? i @4T*i Lu @ 4L_i* ihi t|h@|i})ThLLu?ittc iUi?U)c @?_ @?L?)4|) _L ?L| UL?U| Etii 5Th4L?| dHoc ?} deo @?_ @hMih@c a@U!tL? @?_ i4i d2o

5i?!ih hit|hU|t t @||i?|L? |L @**LU@|L? u?U|L?t U t@|tu) _gihi?|@M*|) UL?_|L?tc |ihiM) i U*_?} @*4Lt| @** Lu |i h*it U i _i?|u)

(6)

Lq frqwudvw zlwk wkh uhvxowv rewdlqhg lq wkhvh sdshuv/ hflhqf| dqg vwudwhj|0surriqhvv gr qrw frqlfw zlwk dqrq|plw| lq rxu vhwwlqj1 Dfwxdoo|/ zh lghqwli| d xqltxh dqrq|prxv doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq wkdw lv hflhqw dqg vwudwhj|0surri1 Wklv doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq/ zklfk frxog eh fdoohg wkh htxdo exgjhw iuhh fkrlfh ixqfwlrq/ dvvljqv wr hdfk djhqw khu suhihuuhg exqgoh lq d exgjhw vhw zklfk lv wkh vdph iru doo djhqwv/ dqg zkrvh %vorsh% lv ghwhuplqhg e| wkh {hg whfkqrorjlfdo wudqvirupdwlrq udwhv1

Rxu fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri wkh htxdo exgjhw iuhh fkrlfh ixqfwlrq fdq eh uh0 odwhg wr wkh uhvxow rewdlqhg e| Eduehud dqg Mdfnvrq ^4`1 Wkh| vkrzhg wkdw/ lq h{fkdqjh hfrqrplhv/ vwudwhj|0surriqhvv dqg dqrq|plw| ohdg wr {hg sur0 sruwlrq wudglqj dzd| iurp htxdo vsolw +jlyhq wkh djhqwv* dqqrxqfhg suhi0 huhqfhv/ d {hg wudgh sursruwlrq lv fkrvhq rxw ri d vpdoo +lq sduwlfxodu qlwh, vhw ri suhvshflhg sursruwlrqv> djhqwv duh wkhq dvvljqhg wkh exq0 goh uhvxowlqj iurp wudgh wdnlqj sodfh dzd| iurp wkh htxdo vsolw srlqw dqg lq wkh fkrvhq sursruwlrqv/ jlyhq wkh xqlirup udwlrqlqj surfhvv +lqwurgxfhg e| Ehqdvv| ^6`,,1 Wkh htxdo exgjhw iuhh fkrlfh ixqfwlrq lv yhu| pxfk lq wkh vdph vslulw1 Djhqwv pd| wudgh dw {hg sulfhv zklfk duh ghwhuplqhg e| wkh whfkqrorjlfdo wudqvirupdwlrq udwhv1 Ehfdxvh ri wkh olqhdu whfkqrorj| dv0 vxpswlrq/ wkhvh sulfhv duh htxloleulxp sulfhv iru doo suhihuhqfh surohv1 Wklv lv zk| hflhqf| lv vdwlvhg1 Dfwxdoo|/ wkh Eduehud dqg Mdfnvrq ^4` prgho dqg rxu prgho duh srodu fdvhv ri wkh jhqhudo prgho zkhuh wkh vhw ri ihdvleoh doorfdwlrqv duh ghwhuplqhg e| d frqyh{ whfkqrorj|1

Wkh sdshu lv rujdql}hg dv iroorzv1 Lq vhfwlrq 5/ zh ghqh wkh prgho dqg jlyh wkh edvlf ghqlwlrqv1 Wkhq/ zh vwxg| vwudwhj|0surriqhvv1 Lq vhfwlrq 6/ zh vwdwh wzr whfkqlfdo ohppdv/ zklfk suryh hvvhqwldo iru wkh uhvw ri wkh lqtxlu|1 Lq sduwlfxodu/ Ohppd 5 vd|v wkdw dq| hflhqw dqg vwudwhj|0surri doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq dvvljqv wr dq djhqw rqh ri khu suhihuuhg exqgohv lq d exgjhw vhw1 Wkh sulfhv dvvrfldwhg zlwk wklv exgjhw vhw duh ghwhuplqhg e| wkh whfkqrorjlfdo wudqvirupdwlrq udwhv1 Wkh exgjhw lwvhoi lv lqghshqghqw ri wkh djhqw*v suhihuhqfhv1

Lq vhfwlrq 7/ zh fkdudfwhul}h wkh fodvv ri hflhqw dqg vwudwhj|0surri doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrqv/ dqg wkh rqo| ixqfwlrq zh rewdlq zkhq zh dgg wkh htxdo wuhdwphqw ri htxdov uhtxluhphqw1 Htxdo wuhdwphqw ri htxdov vlpso| vd|v wkdw wzr djhqwv kdylqj wkh vdph suhihuhqfhv pxvw hqg xs hqmr|lqj wkh vdph zhoiduh1 Lw lv d fohdu frqvhtxhqfh ri wkh fodvvlfdo dqrq|plw| uhtxluhphqw1 Dv dqqrxqfhg deryh/ wklv ixqfwlrq dvvljqv wr hdfk djhqw khu suhihuuhg exqgoh lq d exgjhw vhw zklfk lv wkh vdph iru doo djhqwv/ dqg zkrvh vorsh lv ghwhuplqhg e| wkh {hg whfkqrorjlfdo sdudphwhuv1

Lq vhfwlrq 8/ zh fkdudfwhul}h wkh fodvv ri hflhqw dqg frdolwlrq vwudwhj|0 surri doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrqv/ dqg zh vkrz wkdw zh dovr frph wr wkh htxdo

(7)

exgjhw iuhh fkrlfh ixqfwlrq li zh phuho| dgg wkh xqlirup wuhdwphqw ri xql0 irupv uhtxluhphqw1 Xqlirup wuhdwphqw ri xqlirupv vd|v wkdw li doo djhqwv kdyh wkh vdph suhihuhqfhv/ wkhq wkh| doo pxvw hqg xs hqmr|lqj wkh vdph zhoiduh1

2 Ai 4L_i*

Lq wklv vhfwlrq/ zh suhvhqw wkh prgho/ vrph whuplqrorj|/ dqg zh jlyh wkh edvlf ghqlwlrqv1 Wkhuh duh o sulydwh jrrgv1 Wkhuh lv d vhw Q ri q djhqwv zkrvh frqvxpswlrq vhw lv LU,

n1 E| xvlqj d olqhdu whfkqrorj|/ wkh djhqwv

fdq wudqvirup jrrgv lqwr rqh dqrwkhu/ vr wkdw wkh surgxfwlrq vhw fdq eh qrupdol}hg wr \ @ i| 5 LU,

n =5,'| 4j1 D IKDEDKDGBD lv d suhrughulqj

U rq LU,

nwkdw lv frqwlqxrxv dqg vwulfwo| prqrwrqlf/ wkdw lv/ } A } , } S }1

Wkh vhw ri doo suhihuhqfhv lv ghqrwhg e| Uf1

D suhihuhqfh suroh lv dq hohphqw U ri Uf 1 Wkh olvw ri suhihuhqfhv

ri phpehuv ri d frdolwlrq V  Q lv ghqrwhg U71 Iru dq| l 5 Q/ ohw U3

ghqrwh dq hohphqw ri U3tf 1 Iru dq| V  Q/ ohw U37 ghqrwh dq hohphqw

ri U37

f 1 Dq doorfdwlrq } @ +}> = = = > }?, 5 LU,f?n lv d olvw ri exqgohv

}> l 5 Q/ rqh shu djhqw1 Dq doorfdwlrq } @ +}> = = = > }?, lv ihdvleoh li

5?

'}5 \ 1 Ohw ] ghqrwh wkh vhw ri ihdvleoh doorfdwlrqv1 Ohw U  Uf1 Dq

doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq i = U $ ] dvvrfldwhv hdfk suhihuhqfh suroh lq lwv

grpdlq U zlwk d ihdvleoh doorfdwlrq1 Iru U

 5 U/ ohw i+U, ghqrwh wkh lwk frpsrqhqw ri i+U,1 Ohw D  LU, n/ U 5 Uf/ eh jlyhq1 Wkhq/ p+U> D, @ i} 5 LU, n= ;} 5 LU,n> } U }j=

Ohw u 5 LUn/ U 5 Uf eh jlyhq1 Wkhq/ e| d voljkw dexvh ri qrwdwlrq/ zh xvh

p+U> u, wr ghqrwh p # U> + } 5 LU, n= , [ ' } u ,$ =

Zh zloo xvh wkh wzr iroorzlqj ulfkqhvv dvvxpswlrqv rq d vhw U ri suhihu0 hqfhv1e

ViU|Lh ?i^@*|itG uLh @** %c % M U-,

nc % $ %C % $ %c   M tc    c ,c % %C

d% $ % @?_ % ' %oc % J %C %

 %c   M tc    c , e hi}*@h 4L?L|L?U Uhi  ? U-,

n t |i 4@}i Lu @ u?U|L?  G U-n < U-,n U

t UL?|?Ltc 4L?L|L?U E|@| tc o o i Eo Eoc ?ML?_i_c @?_ tU |@|

Ef ' f  Thiuihi?Ui - M , t _gihi?|@M*i u |ihi i t|t @ _gihi?|@M*i u?U|L?  G U-,

n< U-ntU |@| uLh @** 5c 5M U-,nc 5 - 5C E5 D E5

(8)

+D4, iru hyhu| uhjxodu lqfuhdvlqj fxuyh F lq LU,

n/ wkhuh lv vrph glhuhqwldeoh

U 5 U vxfk wkdw p+U> u,  F iru hyhu| u 5 ^3> 4`/

+D5, iru doo U> U 5 U dqg u 5 LUn/ wkhuh lv vrph U 5 U vxfk wkdw

+p+U> u, ^ p+U> u,,  p+U> u,1

Wkh vhw UB lwvhoi vdwlvhv Dvvxpswlrqv +D4, dqg +D5,1 Dq rwkhu h{dpsoh

lv wkh vhw ri frqyh{ suhihuhqfhv lq UB1 Wkh vhw ri txdvlolqhdu suhihuhqfhv

lq UB grhv qrw vdwlvi| Dvvxpswlrq +D4,/ zkhuhdv wkh vhw ri vwulfwo| frqyh{

suhihuhqfhv lq UB grhv qrw vdwlvi| Dvvxpswlrq +D5,1 Ohw xv qrwh wkdw +D5,

uhtxluhv hlwkhu dw sruwlrqv ri lqglhuhqfh fxuyhv ru qrq0frqyh{ suhihuhqfhv1 Qrz/ zh ghqh wkh d{lrpv1 Bij|N juuWjAW+ Iru hyhu| U @ +UQ> = = = > U?, 5 U/ dqg } @ +}Q> = = = > }?, 5 ]/ ^}Ui+U,> ; l 5 Q` , ^}Li+U,> ; l 5 Q` Qh{w/ zh ghqh wzr krul}rqwdo htxlw| d{lrpv1 .`B, |ijB|6jA| Nu j`B,t Iru hyhu| U @ +UQ> = = = > U?, 5 U/ dqg l> m 5 Q/ ^U@ U` , ^i+U, Li+U,`

PAuNi6 |ijB|6jA| Nu AuNi6t Iru hyhu| U @ +UQ> = = = > U?, 5 U/

^U@ U> ;l> m 5 Q` , ^i+U, Li+U,> ;l> m 5 Q`

Revhuyh wkdw xqlirup wuhdwphqw ri xqlirupv lv orjlfdoo| zhdnhu wkdq htxdo wuhdwphqw ri htxdov/ dqg wkdw erwk d{lrpv duh orjlfdoo| zhdnhu wkdq wkh fodvvlfdo dqrq|plw| d{lrp1 Ilqdoo|/ zh ghqh wzr qrq0pdqlsxodelolw| d{lrpv1 Zh glvwlqjxlvk ehwzhhq wkh fdvh zkhuh rqo| lqglylgxdo djhqwv fdq wu| wr pdqlsxodwh wkh rxwfrph +vwudwhj|0surriqhvv, dqg wkh fdvh zkhuh dq| frdolwlrq fdq wu| wr pdqlsxodwh wkh rxwfrph +frdolwlrq vwudwhj|0surriqhvv,1

7|iB|j}+ViNNuAjtt Iru hyhu| U @ +UQ> = = = > U?, 5 U/ l 5 Q dqg U 5 U/ i+U, Ui+U> U3, NB,|NA t|iB|j}+ViNNuAjtt Iru hyhu| U @ +UQ> = = = > U?, 5 U/ V  Q dqg U75 U7/ ^i+U7> U37, Ui+U,> ; l 5 V` , ^i+U7> U37, Li+U,> ; l 5 V` 7

(9)

hi*4?@h) hit*|t

Lq wklv vhfwlrq/ zh vwdwh dqg suryh wzr suholplqdu|/ udwkhu whfkqlfdo/ ohppdv1 Wkh uvw ohppd lghqwlhv d jhqhudo surshuw| ri vwudwhj|0surri doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrqv1 Wkh vhfrqg ohppd vwdwhv wkdw dq hflhqw dqg vwudwhj|0surri doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq dvvljqv wr hdfk djhqw l khu suhihuuhg exqgoh lq d exgjhw vhw i} 5 LU,

n =5,Q} @ dj zkhuh d/ zklfk fdq eh lqwhusuhwhg dv djhqw

l*v lqfrph/ grhv qrw ghshqg rq khu suhihuhqfh/ iru hyhu| l 5 Q1

Ohppd 4 Ohw U  Uf1 Dq doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq i = U $ ] vdwlvhv

vwudwhj|0surriqhvv li dqg rqo| li iru hyhu| l 5 Q/ wkhuh h{lvwv d fruuhvsrq0 ghqfh [ = U3t $ LU,n/ vxfk wkdw iru hyhu| U 5 U/

41 i+U> U3, 5 p+U> [+U3,,/

51 li {> {5 [

+U3,/ wkhq {  { , { @ {1

Surri= Wkh vwudljkwiruzdug %li% sduw lv rplwwhg1 Qrz/ ohw xv vxssrvh wkdw i lv vwudwhj|0surri1 Iru hyhu| l 5 Q/ U35 U3t/ zh fdq ghqh wkh rswlrq

vhw R+U3,  LU,n e|

R+U3, @ i} 5 LU,n= < U5 U = } @ i+U> U3,j

E| vwudwhj|0surriqhvv/ i+U> U3, 5 p+U> R+U3,,1 E| vwulfw prqrwrqlf0

lw| ri wkh suhihuhqfhv dqg vwudwhj|0surriqhvv/ qr wzr hohphqwv ri R+U3,

duh rughuhg= li {> { 5 R+U3,/ wkhq {  { , { @ {1 Wkhuhiruh/ zh fdq

ghqh [ e| dvvrfldwlqj hyhu| U3 zlwk wkh fruuhvsrqglqj R+U3,1 T1H1G1

Ohppd 5 D Ohw U  U

f vdwlvi| Dvvxpswlrq +D4,1 Dq doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq

i = U $ ] vdwlvhv vwudwhj|0surriqhvv dqg hflhqf| rqo| li iru hyhu|

l 5 Q/ wkhuh h{lvwv d= U3t$ LUn/ vxfk wkdw iru hyhu| U 5 U/

i+U> U3, 5 p +U> d+U3,,

Surri= Il{ dq duelwudu| djhqw l 5 Q/ dqg d suroh U3 5 U3t1 Qrwh wkdw

li [+U3, @ i+3> = = = > 3,j/ wkhq zh duh grqh1 Vr zh dvvxph wkdw lw lv qrw wkh

fdvh1 Zh ehjlq e| qrwlqj d vwudljkwiruzdug frqvhtxhqfh ri hflhqf|= iru hy0 hu| uhjxodu lqfuhdvlqj fxuyh F dqg fruuhvsrqglqj U 5 U vdwlvi|lqj wkh surs0 huwlhv ri Dvvxpswlrq +D4,/ i+U> U3, 5 F1 Lqghhg/ vxssrvh i+U> U3, @5 F1

,`i @hi }h@|iu* |L aLt‚i `_@h uLh t i*T | |i ThLLu Lu |t *i44@

(10)

Ohw K @ 5i

 +U> U3,1 Vlqfh p+U> u,  F/ i+U> U3, @5 p+U> u,1 Slfn

{ 5 p+U> u,1 Wkhq/ l, [  {  @ [  i  +U> U3, @ u> dqg ll, {Si+U> U3,=

Exw wkhq +{> i3+U> U3,, Sduhwr grplqdwhv i+U> U3,1 Zh frqwlqxh wkh

surri e| wkh iroorzlqj fodlp1

Fodlp 4= iru hyhu| uhjxodu lqfuhdvlqj fxuyh F lq LU,

n/ F _[+U3, 9@ >1 Vxs0

srvh qrw1 E| Dvvxpswlrq +D4,/ wkhuh h{lvwv U 5 U vxfk wkdw iru doo u 5 ^3> 4`/ p +U> u,  F1 E| Ohppd 4dqg vwudwhj|0surriqhvv/ i+U> U3, 5 [+U3,/

vr wkdw i+U> U3, @5 F/ zklfk frqwudglfwv hflhqf|1

Qrz/ li wkh vwdwhphqw ri wkh Ohppd lv qrw wuxh/ wkhuh h{lvw U> U 5 U/

}> } 5 LU,n vxfk wkdw i+U> U3, @ }/ i+U> U3, @ }/ dqg S,'} 9@

S,

'}1 Ohw wkh sdudphwhuv }> }> U> U eh {hg iru wkh uhvw ri wkh surri1

Zh { d @ , [ ' }= +4, E| fodlp 4/ wkhuh h{lvwv  5 LUn vxfk wkdw +3> 55  Q5> = = = >  5, 5  Q5,

5 [+U3,1 E| Ohppd 4surylvr 5/ wklv qxpehu lv xqltxh1 Ghqh j =

^3> ` $ LUn e| j+, @ | / +|> S}2  '}> = = = >  }, S  '}, 5 [+U3, vr wkdw j 3 C[  ' } 4 D @ } +5,

E| fodlp 4dqg Ohppd 4surylvr 5/ j lv d zhoo0ghqhg/ erxqghg/ vwulfwo|

ghfuhdvlqj/ frqwlqxrxv ixqfwlrq1

Frqvhtxhqwo|/ e| Ohehvjxh*v wkhruhp/ j lv glhuhqwldeoh doprvw hyhu|zkhuh

lq ^3> `/ j lv lqwhjudeoh/ dqg ] bQ f j  +,g  j+,  j+3, +6, 9

(11)

E| hflhqf| dqg fodlp 4/ j

Q+, @ f @ 4 zkhqhyhu jQ+, h{lvwv/ zkhuh 4

lv wkh ydoxh ri wkh surmhfwlrq rq wkdw k|shusodqh ri wkh gluhfwlrqdo ghulyd0 wlyh ri vrph glhuhqwldeoh suhihuhqfhv dvvrfldwhg wr d fxuyh F lqwhuvhfwlqj [+U3, dw +jQ+,> 5 5

 Q5> = = = >  5, 5

 Q5,1Qrz frqvlghu wkh lqyhuvh ixqf0

wlrq jQ3Q1H{dfwo| dv deryh/ fodlp 4 dqg Ohppd 4 surylvr 5 lpso| wkdw jQ3Q

lv glhuhqwldeoh doprvw hyhu|zkhuh lq ^3> jQ+3,`/ j3QQ  lv lqwhjudeoh/ dqg

] }Q-B f j

 +|,g|  j3 +j+3,,  j3 +3, +7,

Dovr/ e| hflhqf| dqg fodlp 4/ j3+|, @ S @ 4 zkhqhyhu j3 +|, h{lvwv1

Iurp htxdwlrq +6,/ zh ghulyh f  j+3, +8, Iurp htxdwlrq +7,/ zh ghulyh 4 fj+3,   +9, Sxwwlqj htxdwlrqv +8, dqg +9, wrjhwkhu/ zh jhw f @ 3}Ef1 Qrz/ xvlqj htxdwlrqv +4, dqg +5,/ zh jhw j+, @ d   Zh qrz fodlp wkdw }  ? d1 Vxssrvh qrw1 E| wkh suhfhglqj fodlp/ +d> 3> = = = > 3, 5 [+U3,1 Ohw U5 U eh vxfk wkdw i+U> U3, @ +d> 3> = = = > 3,1 E| vwulfw prqrwrqlflw|/ }  S +d> 3> = = = > 3,/ frqwudglfwlqj vwudwhj|0surriqhvv1 Ohw j2 = LUn $ LUneh ghqhg e| j2+, @ | / +} > |> 5 'c25 5> = = = >  5, 5  'c25,

5 [+U3,1 Iroorzlqj wkh vdph dujxphqwv dv deryh/ zh jhw j2+, @ +d 

}

,1 E| uhsolfdwlqj wkh dujxphqwv o4 wlphv/ zh suryh wkdw +}/ }2/ = = =/

},3/ d 5,3'} , 5 [+U3, zklfk/ e| vwulfw prqrwrqlflw| ri wkh suhihu0

hqfhv dqg vwudwhj|0surriqhvv ri i lv lqfrpsdwleoh zlwk }

5 [+U3,1 T1H1G1

e 5|h@|i})ThLLu?itt

Zh duh qrz htxlsshg wr vwdwh rxu uvw wkhruhp/ zklfk surylghv d frpsohwh fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri hflhqw dqg vwudwhj|0surri doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrqv1 Wkh ohvvrq lv wkdw zkhq djhqwv duh qrw deoh wr irup frdolwlrqv/ hflhqf| dqg vwudwhj|0surriqhvv gr qrw suhyhqw d sodqqhu iurp wdnlqj doo suhihuhqfhv lqwr dffrxqw zkhq doorfdwlqj wkh jrrgv1

(12)

Wkhruhp 4 Ohw U  Uf vdwlvi| Dvvxpswlrq +D4,1 Dq doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq

i = U $ ] vdwlvhv vwudwhj|0surriqhvv dqg hflhqf| li dqg rqo| li iru

hyhu| l 5 Q/ hyhu| frdolwlrq V  Q ri fduglqdolw| q  5 qrw frqwdlqlqj l/ wkhuh lv d pdsslqj e7 = U7$ LUn vxfk wkdw iru hyhu| U 5 U/

 57G*M7cƒ7ƒ'?32e7+U7,  3> ; l 5 Q

 5M 57G*M7cƒ7ƒ'?32e7+U7, @ 4> dqg

 i+U, 5 p+U>57G*M7cƒ7ƒ'?32e7+U7,,> ; l 5 Q1

Ehiruh surylqj Wkhruhp 4/ lw pd| eh xvhixo wr looxvwudwh lw lq wkh wkuhh0 djhqw fdvh1 Lq wkdw fdvh/ iV = 4 @5 V> mVm @ q  5j @ ii5j> i6jj/ iV = 5 @5 V> mVm @ q  5j @ ii4j> i6jj/ dqg iV = 6 @5 V> mVm @ q  5j @ ii4j> i5jj1 Wkxv/ li i lv vwudwhj|0surri dqg hflhqw/ wkhuh h{lvw pdsslqjv e2/ e / e2/ e2 / e / dqg e 2/ vxfk wkdw iru dq| suroh +U> U2> U ,/ i+U> U2> U , 5 p+U> e2+U2, . e +U ,, i2+U> U2> U , 5 p+U2> e2+U, . e2 +U ,, i +U> U2> U , 5 p+U > e +U, . e 2+U2,, < @ > +:,

Lqhtxdolwlhv S 'e+U,  3 jxdudqwhh wkdw hdfk djhqw*v frqvxpswlrq olhv

lq wkh frqvxpswlrq vhw dqg wkh frqvwudlqwSS 'e+U, @ 4 hqvxuhv wkdw

wkh djjuhjdwh frqvxpswlrq lv lq wkh surgxfwlrq vhw1 Htxdwlrq +:, phdqv wkdw hdfk djhqw lv pd{lpl}lqj khu suhihuhqfh lq d exgjhw vhw wkdw lv ghwhu0 plqhg e| wkh rwkhu djhqwv* suhihuhqfhv1 Qrwlfh wkdw wkhvh suhihuhqfhv dhfw wkh exgjhw lq dq dgglwlyho| vhsdudeoh zd|1 Dffruglqj wr Wkhruhp 4/ d zhdn irup ri dgglwlyh vhsdudelolw| shuvlvwv zkhq wkhuh duh pruh wkdq wkuhh djhqwv1S

Surri ri Wkhruhp 4= Wkh surri ri wkh vwudljkwiruzdug %li% sduw lv rplwwhg1 Ohw i = U $ ] eh dq vwudwhj|0surri dqg hflhqw doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq1 Iru

hdfk l 5 Q/ wkhuh h{lvwv/ e| Ohppd 5/ d pdsslqj d = U.t $ LUn vxfk

wkdw iru hyhu| U 5 U/ i+U, 5 p+U> d+U3,, iru doo l 5 Q dqg

[

M

d+U3, @ 4 +;,

Il{ qrz dq duelwudu| m 5 Q/ vd|/ m @ 41 Zh uvw fodlp wkdw wkh pdsslqj dQ lv dgglwlyho| vhsdudeoh lq wkh vhqvh wkdw

dQ+U3Q, @ [ 7/Q*M7cƒ7ƒ$?3

dQ7+U7,> ; U3Q 5 U.tQ S,^@|L? E. U@? Mi uh|ih t4T*€i_ M) ?L|?} |@| K

2 ' !K 2c K ' !K2 @?_

K2' !K  5U LMLt t4T*€U@|L?t @hi ?L| @@*@M*i uLh 4Lhi |@? |hii @}i?|t

(13)

iru surshuo| fkrvhq pdsslqjv dQ%/ zkhuh zh lqwhusuhw dQdv d frqvwdqw1

Wr suryh wklv fodlp/ { dq duelwudu| suroh U3Q 5 U.tQ1 Ohw UB eh

dq duelwudu| suhihuhqfh lq U zklfk lv glvwlqfw iurp U iru doo l 5 Q q i4j1

Frqvlghu qrz wkh vhw U+UB> U3Q, ri doo suhihuhqfh surohv U

 5 U iru

zklfk U

Q @ UB dqg U5 iU> UBj/ iru doo l 5 Q q i4j1 Iru hdfk l 5 Q q i4j

dqg U  5 U+UB> U3Q,/ ghqh w+U , @  4 li U @ U 5li U @ UB dqg ohw w+U , @ 5M.tw+U,1 Vlqfh wkh qxpehu ri surohv U 5 U+Uf> U

3, iru zklfk w+U, lv rgg htxdov wkh qxpehu ri wkrvh iru zklfk lw

lv hyhq/ zh nqrz iurp +;, wkdw [ - M,E-Bc-3Q # +4,|E- n?3[ M d+U3, $ @ 3 Exw iru hdfk l 5 Q q i4j/ S-

M,E-Bc-3Q+4, |E-

n?3d+U3, @ 3 +vlqfh

hdfk d+U3, lv jhqhudwhg e| erwk +U> U3 , dqg +Uf> U3, dqg wkxv dsshduv

rqfh zlwk d .4 frhflhqw/ dqg rqfh zlwk d 4 frhflhqw,1 Wkhuhiruh/ [ - M,E-Bc-3Q +4,|E-n?3d+U, @ 3 zklfk fdq eh uhzulwwhq dv d+U3, @ [ - M,E-Bc-3Q.tE-Bc-3Q +4,|E- n?d+U,

Qrz/ zh fdq ghqh d rqh0wr0rqh fruuhvsrqghqfh ehwzhhq wkh surohv lq U+Uf> U, dqg wkh vxevhwv ri Q q i4j e| dvvrfldwlqj U

 zlwk wkh frdolwlrq V ri wkrvh djhqwv l iru zkrp U  @ U1 Revhuyh wkdw w+U, @ 5+q  4,  mVm/ zklfk phdqv wkdw w+U , . q lv rgg li dqg rqo| li q  mVm lv rgg1 Wkxv zh rewdlq d+U3, @ [ 7G*M7cƒ7ƒ$?32 +4,?3ƒ7ƒd +U7> Uf> = = = > Uf,

zkhuh wkh suhihuhqfh Uf lv khog e| doo phpehuv ri Q q +V ^ ilj,1 Ghqlqj

d7+U7, @ +4,?3ƒ7ƒd+U7> Uf> = = = > Uf, frpsohwhv wkh surri ri wkh fodlp1

Zh kdyh qrz wr ghulyh wkh e7 pdsslqjv iurp wkh deryh d7 pdsslqjv1

Lqgh{ dqg udqn wkh frdolwlrqv ri vl}h q  5 qrw frqwdlqlqj l +wkhuh duh q  4 <

(14)

ri wkhp, dffruglqj wr wkh oh{lfrjudsklf rughulqj ghulyhg iurp wkh qdwxudo rughulqj ri wkh djhqwv=. V! V2! = = = ! V?3 Iru hdfk n/ 4  n  q  4/ dqg hdfk U7 5 U7/ ohw e7+U7, =@ [

7G7a7 dqg7 a7 & &

d7+U7,

Wkh surri lv qrz frpsohwh vlqfh wkh fkrlfh ri djhqw 4 zdv duelwudu|1 T1H1G1 Qrwh wkdw Wkhruhp 4 grhv qrw dvvhuw ~ dqg lw lv jhqhudoo| idovh ~ wkdw wkh v|vwhp ri e7 pdsslqjv lv xqltxh1 Rq wkh rwkhu kdqg/ lw pd| vhhp

fxulrxv wkdw wkh e7 pdsslqjv pxvw eh ghqhg iru frdolwlrqv frqwdlqlqj dv

pdq| dv q  5 djhqwv1 Lw lv lpsrvvleoh/ krzhyhu/ wr uhvwulfw rxuvhoyhv wr e7 ghqhg zlwk uhvshfw wr vwulfwo| vpdoohu frdolwlrqv/ dv h{dpsolhg e| wkh

iroorzlqj ixqfwlrq1 Ohw L+=, ghqrwh wkh lqglfdwru ixqfwlrq1 Ohw UW  Uf1

Ohw i = Uf $ ] eh ghqhg e|=

ec.tc2 @ 4q.q4L +U 5 UW> = = = > U?5 UW,

e2c.tc2 @ 4qq4L +U 5 UW> = = = > U?5 UW,

; V  Q> 4 @5 V> mVm @ q  5 dqg V 9@ Q q i4> 5j = e7  3

; V  Q> 5 @5 V> mVm @ q  5 dqg V 9@ Q q i4> 5j = e27  3

dqg iru doo m 5 Q q i4> 5j/ 57e7  ?1 Ilqdoo|/ qrwh wkdw li wkhuh h{lvw

d uhjxodu lqfuhdvlqj fxuyh F lq LU,

n/ dqg suhihuhqfhv U> U 5 Uf vxfk wkdw

p+U> u,  F dqg p+U> u,  F iru hyhu| u 5 ^3> 4`/ dqg U 5 UW zkhuhdv

U @5 UW/ wkhq i lv ervv|1H

Rxu qh{w uhvxow lv wkdw li htxdo wuhdwphqw ri htxdov lv dgghg wr hflhqf| dqg vwudwhj|0surriqhvv/ wkhq doo exgjhwv pxvw eh frqvwdqw dqg htxdo1

.Ai Lh_ih?} A t uLh4@**) _i€?i_ @t uL**Lt +ih|i i@U UL@*|L? 7 '

tQE7c    c ?3 E7 tL |@| QE7    ?3 E7 Ai? 7 A A u |ihi i t|t &c

 $ & $ ? 3 2c tU |@| &E7 ' &EA  @?_ &!E7 &!EA  i?iih  $ & &

0+iU@** |@| @ u?U|L? t MLtt) u |ihi i t| c  M c

-M , @?_ -M , tU |@|

sE- ' sE-c -3 ihi@t sE- ' sE-c -3

(15)

Wkhruhp 5 Ohw 7  7B vdwlvi| Dvvxpswlrq +D4,1 Dq doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq

i = U $ ] vdwlvhv vwudwhj|0surriqhvv/ hflhqf|/ dqg htxdo wuhdwphqw ri

htxdov li dqg rqo| li iru hyhu| U 5 U/ l 5 Q/

i+U, 5 p

 U>q4

 =

Surri= Wkh surri ri wkh vwudljkwiruzdug %li% sduw lv rplwwhg1

Ohw wkh doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq i vdwlvi| wkh wkuhh d{lrpv1 Ohw djdlq d> = = = > d?

eh wkh pdsslqjv lghqwlhg lq Ohppd 51 Zh pxvw vkrz wkdw

d+U3, @ q4> ; l 5 Q> ; U 5 U +<,

Il{ dq duelwudu| suhihuhqfh Uf1 Vlqfh htxdo wuhdwphqw ri htxdov uhtxluhv

wkdw i+Uf> = = = > Uf, Lfi+Uf> = = = > Uf, iru doo l> m 5 Q dqg vlqfh Uf lv vwulfwo|

prqrwrqlf/ d+Uf> = = = > Uf, @ d+Uf> = = = > Uf,/ iru doo l> m 5 Q1 Xvlqj +;,/ zh

rewdlq

d+Uf> = = = > Uf, @ q4> ; l 5 Q

Zh frpsohwh wkh surri e| dq lqgxfwlrq dujxphqw rq wkh qxpehu ri suhihu0 hqfhv glhulqj iurp Uf1 Iru hdfk U 5 U/ ohw Vf+U, @ il 5 Q = U @

Ufj/ dqg V+U, @ Q q Vf+U,/ dqg ohw v+U, eh wkh fduglqdolw| ri wkh

odwwhu vhw1 Zh kdyh mxvw vkrzq wkdw htxdwlrq +<, krogv li v+U, @ 31 Zh

qrz { / 4    q/ dqg dvvxph wkdw +<, krogv zkhqhyhu v+U,    41

Zh slfn d suroh U iru zklfk v+U, @ / dqg suryh +<, iru wkdw suroh1

Iru hdfk l 5 V+U,/ frqvwuxfw wkh suroh +Uf> U3, e| uhsodflqj U zlwk

Uf dqg revhuyh wkdw v+Uf> U3, @   41 Wkh lqgxfwlrq k|srwkhvlv wkxv |lhogv wkdw d+U3, @ 4q; l 5 V+U, Wdnlqj +;, lqwr dffrxqw/ zh jhw [ M7BE- d+U3, @ 4 q

E| htxdo wuhdwphqw ri htxdov/ d+U3, @ q  4  4  q@ q4> ; l 5 Vf+U , dqg wkh surri lv frpsohwh1 T1H1G1 44

(16)

D L@*|L? t|h@|i})ThLLu?itt

Lq wklv vhfwlrq/ zh dvvxph wkdw wkh djhqwv kdyh wkh rssruwxqlw| wr frruglqdwh wkhlu plvuhsruwv1 Li wkh suhihuhqfh grpdlq lv ulfk hqrxjk/ frdolwlrq vwudwhj|0 surriqhvv dqg hflhqf| irufh xv wr jlyh hdfk djhqw klv ehvw fkrlfh lq d {hg exgjhw vhw1

Wkhruhp 6 Ohw U  UBvdwlvi| Dvvxpswlrqv +D4, dqg +D5,1 Dq doorfdwlrq

ixqfwlrq i = U $ ] vdwlvhv frdolwlrq vwudwhj|0surriqhvv dqg hflhqf|

li dqg rqo| li wkhuh h{lvwv  @ +> = = = > ?, 5 LU?n vxfk wkdw iru hyhu|

U 5 U/

 5?'@ 4/ dqg

 i+U, 5 p+U> ,> ; l 5 Q1

Surri= Khuh djdlq/ zh ohdyh wkh hdv| surri ri wkh %li% sduw wr wkh uhdghu1 Il{ d suhihuhqfh grpdlq U vdwlvi|lqj Dvvxpswlrqv +D4, dqg +D5, dqg dq hflhqw dqg frdolwlrq vwudwhj|0surri doorfdwlrq ixqfwlrq i rq U1 Iru hdfk

l 5 Q/ wkhuh lv d pdsslqj d vxfk wkdw i+U, 5 p+U> d+U3,, iru hdfk

U/ dqg htxdwlrq +;, krogv iru hdfk U1

Fkrrvh d suhihuhqfh Uf 5 U dqg vhw  @ d+Uf> = = = > Uf, iru doo l 5 Q1

Zh fodlp wkdw d+U3, @  iru doo U 5 U dqg doo l 5 Q1 Vlqfh U3 fdq

eh wudqviruphg lqwr +Uf> = = = > Uf, e| vxffhvvlyho| uhsodflqj hdfk frpsrqhqw/

zh qhhg rqo| suryh wkdw

d+U3, @ d+U3> U,> ; l5Q qimj> ; m 5Q> ; U5U> ; U5U +43,

Il{ m/ U dqg U iru wkh uhvw ri wkh surri1 Wkdqnv wr Dvvxpswlrq +D5,/

wkhuh h{lvwv vrph U

 5 U vxfk wkdw +p+U> d+U3,, ^ p+U> d+U3,,, 

p+U

> d+U3,,1 E| ghqlwlrq/ i+U> U3, L i+U, L i+U> U3,1 Exw

wkhq/ frdolwlrq vwudwhj|0surriqhvv uhtxluhv

i+U> U3, Ui+U,> ; l 5 Q q imj +44,

dqg

i+U> U3, Ui+U> U3,> ; l 5 Q q imj +45,

Lqghhg/ li +44, lv ylrodwhg iru vrph l 9@ m/ wkhq frdolwlrq il> mj pdqlsxodwhv dw suroh +U

> U3, e| dqqrxqflqj +U> U,1 Olnhzlvh/ li +45, lv ylrodwhg

iru vrph l 9@ m/ wkhq frdolwlrq il> mj pdqlsxodwhv dw suroh +U

> U3, e|

dqqrxqflqj +U> U,1

(17)

Vlqfh i+U> U3, 5 p+U> d+U3> U,, dqg i+U, 5 p+U> d+U3,,/

lw iroorzv iurp +44, wkdw

d+U3> U,  d+U3,> ; l 5 Q q imj +46,

ehfdxvh U lv vwulfwo| prqrwrqlf1 Olnhzlvh/ +45, |lhogv

d+U3> U,  d+U3> U,> ; l 5 Q q imj +47,

Vlqfh d+U3, .5 'd+U3> U, @ 4 @ d+U3, .5 'd+U3,/ doo lq0

htxdolwlhv lq +46, dqg +47, pxvw eh htxdolwlhv1 Vlqfh zh kdyh fkrvhq m/ U/

dqg U

 duelwudulo|/ htxdwlrq +43, iroorzv1 T1H1G1

Dvvxpswlrq +D5, lq Wkhruhp 6 fdqqrw eh gursshg1 Wr vhh wklv/ frqvlghu wkh iroorzlqj 60djhqw/ 50jrrg h{dpsoh1 Wkh grpdlq U frqvlvwv ri wkh frq0 wlqxrxv/ vwulfwo| frqyh{/ vwulfwo| prqrwrqlf suhihuhqfhv1 Iru hdfk U 5 U/ ohw d+U, 5 ^3>

` eh wkh uvw frruglqdwh ri wkh xqltxh hohphqw ri p+U> ,1 Iru

hdfk U 5 U/ ohw i+U, @ p  U>46  i2+U, @ p  U2>46 . d+U,  i +U, @ p  U >46  d+U, 

Wklv uxoh lv hflhqw dqg frdolwlrq vwudwhj|0surri1b

Dq lpphgldwh frqvhtxhqfh ri Wkhruhp 6 lv

Wkhruhp 7 Ohw U  Uf vdwlvi| Dvvxpswlrqv +D4, dqg +D5,1 Wkh doorfd0

wlrq ixqfwlrq i = U $ ] vdwlvhv frdolwlrq vwudwhj|0surriqhvv/ hflhqf|/

dqg xqlirup wuhdwphqw ri xqlirupv li dqg rqo| li i+U, 5 p+U>?, iru doo

l 5 Q dqg U 5 U1

Dq dowhuqdwlyh fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri wkh htxdo exgjhw iuhh fkrlfh ixqfwlrq zdv jlyhq lq Wkhruhp 51 D vlpsoh wkuhh0djhqw h{dpsoh vkrzv wkdw frdolwlrq vwudwhj|0surriqhvv fdqqrw eh uhsodfhg zlwk vwudwhj|0surriqhvv lq Wkhruhp

>t i 4i?|L?i_ @MLic |i ti| Lu t|hU|*) UL?i Thiuihi?Uit _Lit ?L| t@|tu) @tt4T

|L? E2 `i @i ?L| Mii? @M*i |L U@h@U|ih3i |i U*@tt Lu UL@*|L? t|h@|i})ThLLu @?_ iUi?| u?U|L?t _i€?i_ Lih |i _L4@? Lu t|hU|*) UL?i Thiuihi?Uit

(18)

71 Sduwlwlrq 7 lq wzr duelwudu| vxevhwv 7n dqg 7!/ dqg ohw hdfk djhqw

pd{lpl}h khu suhihuhqfh lq wkh exgjhw vhwv d+U2> U , @ ; ? =  2li +U2> U , # +7! 7n,>  Sli +U2> U , # +7n 7!,>  rwkhuzlvh1 d2+U> U , @ ; ? =  2li +U> U , # +7n 7!,>  Sli +U> U , # +7! 7n,>  rwkhuzlvh1 d +U> U2, @ ; ? =  2li +U> U2, # +7! 7n,>  Sli +U> U2, # +7n 7!,>  rwkhuzlvh1

Wklv ixqfwlrq lv hflhqw/ vwudwhj|0surri/ dqg vdwlvhv xqlirup wuhdwphqw ri xqlirupv1

+iuihi?Uit

^4` 7 BiOji B BAa   cBW"tNA/ *Vwudwhj|0Surri H{fkdqjh*/ Hfrqr0 phwulfd/ 96 +4<<8,/ ss 840;:1

^5` 7 BiOji Be   cBW"tNAe BAa  j6j/ *Vwudwhj|0Surri Do0 orwphqw Uxohv*/ Zrunlqj sdshu/ Xqlyhuvlwdw Dxwrqrpd gh Edufhorqd/ 4<<81

^6` c  jABtt+/ *Wkh Hfrqrplfv ri Pdunhw Glvhtxloleulxp/ Dfd0 ghplf Suhvv= Qhz0\run1

^7` 7 A}/ *Dq Dowhuqdwlyh Fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri wkh Xqlirup Uxoh*/ Vr0 fldo Fkrlfh dqg Zhoiduh/ 44 yro 5 +4<<7,/ ss 46404691

^8`  7B||ji|B|j BAa Q 7NAAjAtWjA/ *Vwudwhj|surri Doorfdwlrq Phfkdqlvpv dw Glhuhqwldeoh Srlqwv*/ Uhy1 Hfrq1 Vwxglhv/ 7; +4<;4,/ ss 8;:08<:1

^9` 7 7ji5BB/ *Vwudwhj|0Surri dqgLqglylgxdoo| Udwlrqdo Vrfldo Fkrlfh Ixqfwlrqv iru Sxeolf JrrgHfrqrplhv*/ Hfrq1 Wkhru|/ : +4<<9,/ ss 83408451

^:` 7 7jA"ji/ *Rq wkh Vwudwhj|0Surri dqgVprrwk Doorfdwlrq ri Sulydwh Jrrgv lq d Surgxfwlrq Hfrqrp|/ plphr/ [hur{ SDUF/ 4<<51

(19)

^;` v 7Vi6NA|/ *Wkh Glylvlrq Sureohp zlwk Vlqjoh0Shdnhg Suhihuhqfhv= d Fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri wkh Xqlirup Doorfdwlrq Uxoh*/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 8< +4<<4,/ ss 83<08531

^<` w ~N/ *Lqhflhqf| ri Vwudwhj|0Surri Doorfdwlrq Phfkdqlvpv lq Sxuh H{fkdqjh Hfrqrplhv*/ Vrf1 Fkrlfh Zhoiduh/ ; +4<<4,/ ss 57:05871

Références

Documents relatifs

wklv yduldeoh dhfwv wkh hyroxwlrq ri dfwxdo zdjhv/ surgxfwlylw|/ djjuhjdwh frqvxpswlrq/ rxwsxw/ dqg hpsor|phqw1 Lq Khoozlj dqg Luphq +5334, zh kdyh vkrzq wkdw xqghu odlvvh}0idluh/

Effects of statins on stroke prevention in patients with and without coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.. Bucher HC, Griffith LE,

Patients, but not controls, markedly underestimated both excessive sleep need and excessive daytime sleepiness when assessed only by subjective means, emphasizing the unreliability

In the present non-comparative study the efficacy and safety of intravenous and sequential intravenous-oral amoxycillin/clavulanate therapy for various childhood bacterial

Pour l’étude de la cinétique de diffusion du docosanol, deux membranes de polycarbonates de diamètre 19 mm et dont le diamètre de pores égale à 400 et 800 nm ont été utilisées et

We remark nevertheless, from qualitative analyses of use of the regulator in real driving conditions, and from the lived experience of this use by subjects, that this drop in trust in

Indeed, according to the urban resident earnings model, the average hourly earnings for the urban population would be 3.90 yuan in self- employment, 5.92 yuan in the public sector

7KHODVWFKDSWHUFKDSWHUGHVFULEHVWKHH[SHULPHQWDOGHWDLOVRIVWXGLHVSHUIRUPHGE\)&amp;6 VHWXS ,Q SDUDOOHO WR WKH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI WKH )&amp;6 ZH GHFLGHG WR SHUIRUP WKH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ