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E d i t o r i a l

De I'image au diagnostic

From image to diagnosis De la imagen al diagn6stico

P. M A I N G U E T

Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Bruxelles (Belgique)

L'homme n'est pas, du point de vue de l'usage de ses sens, un privil6gi6 du monde animal. Son champ visuel revolt les ondes visibles entre le rouge et le violet, sa vision nocturne est m6diocre et lorsqu'il est daltonien, le plus souvent il l'ignore. Son ouie n'est pas tr6s fine et en outre, il ne per~oit pas les ultrasons. En fait, ces handicaps ont peu d'importance.

Etant inventif et capable d'analyser et de com- prendre les ph6nom~nes, il a fait reculer les limites que lui impose la nature. Sa vision p6n6tre le champ d'exploration des ultrasons, des rayons X, des ondes hertziennes (fig. 1).

Image et concept

L'image visuelle est d'embl6e mentale. Les neu- rophysiologistes D.H. Hubel et T.N. Wiesel (fig.

2) ont montr6 que l'homme ~ volt avec son cer- veau ~, d6couverte qui leur valut le Prix Nobel.

La vision est indiff6rente, seul le regard est atten- tif. Regarder, c'est choisir, se souvenir et 6ven- tuellement reconnaitre. La s61ection de l'image est cognitive. Une connaissance m6diocre limite la s61ection et la rend approximative ; par contre, un savoir enrichi par un entrainement bien conduit reconnait l'anomalie, permet de la classer, 6ven- tuellement de la comparer.

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16 Mz 2 0 0 0 0 MZ 1 5 0 0 0 0 M z

SONS ULTRA-SONS

Figure 1

Elargissement technologique du champ visuel

Devenu un cr6ateur d'images, il en inonde son champ visuel, ce qui le contraint a l e s interpr6ter.

En peu d'ann6es, l'endoscopie est devenue une des principales h6riti6res de cette cr6ativit6. Elle est entr6e dans une 6re de surabondance d'images qu'elle dolt utiliser avec discrimination et effica- cit6. La qualit6 de son enseignement est directe- ment concern6e par la maitrise de cette richesse d'informations. En introduction au num6ro sp6cial d'Acta Endoscopica consacr6 au probi6me de ia formation endoscopique en Europe, il a paru utile de rappeler les chemins qui vont de l'image au diagnostic.

IMAGE VISIBLE

<3"

.. SI~LECTION

/ i "

MEMOIRE ~ "

HUMAINE

\

\ /

-, /

\ /

IMAGE MENTALE (*)

CONCEPT

TERMINOLOGIE D E S C R I P T I V E - - DIAGNOSTIC

"~ DOCUMENT +

DONNI~ES INFORMATIQUES ENDOSCOPIQUES

- - - 4

(*) HUBEL D.H., WlESEL T.N., Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 1977, 8, 1-59.

Figure 2 image et concept

La prise de documents (photographiques, films, enregistrements vid6o) retarde ia s61ection et 61ar- git le champ de connaissances grace h l'avis d'experts.

Tir6s ~ part: P. MAINGUET, U.C.L., Cliniques Universi- taires Saint-Lue avenue Hippoerate 10, 1200 Bruxelles (Bel- gique).

M o t s - c l d s : document, endoscopie, enseignement, image.

K e y - w o r d s : documentation, endoscopy, image, teaching.

A c t a E n d o s c o p i c a V o l u m e 21 - N" 4 - 1991 507

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Au stade de la srlection, l'image s'int~gre dans un concept et, pour 6tre interprrtre, elle doit 6tre drcrite.

L'article de Maratka consacr6 h la terminologie descriptive attire avec insistance l'attention des endoscopistes sur la nrcessit6 de parler un mrme langage tout en restant ouvert aux nouvelles sr- m6iologies.

Le lien entre le mot et l'image prend une importance croissante. En effet, des proc6drs informatiques r6cents, tel le vid6o-disque, permet- tent un retour rapide et prrcis ~ une image enre- gistr6e. La restitution de l'image encodre drpend forcrment de l'exactitude des termes utilis6s lors de sa description et de son classement.

Le diagnostic drpend 6galement de la valeur descriptive des images: en dehors de quelques 16sions 6videntes, le diagnostic est habitueUement diffrrentiel et tributaire de l'interpr6tation de don- nres complrmentaires (clinique, histopathologie, techniques d'imagerie, etc.).

Certaines techniques connexes ont leur langage propre et apr~s concertation, le diagnostic final propos6 doit lui aussi pouvoir 6tre encod6 avec les documents endoscopiques. Ici encore, la consulta- tion ult6rieure des documents, par exemple ~ des fins didactiques, drpend d'un respect scrupuleux d'une terminologie approprire.

Image et documentation

Comme le choix visuel, l'enregistrement endoscopique est 6galement srlectif, qu'il se limite ta la 16sion elle-mrme ou concerne la totalit6 de l'organe examinr. L'enregistrement d'une explora- tion endoscopique complete s'impose lorsqu'en l'absence du senior, l'examen est r6alis6 par un assistant en formation (Fig. 3). En throrie, l'exa- men total devrait aussi 6tre enregistr6 en cas d'at- teinte diffuse d'un visc~re creux (exemple : mala- die inflammatoire du colon) ou lors de l'examen d'une muqueuse ~ risque (exemple : endobrachy- oesophage) afin de permettre la comparaison avec des examens antrrieurs ou la correction des

OBSERVATION

f SELECTION DU DOCUMENT

LA LI~SION SEULE ~ TOTALITI ~ DE L'ORGANE v

r

UNE VOlE D'ACCI~S PLUS SORE AU DIAGNOSTIC

AVANTAGES DI~SAVANTAGES

9 Analyse retrospective 9 Flexibilite moindre

et surveillance 9 Augmentation du r61e

9 Recherche de la selection

des donnees enregistrees 9 Perte de temps

9 Evaluation par plusieurs experts 9 Contr61e des erreurs

(dans les limites de la selection)

Figure 3 Image et documentation

erreurs d'interprrtation. Malheureusement, en drpit d'avantages 6vidents, la documentation vidro-endoscopique ne remplit pas encore cette fonction didactique. Ceci rrsulte d'un manque de flexibilit6 dfi ~ la lenteur de la recherche de la srquence enregistrre, handicap que devrait suppri- m e r l e vidro-disque.

Les ~tapes du diagnostic endoscopique

1. Les crit~res de normalit~

L'identification des structures normales est un point important de l'observation endoscopique.

L'amrlioration de la qualit6 des images fournies par la vidro-endoscopie accroit l'embarras au moment de drcrire. Rivarol dit avec raison : <~ On en voit trop pour ce qu'on en connait, alors on choisit d'en voir moins >>.

L'rchec de l'emploi des optiques grossissantes est en partie 1i6 ~ l'exc~s de drtails visibles. Tou- tefois, de nombreux travaux, en particulier japo- nais, ont attir6 l'attention sur les fines structures et les ~ 16sions minimales ,> et montr6 la contribu- tion de cette mrthode ~ la validit6 de la corrrla- tion histoendoscopique.

La qualit6 des images des vidro-endoscopes de troisi~me grnrration, le drveloppement des cap- teurs CCD (Couple Charge Device) et l'utilisation combinre de ~ zoom >> 61ectronique (Olympus) va, de facto, nous ~ mettre sous les yeux >> ces struc- tures qu'il faut reconnaitre, interprrter et drsigner.

Un retard de la terminologie risque de nous laisser muet en prrsence d'images significatives.

En cas de structures visibles non interprrtables, et parfois en prrsence d'une muqueuse considrrre comme normale, il convient de pratiquer l'enregis- trement vidro-endoscopique ainsi que des biopsies, le diagnostic final 6tant pos6 lors de la confronta- tion histo-endoscopique. Le ,, Sydney System >>

appliqu6 dans la classification des gastrites est l'exemple type de cette drmarche destinre rrduire la part de subjectivitr.

2. La qualit~ de la description endoscopique

La localisation correcte des 16sions est un des points faibles de l'endoscopie du tube digestif.

L'apprentissage doit donner au candidat les

~ trucs >> qui permettent de rrduire la part de cette approximation: reprrage de la 16sion par rapport aux viscrres voisins ou h la paroi abdominale, 6valuation du degr6 de rotation de l'endoscope en cours d'examen, injection de produit de contraste marquant la position d6clive, enfin contr61es radioscopiques 6ventuels.

Le traitement des images permet d'amrliorer l'rvaluation quantitative des 16sions. Mrme si ces mesures ne sont pas encore entr6es dans la rou- tine, elles mrritent d'etre enseignres : diamrtre, surface et profondeur des ulcrrations, volume des polypes et tumeurs, 6valuation quantitative des degrrs d'oesophagite. Ces mensurations seront un

508 V o l u m e 21 - l~' 4 - 1991 A c t a E n d o s c o p i c a

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jour indispensables h l'6valuation de l'efficacit6 des traitements.

La qualit6 de la description est 6galement n6ces- saire ~ l'efficacit6 de la corr61ation histo- endoscopique ; un pathologiste exigeant tient compte non seulement du nombre total de biop- sies, mais aussi des pr616vements non utilisables (fibrine, sang, etc.), ceci afin de d6terminer si l'examen couvre les conditions de s6curit6 du dia- gnostic diff6rentiel.

Le candidat d6butant est plus soucieux de l'ap- prentissage gestuel que de l'6ducation de l'oeil.

Cette attitude est normale ; par contre, d6s la maitrise des techniques de diagnostic de routine, l'int6r6t s'oriente vers les gestes th6rapeutiques et l'endoscopie interventionnelle. Cette d6marche est acceptable h condition de d6velopper la finesse du diagnostic diff6rentiel.

Dans une I re phase, la priorit6 doit 6tre donn6e aux connaissances techniques :

--connaissances de base relatives aux instru- ments utilis6s, y compris les notions qui concer- nent la d6sinfection, l'entretien, ia s6dation, la surveillance pr6- et post-endoscopique ;

--d6monstration gestuelle sur enregistrement vid6o, 6ventuellement sur mannequin statique, permettant de r6aliser une exploration compl6te,

ceci parall61ement h la participation du candidat des examens effectu6s et comment6s par un se- nior.

N6anmoins, cette p6riode comporte des d6mons- trations, des cours d'imagerie et des cours de terminologie relatifs aux 16sions typiques, ainsi qu'aux images rares.

Dans une 2 e phase, il est souhaitable de d6ve- lopper :

- - l ' e x 6 c u t i o n des techniques sous surveillance des seniors

- - l a prise de responsabilit6 dans le diagnostic pos6 lors d'examens document6s

- - l a pr6sentation d'observations avec docu- ments lors de r6unions inter-disciplinaires qui com- portent une 6valuation critique des erreurs com- mises.

Enfin, lors de la phase finale, le candidat acquiert son autonomie technique, tandis que sont renforc6s l'6valuation des connaissances et le con- tr61e de la facult6 d'adaptation ~ des situations nouvelles.

Ce sch6ma ne concerne que le cheminement qui va de l'image au diagnostic. L'apprentissage des actes th6rapeutiques, de l'endoscopie intervention- nelle pose d'autres probl6mes qui ne font pas l'objet de cet 6ditorial.

Man is not privileged in the animal world as far as his senses are concerned. His field of vision is limited to the range between red and violet of the light spectrum, his night sight is poor and when colour blind, he is, more often than not, unaware of it. His hearing is not very sharp and moreover he does not perceive ultra sounds. However, these handicaps are unimportant.

By being inventive and able to analyze and understand the phenomena around him, he has forced back the limits imposed by nature. His vision penetrates the field of exploration of uhra- sounds, of X rays, of Hertzian waves... (fig. 1).

Being a creator of images, he floods his field of vision which he must then interpret. Within a short time, endoscopy has become one of the main heirs to this creativeness. It has entered into an era of an overabundance of images which must be used with efficiency and discrimination. The mastery of this wealth of information directly concerns the quality of the teaching of this subject.

As an introduction to this special issue of Acta Endoscopica devoted to the problem of training in endoscopy in Europe, it seemed appropriate to retrace the paths that lead from the image to the diagnosis.

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SOUNDS ULTRA-SOUNDS

Figure 1

Technological enlargement of the visual field

Image and concept

The visual image is instantly mental. Neurophy- siologists D.H. Hubel and T.N. Wiesel (Fig. 2) demonstrated that man ,~ sees with his brain ~ and for this, they were awarded the Nobel Prize. Vision in itself is indifferent, whereas looking requires attention. To look means to choose, remember and possibly recognize. The choice of image is cogni- tive. A poor knowledge limits the selection and makes it approximate ; on the other hand, know- ledge, improved by appropriate training, recognizes the anomaly, classifies it and then, possibly, can compare it.

A c t a E n d o s c o p i c a V o l u m e 21 - N ~ 4 - 1991 509

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HUMAN MEMORY

V I S I B L E I M A G E

, SELECTION ~

i

\ \ /

', /

X r

MENTAL IMAGE (*)

CONCEPT

D O C U M E N T + E N D O S C O P I C DATA P R O C E S S I N G

I I I I I

1

I

I D E S C R I P T I V E T E R M I N O L O G Y . . . ..a

D I A G N O S I S

(*) HUBEL D.H., WlESEL T.N., Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 1977, 8, 1-59.

Figure 2 Image and concept

The making of documents (photographs, films, video recordings) delays selection, and broadens the field of knowledge by the advice experts can pro-

vide.

A t the selection stage, the image is integrated in a concept, and to be interpreted, it has to be descri- bed. (fig. 2)

The article by Maratka, devoted to descriptive terminology, insistently draws the attention of endoscopists to the need to speak a same language, while at the same time keeping an open mind to new semeiologies.

The bond between the world and the image takes on an increasing importance. Indeed, recent com- puterized processes, such as the video disk, permit a rapid and accurate return to a recorded image.

Restituting the encoded image inevitably depends on the accuracy of the terms used during its descrip- tion and classification.

The diagnosis also depends on the descriptive value of the images: besides the few evident lesions, the diagnosis is mostly differential and relies on the interpretation of complementary data (clinical, histopathological, imaging techniques, etc...).

Certain related techniques have their own lan- guage, and, after consultation, the final diagnosis which is proposed must itself be capable of being encoded with endoscopic documents. Here again, later consultation of these documents, e.g. for didactic purposes, depends on the scrupulous res- pect of the appropriate terminology.

Image and d o c u m e n t a t i o n

Just as in visual choice, the recording of endoscopic documents is also selective, whether it

5 1 0 V o l u m e 21 - N ~ 4 - 1991

concerns the lesion itself or the entire organ exami- ned. The recording of the entire endoscopic explo- ration is imperative when the examination is under- taken by a trainee assistant in the absence of a senior (fig. 3). In theory, this same procedure should also be undertaken in the case of a diffuse ailment of a hollow viscus (e.g. inflammation of the colon) or during an examination of a high - - risk mucosa (e.g. Barrett's esophagus), in order to allow a comparison with previous examinations, or to correct interpretation errors. Unfortunately, des- pite the evident advantages, video - - endoscopic documentation does not yet fulfill this didactic func- tion. This results in a lack of flexibility due to the slowness in searching for the recorded sequence, a handicap which the video - - disk should remedy.

OBSERVATION

t S E , E O T OF T.E. DOCUMENT " X

I

ON' T.E 'ES.ON t THE W.O.E ORGAN

A MORE OBJECTIVE WAY TO

f THE DIAGNOSIS

ADVANTAGES 9 Feed-back and

follow-up 9 Retrieval of

the data records 9 Evaluation by

several experts 9 Control of the errors

(within the limits of selection)

DISADVANTAGES 9 Lower flexibility 9 Increased role

of the selection 9 Time-consuming

Figure 3 Image and documentation

The stages of endoscopic diagnosis

1. The Criteria of Normality

The identification of normal structures is an important aspect in endoscopic observation. The improvement in the quality of the pictures provided by video - - endoscopy increases the difficulty for the description. Rivarol quite rightly stated: ,~ O n e n voit trop pour ce q u ' o n en c o n n a i t , a l o r s on choisit d'en voir m o i n s >> (We see more than we know so we choose to see less).

The failure in the use of magnifying optical sys- tems is partially linked to the excess of visible detail. However, numerous studies, especially by the Japanese, have drawn the attention to the finer structures and the ~, minimal lesions ~,, and shown the contribution of this method to the validity of the histo-endoscopic correlation.

The quality of the pictures of third generation video - - endoscopes, the development of CCD (Couple Charge Device) captors and the combined use of electronic zooms (Olympus) will, d e f a c t o ,

~ place in our view ,~ all these structures which will have to be recognized, interpreted and designated.

A delay in the terminology risks leaving us spee- chless when confronted with significant pictures.

A c t a E n d o s c o p i c a

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In doubtful cases (e.g. unidentifiable visible pat- terns - - normal looking mucosa), video records and biopsies are recommended in view of a further histo-endoscopic confrontation. The so-called

~ Sydney System ~ classification of gastritis is a typical attempt to reduce the part of subjectivity in the endoscopic diagnosis.

2. The Quality o f the Endoscopic Description The correct localization of lesions is one of the weak points of endoscopy of the digestive tract.

Training should give candidates the ~ trucs ,, which would reduce this approximation: location of the lesion in relation to surrounding viscera or the abdominal wall, evaluating the degree of rota- tion of the endoscope during the examination, injection of contrast media to mark the declive position and finally, possible X-Ray check-ups.

The processing of these pictures allows an impro- vement in the quantitative evaluation of the lesions.

Even if measurements have not yet become part of the routine, they deserve to be taught: diameter, area and depth of the ulcerations, volume of polyps and turnouts, quantitative evaluation of the degrees of esophagitis. These measurements will, one day, be indispensable to evaluate the efficacy of thera- pies.

The quality of the description is also necessary for the efficacy of the histo-endoscopic correlation ; a demanding pathologist takes into account not only the total number of biopsies, but also the useless samples (fibrin, blood, etc.), in order to determine whether the examination covers the secu- rity conditions of the differential diagnosis.

A young trainee is looking more to technical training than to the interpretation of pictures. This

behaviour is normal. Conversely, when routine technics are in hands, the training must be devoted not predominantly to therapeutic endoscopy, but also to an increasing ability to perform a correct endoscopic diagnosis.

In the 1 st phase, the trainee would be taught the following :

- - t h e basic techniques concerning the instru- ments employed, including the basics relating to disinfection, maintenance, sedation as well as pre-- and post - - endoscopic supervision.

--gestural demonstration on a video recording, possibly on a robotic endoscopic simulator, which should allow a complete exploration and at the same time, the trainee would assist at examinations performed and commented by a senior ;

- - courses on the terminology and pictures con- cerning typical lesions as well as rare pictures.

In the 2 na phase :

- - performing various techniques under the supervision of seniors.

- - taking responsability in the diagnosis made on documents of examinations.

- - presenting observations on documents at inter- disciplinary meetings with a critical evaluation of errors committed.

In the final phase, the trainee would be given his autonomy while the evaluation of his knowledge and the control of his abililty to adapt to new situations would be reinforced.

This outline only concerns the path which leads from the image to the diagnosis. The training of therapeutic acts and interventional endoscopy poses other problems which are not the object of this editorial.

Acta Endoscopica Volume 21 - N ~ 4 - 1991 511

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